Chapter 9 PSY 244 MSU

Children who understand that a model of a room can be used to find a hidden object in a real room are first able to transfer that knowledge to a simple map at about ________ years of age. A.3 B.2 C.4 D.5

A.3

Which statement about the magical thinking of children is true? A.Children tend to prefer natural explanations, even in cultures with strong supernatural beliefs. B.Starting in middle childhood, bewitchment replaces biological explanations in some cultures. C.Children in diverse cultures all outgrow supernatural beliefs by middle childhood. D.Religion seldom plays a role in the supernatural ideas of children.

A.Children tend to prefer natural explanations, even in cultures with strong supernatural beliefs.

Which statement about children's learning from ebooks is true? A.Ebook enhancements such as animation, music, and touch-screen interactive features can hinder learning. B.Children's independent ebook use, relative to parent-child book reading, yields better recall of story details. C.Children who prefer ebooks to print books are more advanced in math and spatial skills. D.Parent-child shared reading of ebooks leads to higher-quality conversation than does shared reading of print books.

A.Ebook enhancements such as animation, music, and touch-screen interactive features can hinder learning.

According to follow-up research on preoperational thought, which statement is true about preschoolers' ability to think logically? A.In simplified tasks that use familiar objects, preschoolers show the beginnings of logical thinking. B.Because Piagetian tasks are too simplistic, preschoolers' ability to reason logically is overestimated. C.In support of Piaget's findings, preschoolers are unable to reason by analogy about physical changes. D.Piaget underestimated preschoolers' animistic beliefs about objects.

A.In simplified tasks that use familiar objects, preschoolers show the beginnings of logical thinking.

Which statement about memory in early childhood is true? A.Preschoolers recall poorly because they are not skilled at using memory strategies. B.Young children's recognition is much poorer than their recall. C.Preschoolers can organize items in a memory task if they are trained to do so. D.By age 4, most children are capable of using rehearsal to aid recall.

A.Preschoolers recall poorly because they are not skilled at using memory strategies.

Piaget paid far more attention than Vygotsky to the development of ________. A.basic cognitive processes B.culturally meaningful skills C.metacognition D.social skills

A.basic cognitive processes

Typically, gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start and other preschool intervention programs ________. A.dissolve during the first few years of elementary school B.persist to the end of elementary school C.strengthen after the transition to kindergarten D.are rarely evident after one year of intervention

A.dissolve during the first few years of elementary school

Preschoolers' shape bias in vocabulary acquisition assists them in ________, thereby accelerating vocabulary growth. A.mastering additional names of objects B.fast-mapping words overheard in adult conversations C.using syntactic bootstrapping D.using semantic bootstrapping

A.mastering additional names of objects

A study of the long-term effects of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project revealed that ________. A.those who had attended a cognitively enriching preschool were more likely to have graduated from college B.all the benefits of preschool intervention had disappeared by the end of third grade C.quality of education makes little difference in favorable outcomes of early intervention programs D.cognitively enriching preschool improved cognitive development but had little impact on social adjustment

A.those who had attended a cognitively enriching preschool were more likely to have graduated from college

Around age 4, children begin to ________. A.understand that both beliefs and desires determine behavior B.implicitly grasp that people's actions can be guided by false belief C.use mental-state words, such as want and remember D.realize that thinking takes place inside their heads

A.understand that both beliefs and desires determine behavior

In village and tribal cultures such as the Maya in Yucatán, Mexico, make-believe play is limited, and when it occurs, children ________. A.usually imitate adult work B.require extensive assistance from adults C.engage in it alone or in pairs D.fanciful scenes

A.usually imitate adult work

Which statement about development of categorization skills in early childhood is true? A.Around age 6, children are first able to move easily between basic-level and general categories. B.Children's categorization skills benefit greatly from conversations with adults, who label and explain categories. C.Preschoolers rely exclusively on perceptual features to classify objects. D.Picture-book reading does not promote categorization skills until the end of the preschool years, when language is better developed.

B.Children's categorization skills benefit greatly from conversations with adults, who label and explain categories.

According to Vygotsky, children use private speech ________. A.as a replacement for social interaction B.for guidance during challenging activities C.because they are egocentric D.to occupy themselves during idle moments

B.for guidance during challenging activities

Studies indicate that ________ is associated with preschoolers' ability to pass false-belief tasks. A.social interaction with younger peers B.grammatical competence C.parental scaffolding D.weak inhibition

B.grammatical competence

English-speaking children master grammatical markers (such as plurals and prepositions) ________. A.as soon as they are capable of single-word expressions B.in a regular sequence, from simplest meanings and structures to most complex C.after they are able to form sentences containing at least five words D.without committing overregularization errors commonly seen in other languages

B.in a regular sequence, from simplest meanings and structures to most complex

Vygotsky saw ________ as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood. A.independent discovery B.make-believe play C.educational videos D.picture-book reading

B.make-believe play

Young children whose parents use an elaborative style to elicit autobiographical memories ________. A.recall little about past events because lengthy parental conversations induce inattentiveness B.produce more organized and detailed personal stories when followed up later in childhood C.typically are insecurely attached and have difficulty describing themselves clearly and consistently D.excel at recalling unfamiliar items using memory strategies of rehearsal and organization

B.produce more organized and detailed personal stories when followed up later in childhood

A kindergarten teacher wants to emphasize educational principles derived from Piaget's theory in her classroom. She will most likely ________. A.limit the time she allows children to engage in make-believe play B.provide a rich variety of activities to promote exploration and discovery C.provide explicit, verbal training in question asking D.plan mostly whole-class activities while limiting individual learning

B.provide a rich variety of activities to promote exploration and discovery

While 3-year-old Samantha helped her father make apple pie, she heard him say, "Okay, I sliced the apples. Now, let's poke holes in the pie dough." Samantha grouped the words "slice" and "poke" into action words, or verbs. Samantha is engaging in ________. A.fast mapping B.semantic bootstrapping C.syntactic bootstrapping D.grammatical generalization

B.semantic bootstrapping

Children learning ________, relative to those learning English, add verbs sooner and more readily to their vocabularies. A.Spanish B.Tamil C.Chinese D.French

C.Chinese

Neo-Piagetian theorists who combine Piaget's theory with the information-processing perspective believe that ________. A.preschoolers who display features of Piaget's preoperational stage are atypical in development B.Piaget's preoperational stage does not exist C.Piaget's stage definition must be transformed into a less tightly knit concept D.children cannot be trained to perform well on Piagetian problems

C.Piaget's stage definition must be transformed into a less tightly knit concept

Which statement about scaffolding is true? A.Children whose parents are effective scaffolders use less private speech than children of ineffective scaffolders. B.Effective scaffolding is similar in its features in nearly every culture. C.Scaffolding captures the form of teaching interaction that occurs as children work on school or school-like tasks. D.Most children who experience scaffolding have greater difficulty succeeding when working on their own.

C.Scaffolding captures the form of teaching interaction that occurs as children work on school or school-like tasks.

Research on development of conversational skills reveals that ________. A.3-year-olds give less specific directions for solving a puzzle over the phone than in person B.the capacity to adapt language to social expectations is first evident in kindergarten C.as early as age 2, children take turns and respond appropriately in conversations D.not until age 5 can children infer a speaker's intention when it is expressed indirectly

C.as early as age 2, children take turns and respond appropriately in conversations

A Vygotskian classroom promotes ________. A.internalization of children's private speech by reducing the difficulty of many tasks B.intersubjectivity by inducing children to adjust to their teacher's perspective C.assisted discovery, during which teachers tailor their guidance to each child's zone of proximal development D.independent discovery, during which children are encouraged to construct new knowledge for themselves

C.assisted discovery, during which teachers tailor their guidance to each child's zone of proximal development

Piaget believed that preschoolers' ________ prevents them from reflecting on and revising their faulty reasoning. A.centration B.inability to conserve C.egocentric bias D.animistic thinking

C.egocentric bias

By age 6 to 7, intelligence test scores are ________. A.include verbal items only B.poor indicators of later academic achievement C.good predictors of later IQ D.no longer used to assess mental development

C.good predictors of later IQ

Unlike adults, preschoolers often say that robots have perceptual and psychological capacities because they ________. A.believe that all self-moving objects are alive B.believe that robots are magical and, therefore, are living things C.have incomplete knowledge about robots D.are incapable of nonegocentric responses

C.have incomplete knowledge about robots

A 5-year-old is getting better at playing a game that requires her to say "night" to a picture of the sun and "day" to a picture of the moon with stars. Her improvement is due to gains in ________. A.theory of mind B.recall C.inhibition D.categorization

C.inhibition

Research confirms that children from ________ families score less well than their agemates on measures of executive function. A.urban B.suburban and rural C.low-SES D.middle-SES

C.low-SES

According to one study, 4-year-olds who had been enrolled in a Montessori preschool, compared to those attending other preschools, ________. A.showed no advantage in cognitive flexibility B.passed all Piagetian conservation tasks C.outperformed controls in literacy and math skills D.displayed a weaker grasp of false belief

C.outperformed controls in literacy and math skills

School-age children whose preschool and kindergarten experiences emphasized formal academic training, as opposed to child-centered learning, tend to display _______. A.higher achievement test scores B.a preference for more challenging tasks C.poorer study habits D.more confidence in their abilities

C.poorer study habits

The more informal literacy experiences a young child has, the better his or her later ________ skills. A.counting and arithmetic B.peer social C.reading and writing D.attention and inhibition

C.reading and writing

Children's basic arithmetic knowledge emerges universally around the world, but does so earlier ________. A.in countries with government-supported child-care centers and preschools B.when children receive training in phonological awareness C.when adults provide occasions for talking about numbers and practicing numerical skills D.in non-Western cultures where children spend much time in free play

C.when adults provide occasions for talking about numbers and practicing numerical skills

Which statement about young children's intelligence test scores is supported by research? A.Few studies have found a link between SES and preschoolers' intelligence test scores. B.Even with high HOME scores, low-SES preschoolers do poorly on intelligence tests C.By age 3 to 4, intelligence test scores are good predictors of later academic achievement. D.Preschoolers whose parents obtain high HOME scores do better on intelligence tests.

D.Preschoolers whose parents obtain high HOME scores do better on intelligence tests.

Preschoolers are most successful at figuring out new word meanings when ________. A.they are already familiar with a synonym for the word B.their parents say a new word repeatedly without using it in a sentence C.adults use indirect methods to correct their wrong labels D.a mix of perceptual, social, and linguistic cues are available

D.a mix of perceptual, social, and linguistic cues are available

Preschoolers who spend a lot of time in sociodramatic play ________ than their peers. A.more often prefer playing alone B.are less interested in academic learning C.tend to be less able to take another's perspective D.are rated as more socially competent

D.are rated as more socially competent

The preschooler likely to be most aware of false beliefs is a(n) ________. A.only child B.child with autism C.child who speaks Quechua D.child with older siblings

D.child with older siblings

Extensive background TV is associated with ________ in young children. A.better quality parent-child interactions B.flexible shifting of attention at an earlier age C.advanced language development D.delayed motor development

D.delayed motor development

A child-care program that ________ is likely to be most beneficial for preschoolers' development. A.offers mostly teacher-assigned and directed learning activities B.has one teacher for every 15 to 20 children C.employs teachers with practical experience, not college-level relevant education D.encourages parents to observe and participate

D.encourages parents to observe and participate

Parents who ________ effectively promote the child's language progress. A.provide no feedback when their child makes grammatical errors B.overcorrect their child's grammatical mistakes C.merely read a story without conversing about it with their child D.engage in conversational give-and-take with their child

D.engage in conversational give-and-take with their child

Overlapping-waves theory emphasizes that ________ is vital for developing new, more effective solution techniques. A.episodic memory B.understanding of false belief C.metacognition D.experimenting with diverse strategies

D.experimenting with diverse strategies

Educational television programs with slow-paced action and easy-to-follow narratives are associated with ________. A.less elaborate make-believe play B.gains in theory of mind C.poorer recall of program content D.gains in vocabulary and reading skills

D.gains in vocabulary and reading skills

A growing number of studies report that ________ leads to more favorable outcomes in early childhood than other types of learning. A.teacher-structured learning B.large-group instruction C.free play D.guided play

D.guided play

The Dimensional Change Card Sort demonstrates the contributions of ________ to children's ________. A.working memory; inhibition B.flexible shifting of attention; planning C.working memory; planning D.inhibition; flexible shifting of attention

D.inhibition; flexible shifting of attention