Chapter 9: Sleep (PSB 3002)

Hamster A has a 24 hour rhythm. Hamster A has its SCN removed and replaced with the SCN of Hamster B which has an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours. What is the resultant rhythm of Hamster A? a. 20 hours b. 22 hours c. 24 hours d. 26 hours

20 hours

If you stay awake for 3 days and then fall asleep, you will likely not sleep for the 24 hours of sleep that you missed. Instead, you might sleep 12 hours on the first night. Of the different stages of sleep, you are most likely to make up hours from stage ______________. a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. REM

3

John is sleeping when his mother calls his name. He does not respond. She calls his name louder, telling him it is time to get up and get ready for school. Even when she gets close to the bed, says his name, and puts her hand on his shoulder, he does not arouse. It is likely that he is in the ____________ stage of sleep. a. 1st b. 2nd c. 3rd d. REM

3rd

As Darius is sleeping, his dog begins to bark. As a result, his brain emits several sudden sharp waveforms known as _____________.

K complexes

Jeanine is sleeping when her mother calls her name. She wakes up quickly and is relatively alert. It is likely that Jeanine was in the _________ stage of sleep. a. 1st b. 2nd c. 3rd d. REM

REM

____________, a symptom of narcolepsy, is when a fully conscious person appears to be paralyzed. a. Cataplexy b. Sleep apnea c. Sleep attack d. Insomnia

Sleep apnea

Caffeine binds to adenosine receptors and blocks them. The end result is feeling awake because adenosine is unable to activate its receptors to promote sleepiness. Caffeine is: a. a direct antagonist. b. an indirect antagonist. c. a direct agonist. d. an indirect antagonist.

a direct antagonist.

Falling levels of glycogen trigger an increase in _______________ which helps to promote sleep. a. acetylcholine b. adenosine c. anandamide d. aspartate

adenosine

During periods of wakefulness, brain waves oscillate between __________ and ____________ waves.

alpha; beta

Research suggests that eye movements during REM sleep: a. are necessary to experience the visual hallucinations involved in dreaming. b. are random occurrences. c. are in response to the visual images that are being experienced. d. are the same from person to person.

are in response to the visual images that are being experienced

Deep sleep is characterized by ___________ waves. a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. theta

delta

If you were sleeping and experienced stimulation to your ______________, it is more likely that you would report lucid dreaming, which is realizing that you are dreaming and not actually awake. a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. dorsolateral occipital cortex c. dorsolateral parietal cortex d. dorsolateral temporal cortex

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

During sleep, a(n) ______________ is used to measure brain activity.

electroencephalogram

A hamster, when put in endless darkness, will display activity that fits a 23-hour day. This rhythm that the hamster is displaying is a(n): a. endogenous rhythm. b. entrained rhythm. c. internal rhythm. d. external rhythm.

endogenous rhythm

In times of increased brain activity ________ from _________ is converted into fuel for neurons. a. glycogen; astrocytes b. glucose; astrocytes c. glycogen; oligodendrocytes d. glucose; microglia

glycogen; astrocytes

The ___________ level of activity in the ___________ cortex during REM sleep is reflective of visual hallucinations that occur during dreaming. a. high; extrastriate b. high; striate c. low; extrastriate d. low; striate

high; extrastriate

As Jenelle is falling asleep, she has a sensation of walking along. Suddenly, her right leg steps into a hole and her foot jerks in bed, seemingly simulating the experienced fall in her sleeping state. These muscle contractions are...

hypnic jerks.

A(n) _____________ spends more time in REM. a. infant b. child c. teenager d. adult

infant

Which of the following is seen more often in adults than children? a. insomnia b. sleepwalking c. bedwetting d. night terrors

insomnia

REM sleep behavior disorder is the opposite of narcolepsy in that: a. people have "awake attacks" rather than sleep attacks. b. REM sleep behavior disorder is not linked to degenerative disorders. c. REM sleep behavior disorder involves bouts of insomnia. d. instead of muscle paralysis during waking hours, those with REM sleep behavior disorder lack muscle paralysis during sleep.

instead of muscle paralysis during waking hours, those with REM sleep behavior disorder lack muscle paralysis during sleep

As the night progresses and the individual continues to sleep, he or she experiences: a. more Stage 4 sleep. b. more Stage 3 sleep. c. less Stage 2 sleep. d. more REM sleep.

more REM sleep

In the flip-flop circuit that controls sleep and arousal, the ___________ neurons are the stabilizing force, pushing the circuit toward arousal. a. orexinergic b. serotonergic c. noradrenergic d. cholinergic

orexinergic

Sleep deprivation studies suggest that sleep is important for: a. rest and recuperation of the body. b. performance of exercise. c. the ability to perform physically stressful duties. d. performance of mental tasks.

performance of mental tasks

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the: a. thalamus b. medulla c. pons d. hypothalamus

pons

The nature of dreams, such as disorganization, scrambled events, no clear passing of time, suggests that the ___________ has a ________ activity level during REM sleep. a. prefrontal cortex; low b. prefrontal cortex; high c. extrastriate cortex; low d. extrastriate cortex; high

prefrontal cortex; low

John has periods during the night where he stops breathing, causing carbon dioxide levels in his blood to rise. Once the levels get too high, he wakes up, gasping for breath. John suffers from: a. insomnia. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. night terrors.

sleep apnea

Doris works a stressful job, has difficulty falling asleep, and she often wakes up early. After several weeks, she agrees to participate in a sleep study to determine whether she has insomnia. It is likely that the results of her sleep study show Doris: a. spends less time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia. b. is lacking in the substances that promote and maintain sleep. c. spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia. d. has an excess of arousal-producing neurochemicals.

spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia

Which animal below demonstrates REM sleep?

squirrels

Joey, as a research participant, has to study a list of paired words. He is then allowed to take a nap before testing. If he experiences ____________ sleep, he does better on the test. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

stage 3

Participants would show greater slow-wave brain activity during sleep after a. studying for finals. b. strenuous physical exercise. c. watching a Netflix marathon. d. resting in bed all day.

studying for finals

An inherited neurological disorder called fatal familial insomnia results in damage to portions of the: a. thalamus. b. medulla. c. pons. d. reticular formation.

thalamus

If norepinephrine levels are high: a. the animal is likely feeling drowsy or beginning to sleep. b. there is a decrease of EEG-measured cortical arousal. c. the animal is dreaming. d. the animal is awake.

the animal is awake

If serotonin levels are high: a. the animal is likely feeling drowsy or beginning to sleep. b. there is a decrease of EEG-measured cortical arousal. c. the animal is dreaming. d. the animal is awake.

the animal is awake

If acetylcholine activity is high: a. the brain waves are likely synchronized. b. the brain waves are likely desynchronized. c. the animal is likely feeling drowsy or beginning to sleep. d. there is a decrease of EEG-measured cortical arousal.

the brain waves are likely desynchronized

The difference between primary and secondary insomnia is a. the length of time the insomnia has lasted. b. the cause of the difficulty falling asleep. c. the age of onset. d. the likelihood of being affected at a given time of year (seasonal).

the cause of the difficulty falling asleep

Compared to slow-wave sleep, REM sleep strongly facilitates: a. the consolidation of nondeclarative memory. b. the consolidation of declarative memory. c. the ability to perform a physical task. d. remembering the events that took place over the course of the day.

the consolidation of nondeclarative memory

When dolphins were sleep deprived in the left hemisphere, ________________________ when the animal was allowed to sleep. a. both hemispheres experienced an increase in REM sleep b. both hemispheres experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep c. the left hemisphere experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep d. the right hemisphere experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep

the left hemisphere experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep

Which of the following characterizes REM sleep?

the person experiences dreams

Which of the following can act as a zeitgeber? a. the sun b. a clock c. temperature d. the sun, a clock, or temperature can serve as zeitgebers

the sun, a clock, or temperature can serve as zeitgebers

For animals that are seasonal breeders, they will experience anti-gonadal function during ____________ due to ____________ melatonin levels. a. winter; increased b. winter; decreased c. summer; increased d. summer; decreased

winter; increased