Chapter 9 social psychology

As discussed in the text, the sociologist Phil Kunz once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. What happened?

20 percent sent to him

In which size group will conformity be highest?

25

In his classic research on obedience to authority, Milgram found that roughly ____ of participants eventually "went all the way" and administered the highest levels of shocks.

65%

In his classic research on obedience to authority, Milgram found that roughly ____ of participants eventually "went all the way" and administered the highest levels of shocks. Interestingly, a group of psychiatrists surveyed prior to the study estimated that ____ would do so.

65%; less than 1%

Which of the following is an example of a zero-sum game?

A game in which one person must lose in order for another person to win

Which couple is most likely to survive an isolated incident of sexual infidelity in which one partner cheats but the other partner remains faithful?

Linda and Richard, who are good at seeing other people's points of view

What do the text authors say about the kind of willingness to obey authority that Milgram witnessed in his research?

People usually are quite obedient to authority, but most of the time this obedience has prosocial consequences; the situation that Milgram created in his research is very unique.

Which dyad is most likely to experience mutual cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma game?

Russ and Clare, who can see and hear each other as they play the game

During the 1980s, when many gay men contracted HIV and died from AIDS, it was not uncommon for gay men who had been spared the disease to feel guilty about it (thinking that they, too, should have gotten sick if so many of their friends had gotten sick). That is, many gay men experienced ____.

Survior guilt

Stanley Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority was spurred on by - and conducted in the wake of - ____.

WWII and the Holocaust

In Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority, which of the following things was true

When participants hesitated during the study, an experimenter would repeatedly prompt them to continue

According to research, when will your employees be MOST likely to help one another out and speak well of their jobs?

When they think that the rules at work are fair and respectful

Research indicates that reciprocity norms are found in ____ human cultures; and that reciprocity norms are found in ____ non-human animals

all; some (but not all)

Feeling underbenefited tends to provoke feelings of ____, while feeling overbenefited tends to provoke feelings of ____.

anger and resentment; guilt and depression

According to the textbook, the opposite of prosocial behavior is ____.

antisocial behavior

If you are concerned that you are getting less than you deserve, then social psychologists would say that you are worried about ____, if you are concerned that you are getting more than you deserve then social psychologists would say that you are worried about ____.

being underbenefited; being overbenefited

The term "sensitivity about being the target of threatening upward comparison" refers to ____.

concern about outperforming others and having others resent you for it

When each person in a group does his or her part, and together they work toward a common goal, the group is said to be ____.

cooperating

Jose sometimes feels that he is a "taker" rather than a "giver"—that he is not contributing his fair share at work or in relationships. Research suggests that, as a result, Jose is likely to

feel depressed, feel guilty, and look for opportunities to give back more

Una has done a number of things to annoy her boyfriend recently—she crashed his car, is repeatedly late for dates, and was rude to his mother—and she feels a bit bad. However, Una's boyfriend has forgiven her for each of her offenses. As a result, Una is likely to ____.

feel less guilty and possibly behave better in the future

In lay terms, the term "conformity" refers to ____.

going along with the crowd

The management at Nargis's company tends to be fair. They treat people with respect, they do not make unrealistic demands on their employees, and they reward people appropriately. As a result, Nargis and her co-workers tend to be good "company citizens"; they help one another out and they speak respectfully of their jobs. The pattern of behavior exhibited by Nargis and her co-workers exemplifies the ____.

good soldier" syndrome

Research indicates that in societies where there is an intact rule of law, people are ____.

happier

Research with humans and monkeys on fairness—and the concepts of being overbenefited versus underbenefited—indicates that ____.

humans worry about both, while monkeys worry primarily about the latter

Based on Vohs et al.'s (2006) findings, wealthy people are ____.

less likely to ask for help when they need it

Research on forgiveness in relationships indicates that ____.

more forgiveness ultimately leads to better relationships

Business deals are often win-win propositions; both parties to the deal can end up benefiting. Social psychologists would describe such deals as ____.

non zero sum game

The prisoner's dilemma is best described as a(n) ____.

non zero sum game

Standards that are established by society regarding what types of behavior are typical or expected are known as ____.

norms

Before conducting his classic research on obedience to authority, Milgram conducted a survey in which he asked a number of psychiatrists to predict what percentage of people would "go all the way" and administer the highest levels of shocks. The psychiatrists in his survey predicted that ____ would do so.

only .01% (1 in 1000)

Star and Aisha are at a restaurant, and both of them are thinking about ordering a particular risotto plate. If Star goes ahead and orders the risotto, then Aisha will probably ____.

order her second choice, but be less satisfied with it than she would have been with the risotto

70. Suppose that Paul and Oscar are buying frozen yogurt. Both of them are inclined to order the same flavor—pistachio—but they feel unadventurous about ordering the same flavor. If Oscar goes ahead and orders the pistachio for himself, then it is likely that Paul will ____.

order the vanilla instead, but be less happy with the vanilla than he would have been with the pistachio

Suppose that Paul and Oscar are buying frozen yogurt. Both of them are inclined to order the same flavor—pistachio—but they feel unadventurous about ordering the same flavor. If Oscar goes ahead and orders the pistachio for himself, then it is likely that Paul will ____.

order the vanilla instead, but be less happy with the vanilla than he would have been with the pistachio

According to evolutionary theory, kin selection is most adaptive in terms of ____.

parents helping their children

Research on forgiveness in romantic relationships indicates that ____.

people who are relatively forgiving of their partners' transgressions have relatively high relationship satisfaction (regardless of gender)

Social psychologists often make use of a game called the ____ to study people's tendencies to cooperate versus compete

prison dilemina

As discussed in the text, the sociologist Phil Kunz once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. He received a total of 117 cards in return, as well as several phone calls—despite the fact that he did not know any of these people. Kunz's findings provide good evidence of ____.

reciporitity

Suppose that two cats take turns grooming one another (cleaning one another's fur). This would be an example of the cats demonstrating ____.

recipority norms

The political scientist Robert Axelrod once held a computer tournament designed to determine the most successful strategy for approaching the prisoner's dilemma (the strategy that would win out most often on a sustained basis). What he found was that the most successful strategy was loosely based on a pattern of ____.

recriporiity

Research suggests that some people are more forgiving than others. In particular, _____ tend to be especially forgiving

religious people

Even though there are certain codes of behavior (both legal and moral) that people are supposed to follow during wartime, it is often the case that these codes are horrifically ignored or broken (e.g., there are lootings, mass rapes, killings of babies and children, etc.). In other words, it seems as though once certain rules and laws are broken (once people are even in war), ____ can become completely unraveled very easily.

rule of law

In the "trust game," participants generally

send a substantial amount of their money to others

Alicia and her friends are singing karaoke. Alicia is an extremely talented singer—much better than her friends. She feels awkward about being so good, however, so she sort of "fakes bad"; she doesn't want her friends to be envious of her singing talent. Social psychologists would say that Alicia is experiencing

sensitivity about being the target of threatening upward comparison

Recall Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority. One interesting finding here was that numerous participants who went ahead and administered shocks at relatively high levels ____.

showed general signs of intense distress while doing so

The fact that people experience survivor guilt suggests that ____.

the human psyche has a deep sensitivity to unfairness

The political scientist Robert Axelrod once held a computer tournament designed to determine the most successful prisoner's dilemma strategy (the strategy that would win most often for the longest period of time). That strategy was dubbed ____.

tit for tat

in the A stron 71. belief g reliability or validity of something is called ____.

trust

Laney is in an experiment. The experiment gives her some money and tells her she can keep it or send any part of it to someone else. If she decides to send money to someone else, the experimenter will triple the amount. Of course, there is no guarantee that you will get anything back. Laney is in an experiment using a ____.

trust game

Jude's dad helped him buy a car when he graduated from college. When Jude's son graduated from college, Jude felt he should help his son in the same way. Social scientists would call this ____.

upstream recriprocity

When two people play the prisoner's dilemma game against one another, they tend to end up competing ____.

when one or both of the players begin by competing

Conformity to social norms is likely to be highest when ____.

when others are watching you

According to the textbook, the outcome of a prisoner's dilemma game (whether people end up cooperating of competing) depends most on how the players initially approach the game and on ____.

whether they communicate with one another during the game

Suppose that you are working with a group of monkeys, and you give some monkeys a small reward (a cucumber) for performing a given task, while you give other monkeys a bigger and better reward (a banana) for performing the exact same task. Research suggests that the monkeys ____ compare their rewards, and that, as a result, ____.

will; those receiving cucumbers will become distressed

Many people who hold prejudiced attitudes towards ethnic minority groups attempt to justify their prejudices by suggesting that group competition for jobs, housing, healthcare, and other social resources is a(n) ____. For example, they claim: "The more jobs that other groups get, the fewer good jobs there will be left for people from my group."

zero sum game

Who is most likely to be trusted?

Jason who believes in God

How does money impact self-sufficiency?

More money tends to increase one's sense of self-sufficiency

Which of the following is NOT a good example of prosocial behavior?

Wearing a jacket when it is cold

A series of studies conducted in restaurants indicates that when people dine in groups, they tend to order ____. This finding can be explained by the fact that ____.

a variety of different items—more variety than expected by chance, people don't like to order the same items that others are ordering

The text defines prosocial behavior as ____.

any behavior that is good for other people or for society as a whole

What percent of women wash their hands after using the restroom if they believe no one else is in the restroom?

b. 39%

In Vohs et al.'s (2006) experiments, people who had been primed with a screensaver of dollar bills tended to ____ than people who had a blank screen or a fish screensaver image as a prime

be less likely to help others

People who forgive others tend to have ____.

better physical and mental health than people who hold grudges

The so-called prisoner's dilemma is a paradigm that is used by social psychologists to study people's tendency to ____.

compete with others versus cooperate with others

When communication is difficult in a prisoner's dilemma game, cooperation ____.

decreases dramatically

____ can be defined as ceasing to feel angry toward, and ceasing to seek retribution against, someone who has wronged you.

forgivness

According to the textbook authors, social psychologists have long viewed conformity as ____; newer research ____.

having negative consequences; indicates that it is usually prosocial

The term ____ refers to following orders from an authority figure.

obiendence

A society in which people respect and follow the rules is said to have an effective ____.

rule of law

Brenda has never forgiven Brad for having an affair he had a few years ago. Even though she has agreed to stay in the marriage, every time they have a new problem, what is Brenda likely to do (based on research cited in your text)?

Remember the infidelity and bring it back up in the context of the new problem.

Based on the text's account of Oskar Schindler, which of the following conclusions would be correct to draw regarding Schindler's heroic altruism toward the Jews?

Schindler was not necessarily a saint in other aspects of his life, but was extraordinarily driven to help the Jews; unlike other Nazis, he saw them as fellow humans and had an enormous empathy for their plight.

The classic studies on obedience to an authority figure were conducted in 1963 by the psychologist ____.

Stanley Milgram

A number of people at Emma's company were recently laid off due to the economy. Even though Emma did not lose her job, she nonetheless feels uncomfortable with the situation. She thinks it is unfair that she still has her job while so many other people were laid off. Social psychologists would say that Emma is experiencing a contemporary version of ____.

Survior guilt

Suppose that you are in a ship wreck and numerous people around you are drowning. No one present knows how to swim except for you. According to evolutionary theory, if you only had time to save one person, which of the following people would you save?

Your baby

Research demonstrates that people are more likely to engage in kin selection ____.

in life-or-death situations as opposed to everyday situations

According to evolutionary theory, it can be adaptive for people to help others who share their genes. This idea is known as ____.

kin selection

During the hurricane and subsequent flooding in New Orleans several years ago, survivors reported that they were much more likely to search for displaced family members than for friends. This finding supports the idea of ____.

kin selection

According to evolutionary theory, people are more likely to help siblings (with whom they share roughly half of their genes) than cousins (with whom they share roughly one-eighth of their genes), and more likely to help cousins than strangers. Research demonstrates that, in reality, ____.

this pattern by and large holds true