Chapter 9

In general, a child's immune system is not fully developed until he or she is between: Question 53 options: 1) 1 and 2 years of age. 2) 2 and 3 years of age. 3) 3 and 4 years of age. 4) 4 and 5 years of age.

2 and 3

In healthy adults, a loss of more than ____% of total body fluid is required to alter homeostasis and cause illness. Question 27 options: 1) 10 2) 15 3) 20 4) 30

30%

Which of the following medications or conditions would MOST likely cause or contribute to hyperkalemia? Question 22 options: 1) Selective beta-2 agonists 2) Any non-potassium-sparing diuretic 3) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 4) Reduction in potassium dietary intake

ACE inhibitors

Acid-base balance normally remains in a physiologic pH range of: Question 39 options: 1) 7.25-7.35. 2) 7.35-7.45. 3) 7.45-7.55. 4) 7.55-8.25.

7.35-7.45

At birth, a healthy full-term neonate has a total body water of: Question 56 options: 1) 60%. 2) 70%. 3) 80%. 4) 90%.

80%

All of the following diseases are autoimmune diseases, EXCEPT: Question 42 options: 1) Graves disease. 2) type 1 diabetes. 3) HIV infection. 4) myasthenia gravis.

HIV

Which of the following statements regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is correct? Question 38 options: 1) MODS typically develops within 20 to 30 minutes following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. 2) At the cellular level, MODS results in aerobic metabolism, metabolic alkalosis, and impaired cellular function. 3) Signs and symptoms of MODS include compensatory hypertension, bradycardia, and a fever greater than 105°F. 4) MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive systemic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response.MOD

MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive systemic immune inflammatory and coagulation response

The MOST common cause of cardiogenic shock is: Question 10 options: 1) untreated hypertension. 2) blunt force chest trauma. 3) acute myocardial infarction. 4) sustained pulmonary hypertension.

acute MI

When cells are exposed to adverse conditions, they go through a process called: Question 18 options: 1) apoptosis. 2) crenation. 3) adaptation. 4) hypertrophy.

adaptation

What hormone targets the adrenal cortex, resulting in cortisol secretion? Question 52 options: 1) Norepinephrine 2) Antidiuretic hormone 3) Thyroid stimulating hormone 4) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Men with a defective X gene will: Question 53 options: 1) not be affected because the defect can be masked. 2) not be affected because the defect cannot be masked. 3) always be affected because the defect cannot be masked. 4) always be affected because they only have one X chromosome.

always be affected because the defect cannot be masked

Ascites is defined as: Question 6 options: 1) an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. 2) lower extremity edema caused by lymphatic obstruction. 3) fluid buildup in the lungs due to decreased cardiac function. 4) fluid backup in the periphery due to right atrial dysfunction.

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A type I hypersensitivity reaction is: Question 7 options: 1) a local reaction that primarily involves IgG antibodies. 2) an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus. 3) an allergic response that occurs within hours of antigen exposure. 4) a cytotoxic reaction and destroys many of the body's healthy cells.

an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus

Opsonization is a process in which: Question 9 options: 1) antibodies bind to and inactivate toxins produced by bacteria. 2) antibodies cause antigens to clump together to facilitate phagocytosis. 3) a mother passes IgG and IgM antibodies to the fetus via breast milk. 4) an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.

an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells

Hyperkalemia is defined as: Question 51 options: 1) excess potassium in the cells. 2) a relative deficit of sodium. 3) an elevated serum potassium level. 4) a critically low magnesium level.

an elevated serum potassium level

A patient with kidney or liver failure would MOST likely develop: Question 62 options: 1) severe dehydration. 2) an increase in isotonic fluid. 3) cellular shrinkage and death. 4) excessive hypertonic fluid levels.

an increase in isotonic fluid

A patient with chronic hypertension is diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy. This means that: Question 20 options: 1) an increase in the number of cells has caused an increase in the size of the ventricle. 2) an increase in the size of the cells has caused an increase in the size of the ventricle. 3) cells of the left ventricular myocardium have been replaced by another cell type. 4) cells of the left ventricular myocardium have undergone irregular, atypical changes.

an increase in the size of the cells has caused an increase in the size of the ventricle

When oxygen does not reach the cell, the cell reverts to: Question 45 options: 1) anaerobic metabolism and produces lactic acid. 2) aerobic metabolism and produces carbon dioxide. 3) fat metabolism and begins producing ketoacids. 4) anaerobic metabolism and produces bicarbonate.

anaerobic metabolism and produces lactic acid

Older adults have increased levels of autoantibodies, which: Question 16 options: 1) increase the person's risk of infection. 2) are antibodies directed against the patient. 3) predispose the patient to ischemic stroke. 4) cause a decreased level of macrophages.

are antibodies directed against the patient

Wounds that heal by primary intention: Question 14 options: 1) do not utilize fibrin or fibronectin. 2) heal without the formation of a scab. 3) are generally clean wounds with opposed margins. 4) have a more pronounced and prolonged inflammatory phase.

are generally clean wounds with opposed margins

An inflammatory condition of the respiratory system that results in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production is called: Question 3 options: 1) sinusitis. 2) asthma. 3) bronchitis. 4) emphysema.

asthma

Interleukins function by: Question 58 options: 1) releasing prothrombin from the liver and converting it to thrombin. 2) stimulating macrophages to help engulf and destroy foreign substances. 3) keeping leukocytes at the infection site until they can perform their task. 4) attracting white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.

attracting white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion

Cells that mature in the bone marrow where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin-secreting (antibody) cells are called: Question 2 options: 1) T lymphocytes. 2) B lymphocytes. 3) plasma cells. 4) memory B cells.

b lymphocytes

Which of the following statements regarding basophils is correct? Question 50 options: 1) Basophils release chemicals that destroy parasitic invaders. 2) Basophils account for approximately 70% of the leukocytes. 3) Basophils travel to the tissues, where they become macrophages. 4) Basophils release histamine in response to inflammation.

basophils release histamine in response to inflammation

Common signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis include all of the following, EXCEPT: Question 34 options: 1) pus or blood in the stools. 2) recurrent abdominal pain. 3) bloating after milk ingestion. 4) fever, chills, and diarrhea.

bloating after milk ingestion

Distributive shock occurs when: Question 25 options: 1) central vasoconstriction forces blood from the core of the body. 2) blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases. 3) microorganisms attack the blood vessels, resulting in vasodilation. 4) a significant decrease in cardiac contractility causes decreased perfusion.

blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases

Half of the body's magnesium is stored in the: Question 31 options: 1) bones. 2) kidneys. 3) skeletal muscle. 4) extracellular fluid.

bones

How does the body respond to hypoperfusion? Question 54 options: 1) Decreased preload, stroke volume, and heart rate 2) Catecholamine release and increased systemic vascular resistance 3) Splenic retention of red blood cells secondary to systemic hypoxia 4) A compensatory decrease in cardiac output and cardiac oxygen demand

catecholamine release and increased SVR

Interventions used in patients with edema may include all of the following, EXCEPT: Question 25 options: 1) nitrates. 2) catecholamines. 3) positional therapy. 4) continuous positive airway pressure

catecholamines

The body reacts to stress first by releasing: Question 29 options: 1) insulin 2) endorphins. 3) serotonin. 4) catecholamines.

catecholamines

When administered to a patient with cerebral edema, hypertonic saline: Question 24 options: 1) must be given in a dose of at least 3 liters in order to have an effect. 2) would have no effect because there is no fluid shift in either direction. 3) causes fluid to shift into the tissues and would worsen the edema. 4) causes excess fluid to drain from the tissues and into the blood.

causes excess fluid to drain from the tissues and into the blood

Severe, prolonged stress: Question 30 options: 1) is frequently a direct cause of death. 2) results in the destruction of cholesterol and fat. 3) causes the body to lose its ability to fight disease. 4) results in chronically low levels of cortisol.

causes the body to lose its ability to fight disease

Major risk factors for lung cancer include: Question 43 options: 1) female sex and age over 40 years. 2) frequent respiratory infections and asthma. 3) cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos. 4) chewing tobacco use and a history of allergies.

cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos

Signs and symptoms of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) include: Question 55 options: 1) polyuria. 2) coagulopathy. 3) decreased creatinine. 4) decreased liver enzymes.

coagulopathy

What chemical induces hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and preventing oxygen metabolism? Question 9 options: 1) Lead 2) Ethanol 3) Cyanide 4) Carbon monoxide

cyanide

An isotonic fluid deficit is caused by a(n): Question 5 options: 1) decrease in intracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water. 2) increase in extracellular fluid with proportionate sodium and water retention. 3) increase in intracellular fluid with proportionate sodium and water retention. 4) decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water.

decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water

Edema in an upper extremity following a mastectomy is the result of: Question 8 options: 1) localized vasoconstriction. 2) decreased lymphatic drainage. 3) obstruction of a large blood vessel. 4) surgery-induced inflammation.

decreased lymphatic drainage

Which of the following is an early sign of shock? Question 40 options: 1) Altered level of consciousness 2) Absence of peripheral pulses 3) Decreasing end-tidal CO2 4) Systolic BP less than 90 mm Hg

decreasing EtCO2

Orthostatic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of: Question 54 options: 1) dehydration. 2) fluid overload. 3) hypernatremia 4) left-sided heart failure.

dehydration

Which of the following disease processes would MOST likely cause delayed or dysfunctional wound healing? Question 45 options: 1) Diabetes 2) Hypothyroidism 3) Heart disease 4) Hypertension

diabetes

Which of the following factors would MOST likely cause hyponatremia? Question 41 options: 1) Mild fever 2) A seizure 3) Acute nausea 4) Diuretic use

diuretic use

Unlike bacteria, viruses: Question 2 options: 1) are unable to replicate. 2) are treated effectively with antibiotics. 3) do not produce an immune response. 4) do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins.

do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins

The cardinal sign of overhydration is: Question 47 options: 1) edema. 2) dyspnea. 3) hypertension. 4) tachycardia.

edema

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by: Question 33 options: 1) enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle. 2) progressive shrinking of the right side of the heart. 3) a significant reduction of blood return to the atria. 4) generalized thinning of the left and right ventricles.

enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle

How do the kidneys respond to acidosis? Question 40 options: 1) Excrete potassium and reabsorb hydrogen ions. 2) Reabsorb hydrogen ions and potassium. 3) Excrete hydrogen ions and potassium. 4) Excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb potassium.

excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb potassium

The MOST common type of exogenous hypovolemic shock is: Question 49 options: 1) severe diarrhea. 2) internal hemorrhage. 3) excess plasma loss. 4) external bleeding.

external bleeding

__________ is the protein that bonds to form the fibrous component of a blood clot. Question 3 options: 1) Kinin 2) Plasmin 3) Fibrin 4) Collagen

fibrin

The destruction of a blood clot is called: Question 35 options: 1) adhesion. 2) fibrinolysis. 3) chemotaxis. 4) agglutination.

fibrinolysis

What imbalance would MOST likely occur in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis? Question 44 options: 1) Fluid excess with hypernatremia 2) Fluid excess with hyponatremia 3) Fluid deficit with hyponatremia 4) Fluid deficit with hypernatremia

fluid deficit with hypernatremia

B lymphocytes produce antibodies when they are activated by: Question 26 options: 1) mast cells. 2) eosinophils. 3) helper T cells. 4) phagocytes.

helper T cells

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct? Question 23 options: 1) Hemophilia is caused by excessive production of factor VIII. 2) Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, is characterized by excessive bleeding, and occurs predominantly in males. 3) Hemophilia is characterized by factor VIII deficit and is passed from asymptomatic fathers to daughters. 4) Hemophilia is generally not an inherited disorder and affects males and females in equal numbers.

hemophilia is an inherited disorder, is characterized by excessive bleeding, and occurs predominantly in males

Following a stroke, a man has atrophy of his left leg. This means that: Question 36 options: 1) the number of cells in his thigh have decreased. 2) the shape of the cells in his thigh are irregular. 3) his left leg is smaller in size than his right leg. 4) overuse of his left leg has caused it to enlarge.

his left leg is smaller in size than his right

A sodium loss in the body without a proportionate loss of water would cause: Question 18 options: 1) hypokalemia. 2) hyponatremia. 3) hyperkalemia. 4) hypernatremia.

hy[onatremia

A diabetic patient who failed to take his or her insulin and presents with peaked T waves on the cardiac monitor and muscle weakness is MOST likely: Question 47 options: 1) hypocalcemic. 2) hyperkalemic. 3) hypokalemic. 4) hypoglycemic.

hyperkalemic

Which of the following findings would you MOST likely observe in a dehydrated patient? Question 11 options: 1) Polyuria 2) Bradycardia 3) Hypernatremia 4) Hyperkalemia

hypernatremia

Which of the following findings would you MOST likely observe in a dehydrated patient? Question 59 options: 1) Polyuria 2) Bradycardia 3) Hypernatremia 4) Hyperkalemia

hypernatremia

Your patient has a serum sodium level of 158 mEq/L. What condition does this indicate? Question 17 options: 1) Hypernatremia 2) Hyponatremia 3) Hypokalemia 4) Hyperkalemia

hypernatremia

An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue is called: Question 46 options: 1) atrophy. 2) hypertrophy. 3) hyperplasia. 4) metaplasia.

hyperplasia

Muscle cramps and paresthesias in a malnourished patient with alcoholism are MOST likely the result of: Question 51 options: 1) hypocalcemia. 2) hypernatremia. 3) hyperkalemia. 4) hypermagnesemia.

hypocalcemia

Common health risks associated with obesity include all of the following, EXCEPT: Question 8 options: 1) diabetes. 2) infertility. 3) hypolipidemia. 4) insulin resistance.

hypolipidemia

If the cause of a disease is unknown, it is said to be: Question 37 options: 1) idiopathic. 2) organic. 3) functional. 4) pathologic.

idiopathic

Acute pulmonary edema: Question 59 options: 1) commonly results from right-sided heart failure. 2) results in excess elimination of carbon dioxide. 3) is characterized by progressively worsening dyspnea. 4) impairs oxygen diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries.

impairs oxygen diffusion into pulmonary capillaries

Syncope is probably NOT caused by a life-threatening dysrhythmia if it occurs: Question 14 options: 1) immediately after a person is startled. 2) following exercise or heavy exertion. 3) in a person whose cousin has syncope. 4) in conjunction with chest pain or pressure.

in a person whose cousin has syncope

Acidosis is characterized by a(n): Question 4 options: 1) increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH. 2) decrease in hydrogen ions and an increase in pH. 3) increase in hydrogen ions and an increase in pH. 4) decrease in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH.

increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH

A patient who overdosed on heroin and is unconscious with slow, shallow respirations would MOST likely experience: Question 57 options: 1) increased CO2 retention. 2) acute metabolic acidosis. 3) excess CO2 elimination. 4) a pH well above 7.45.

increased CO2 retention

Hemolytic anemia is a disease characterized by: Question 56 options: 1) decreased production of red blood cells. 2) premature death of white blood cells. 3) an overproduction of red blood cells. 4) increased destruction of red blood cells.

increased destruction of red blood cells

A patient with chronic renal insufficiency who has been taking laxatives and presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and decreased deep tendon reflexes MOST likely has: Question 50 options: 1) decreased serum sodium levels. 2) an overall decrease in serum potassium. 3) an increased serum level of magnesium. 4) increased intracellular magnesium levels.

increased serum magnesium

All of the following factors would cause potassium to shift into the cell, EXCEPT: Question 65 options: 1) alkalosis. 2) epinephrine release. 3) increased vagal tone. 4) insulin administration.

increased vagal tone

The two MOST common causes of inflammation are: Question 29 options: 1) fever and phagocytosis. 2) infection and injury. 3) hypercarbia and hypoxemia. 4) immunosuppression and fever.

infection and injury

Aspirin and NSAIDs reduce inflammation and pain by: Question 10 options: 1) inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. 2) decreasing circulating pyrogen levels. 3) thinning the blood and reducing platelets. 4) promoting mast cell synthesis of prostaglandins.

inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis

Allergies are acquired following: Question 6 options: 1) most bacterial infections. 2) initial exposure to an allergen. 3) indirect exposure to an allergen. 4) repeated exposure to an allergen.

initial exposure to an allergen

Carpopedal spasm that occurs during respiratory alkalosis is caused by a(n): Question 21 options: 1) decrease in arterial CO2. 2) intracellular calcium shift. 3) extracellular sodium shift. 4) intracellular potassium shift.

intracellular calcium shift

Most immunologic diseases that exhibit familial tendencies: Question 49 options: 1) are caused by immunosuppression. 2) involve an overactive immune system. 3) are outgrown by the age of 25 years. 4) are caused by immune system hypoactivity

involve an overactive immune system

If an injury leading to cell degeneration is of sufficient intensity and duration: Question 38 options: 1) ischemia will result in simple necrosis. 2) the cell will undergo coagulation necrosis. 3) the cell will become inflamed and may burst. 4) irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death.

irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death

The paramedic is in the BEST position to formulate an appropriate treatment plan for an ill patient if the paramedic: Question 4 options: 1) is able to identify the origin of the patient's illness. 2) obtains a complete list of all the patient's medications. 3) performs a head-to-toe exam to detect all abnormalities. 4) gathers a reliable medical history from the patient's family.

is able to identify the origin of the patients illness

A person with a normal total cholesterol level: Question 28 options: 1) is at high risk for an acute cardiac event if his or her HDL levels are elevated. 2) will probably not develop coronary artery disease, even if his or her HDL levels are low. 3) will likely not experience an acute cardiac event, even if his or her LDL levels are elevated. 4) is still at risk for coronary artery disease if his or her LDL levels are elevated.

is still at risk for coronary artery disease if his or her LDL levels are still elevated

The body's rejection of an organ following transplantation is MOST likely the result of: Question 27 options: 1) autoimmunity. 2) hypersensitivity. 3) an infection. 4) isoimmunity.

isoimmunity

Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis are also known as: Question 12 options: 1) histamine. 2) mast cells. 3) eosinophils. 4) leukotrienes.

leukotrienes

Which of the following conditions can cause edema secondary to decreased colloidal osmotic pressure in the capillaries? Question 48 options: 1) Pregnancy 2) Liver disease 3) Prolonged standing 4) Environmental heat stress

liver disease

The chief white blood cell of the immune response is the: Question 23 options: 1) lymphocyte. 2) neutrophil. 3) monocyte. 4) eosinophil.

lymphocyte

Which of the following represents an abnormal electrolyte serum level? Question 1 options: 1) Sodium, 140 mEq/L 2) Potassium, 4.9 mEq/L 3) Calcium, 9.5 mEq/L 4) Magnesium, 2.4 mEq/L

magnesium

A type of B cell that aids in the quick response to subsequent exposures to an antigen and rapidly produces antibodies is the: Question 22 options: 1) monocyte. 2) B lymphocyte. 3) memory B cell. 4) helper B cell.

memory B cell

Early manifestations of Alzheimer disease include: Question 32 options: 1) impaired cognition and impaired abstract thinking. 2) inability to carry out activities of daily living. 3) indifference to food and urinary incontinence. 4) memory loss and subtle personality changes.

memory loss and subtle personality changes

Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to cause hyperventilation? Question 35 options: 1) Ketoacidosis 2) Severe infection 3) Aspirin overdose 4) Metabolic alkalosis

metabolic alkalosis

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Question 41 options: 1) need exogenous insulin to survive. 2) are less likely to develop ketoacidosis. 3) experience excessive cellular uptake of glucose. 4) control their disease with dietary modification.

need exogenous insulin to survive

A loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone causes: Question 48 options: 1) neurogenic shock. 2) obstructive shock. 3) profound vasoconstriction. 4) a reduced absolute blood volume.

neurogenic shock

_____________ are a type of white blood cell that phagocytizes bacteria. Question 52 options: 1) Neutrophils 2) Eosinophils 3) B lymphocytes 4) Basophils

neutrophils

Apoptosis is defined as: Question 39 options: 1) hypoxic cell death. 2) normal cell death. 3) pathologic cell death. 4) premature cell death.

normal cell death

Which imbalance would MOST likely be observed in a patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? Question 5 options: 1) Fluid deficit with hypernatremia 2) Fluid excess with hyponatremia 3) Fluid excess with hypernatremia 4) Normal fluid volume with hyponatremia

normal fluid volume with hyponatremia

What type of shock occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels? Question 24 options: 1) Cardiogenic 2) Peripheral 3) Distributive 4) Obstructive

obstructive

An injection of immunoglobulin is a form of: Question 20 options: 1) native immunity. 2) passive acquired immunity. 3) innate immunity. 4) active acquired immunity.

passive acquired immunity

The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease is called: Question 60 options: 1) biology. 2) physiology. 3) pathophysiology. 4) biochemistry.

pathophysiology

What disease is characterized by erosions in the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the stomach? Question 19 options: 1) Peptic ulcer disease 2) Crohn's disease 3) Cholethiasis 4) Cholecystitis

peptic ulcer disease

Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever would MOST likely cause: Question 16 options: 1) metastatic brain cancer. 2) frequent streptococcal infections. 3) progressive failure of the liver. 4) permanent damage to the heart valves.

permanent damage to heart valves

Foreign material such as bacteria and other microorganisms are engulfed and destroyed by: Question 15 options: 1) basophils. 2) phagocytes. 3) eosinophils. 4) lymphocytes.

phagocytes

White blood cells that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies are called: Question 36 options: 1) plasma cells. 2) macrophages. 3) T lymphocytes. 4) killer T cells.

plasma cells

Which of the following represents an abnormal electrolyte serum level? Question 28 options: 1) Chloride, 100 mEq/L 2) Sodium, 140 mEq/L 3) Calcium, 9.9 mEq/L 4) Potassium, 5.9 mEq/L

potassium

If a patient is confined to bed for a prolonged period of time, you would expect edema to form in the: Question 58 options: 1) sacrum. 2) peritoneum. 3) upper extremities. 4) face, neck, and chest.

sacrum

When nerve cells and cardiac myocytes are injured: Question 43 options: 1) they are replaced by regeneration from remaining cells. 2) their cells divide completely and thus heal completely. 3) a slow influx of blood flow causes progressive repair. 4) scar tissue forms because these cells cannot be replaced.

scar tissue forms because these cells cannot be replaced

Gross distortions of reality, withdrawal from social contacts, and bizarre behavior are MOST characteristic of: Question 34 options: 1) depression. 2) schizophrenia. 3) bipolar disorder. 4) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

schizophrenia

Which of the following conditions would cause a proportionate gain in both water and sodium? Question 57 options: 1) Diarrhea 2) Steroid use 3) Hemorrhage 4) Loop diuretic use

steroid use

The resistance stage of the stress reaction is characterized by: Question 15 options: 1) an immediate release of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, which causes the fight-or-flight response. 2) a reduction of cortisol in the body, which predisposes the person to acute inflammatory processes. 3) stimulation of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones that increase blood glucose levels and maintain blood pressure. 4) adrenal gland depletion, which leads to decreased blood glucose levels, physical exhaustion, and immunocompromise.

stimulation of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones that increase BGL and maintain BP

Strength of a person's peripheral pulses is related to: Question 11 options: 1) heart rate and preload. 2) stroke volume and pulse pressure. 3) physical size and blood pressure. 4) cardiac output and heart rate.

stroke volume and pulse pressure

Unlike an allergic reaction, an autoimmune reaction: Question 33 options: 1) targets an antigen or allergen. 2) is generally predictable. 3) targets a person's own tissues. 4) does not involve antibodies.

targets a persons own tissues

The secondary (amnestic) immune response occurs when: Question 21 options: 1) the body is initially exposed to a foreign substance. 2) the body is reexposed to a foreign substance. 3) an antibody binds to a specific antigen and destroys it. 4) biologic mediators release histamine and other chemicals.

the body is reexposed to a foreign substance

Angiogenesis is defined as: Question 44 options: 1) the growth of new blood vessels. 2) the destruction of blood vessels. 3) rerouting of intact blood vessels. 4) regrowth of damaged blood vessels.

the growth of new blood vessels

The prevalence of a particular disease refers to: Question 1 options: 1) the frequency with which the disease occurs. 2) how acutely the disease negatively affects a person. 3) the number of cases in a particular population over time. 4) the number of deaths from the disease in a given population.

the number of cases in a particular population over time

When cells are hypoxic for more than a few seconds: Question 7 options: 1) they produce substances that may damage other local or distant body systems. 2) the respiratory system rapidly decompensates and breathing becomes slow. 3) an increase in cytochrome production occurs and the body makes more energy. 4) lysosomes quickly release enzymes that attempt to rebuild the structure of the cell.

they produce substances that may damage other local or distant body sytems

Dehydration is generally a more serious concern in older adults than in younger adults because: Question 12 options: 1) older adults lose significantly more water through perspiration. 2) total body water constitutes only 45% of body weight in older adults. 3) renal function increases significantly in patients over 60 years of age. 4) a person's total body water increases by 10% for each 10 years of life.

total body water constitutes only 45% of body weight in older adults

During the acute inflammatory response: Question 26 options: 1) transient arteriolar constriction is followed by arteriolar dilation, which allows an influx of blood under increased pressure. 2) active hyperemia causes the blood vessels to constrict, which diverts blood flow away from the affected site. 3) increased vessel wall permeability forces fluid out of the interstitial spaces, resulting in cell shrinkage and eventual death. 4) chemical mediators, which are primarily produced by monocytes, cause localized constriction of the vessels adjacent to the affected site.

transient arteriolar constriction is followed by arteriolar dilation which allows an influx of blood under increased pressure

A woman is diagnosed with cervical dysplasia. This means that the cervical cells have: Question 17 options: 1) been replaced by a different cell type. 2) undergone irregular, atypical changes. 3) increased in number due to inflammation. 4) increased in size, leading to tissue enlargement.

undergone irregular, atypical changes

Gout is a condition in which: Question 30 options: 1) calcium deposits affect the joints. 2) uric acid accumulates in the blood. 3) the kidneys fail to excrete sodium. 4) synovial fluid is progressively destroyed.

uric acid accumulates in the blood

Patients with congenital prolongation of the QT interval are at GREATEST risk for: Question 37 options: 1) sudden asystole. 2) ventricular dysrhythmias. 3) coronary artery disease. 4) acute myocardial infarction.

ventricular dysrhythmia

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by: Question 63 options: 1) progressive deterioration of involuntary muscles, specifically the diaphragm. 2) weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increasing disability. 3) relaxation of the vascular smooth muscles, resulting in progressive hypoperfusion. 4) involuntary rapid, jerky motions and mental deterioration, leading to dementia.

weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increasing disability

Anaphylactic shock is characterized by: Question 61 options: 1) labored breathing and hypertension. 2) wheezing and widespread vasodilation. 3) intracellular hypovolemia and hives. 4) a deficiency of circulating histamines.

wheezing and widespread vasodilation

Infectious cellular injury would LEAST likely occur in a patient: Question 13 options: 1) with metastatic cancer. 2) with migraine headaches. 3) who is over 70 years of age. 4) with long-term diabetes.

with migraine headaches

In a small child, loss of as little as ____% of total body fluid can cause illness. Question 64 options: 1) 3 to 5 2) 5 to 10 3) 10 to 15 4) 20 to 25

10 to 15

The _____ antibody is the dominant antibody in blood type incompatibilities. Question 31 options: 1) IgG 2) IgE 3) IgM 4) IgE

IgM

Factor ____ is the antihemophilic factor. Question 42 options: 1) VII 2) VIII 3) IX 4) XI

VIII

Generally, the only physical finding in a patient with a prolapsed mitral valve is: Question 46 options: 1) a chronically irregular heart rate. 2) sharp chest pain following strenuous exertion. 3) dyspnea and palpitations while in a sitting position. 4) a clicking sound heard during cardiac auscultation.

a clicking sound during cardiac auscultation

The paramedic should suspect hyperkalemia in a patient with: Question 13 options: 1) dehydration. 2) a crush injury. 3) vomiting and diarrhea. 4) congestive heart failure.

a crush injury

A person who ingests an excessive amount of salicylate would MOST likely experience: Question 19 options: 1) alkalosis. 2) bradycardia. 3) a fall in pH. 4) hypoventilation.

a fall in pH

Early signs or symptoms of breast cancer include: Question 32 options: 1) a small, painless lump in the breast. 2) swollen lymph glands in the axilla. 3) significant weight loss and vomiting. 4) nipple discharge and breast tenderness.

a small painless lump in the breast