Chapter 9,10, 11

How many seconds would it take an echo sounder's ping to make the trip from a ship to the Challenger Deep (10,994 meters) and back? Recall that depth = 1/2 (1500 m/sec × Echo travel time).

14.66

the Southern Hemisphere contains approximately ________ land compared to ________ in the Northern Hemisphere.

19% 39%

The center of each of Earth's five major gyres is found at about ________ latitude.

30

Ocean covers approximately _____ percent of earths surface

71

A pile of clam shells is an example of _______ sediment

Biogenous

How is climate different from weather?

Climate is the sum of all statistical weather information that helps describe a region.

The amount of water vapor in the air is called

Humidity

____ is when Earth is closest to the sun, whereas the farthest point is called ________.

Perihelion; aphelion

Turbulent water created by breaking waves is known as ________.

SURF

An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for ________.

a sound pulse to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back

________ continental margins occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the edge of a continent.

active

How can condensation be triggered to form clouds or fog?

add sufficient water vapor to the air so that it reaches saturation

When warm, moist air moves over a cold surface, ________ fog may result.

advection

You visit a coastal area for the first time. You note the presence of marine terraces, sea stacks, and sea arches. Based on these features, the area is likely to be ________.

an emergent coast

If a spit grows as it is deposited and extends completely across the former mouth of an estuary, separating it from the open sea, it has become a ________.

badmouth bar

Which of the following shoreline features is a result of deposition?

barrier island

________ is the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the topography of the ocean floor.

bathymety

One disadvantage of beach nourishment as compared to hard stabilization is ________

beach nourishment is expensive

Where is the continental rise

between an abyssal plain and the continental slope

Longshore currents and beach drift ________.

both have net movement that is parallel to the shore

When a wave is too steep to support itself, the wave front collapses creating a ________ that advances up the shoreline.

break

A ________ is a structure designed to protect boats from large breaking waves by creating a quiet-water zone near shore.

breakwater

which element is most commonly dissolved in seawater?

chlorine

The fog banks that occur in the Atacama Desert are formed from ________.

cold currents that cause temperatures to reach the dew point

The ________ occurs when large cloud droplets (giants) collide and join together with smaller droplets to form raindrops

collision-coalescence process

the change of state from a gas to a liquid is called _______

condensation

The process of ________ explains how warm, less dense air is replaced with cooler, denser air masses.

convection

Unequal surface heating that causes localized pockets of air (thermals) to rise because of their buoyancy is termed

convective lifting

Which of the following is a cloud of vertical development?

cumulonimbus

The ______ accounts for approximately 80 percent of ocean water

deep zone

A ________ marks the site where old, oceanic lithosphere begins its descent into a subduction zone.

deep-ocean trench

Where does an accretionary wedge form?

deep-ocean trench

Which of the following would be associated with turbidity currents

deposits of graded beds

The ________ is the temperature to which a parcel of air would need to be cooled in order to reach saturation.

dew point

An increase in seawater density can be caused by ________.

either a decrease in temperature or an increase in salinity

an increase in seawater density can be caused by ________

either a decrease in temperature or an increase in salinity

The temperature decrease in the troposphere is called the ____

environmental lapse rate

The change of state from a liquid to a gas is called ________.

evaporation

____ occurs when warm air is forced up and over a mass of cooler air.

frontal wedging

the main difference between a seamount and a guyot is ________.

guyots are flat

_______ are huge circular-moving current systems that dominate the surface of the ocean within an ocean basin

gyres

_____ is energy possessed by a material arising from the internal motions of its atoms or molecules.

heat

Cirrostratus clouds form in the ________ regions of the troposphere.

highest

Which of the following processes would decrease the amount of salinity in seawater?

icebergs melting

A shoreline is a(n) ________, a common boundary where different parts of a system interact.

interface

No thermocline exists in high-latitude regions because there is little temperature difference between the top and bottom of the water column. In such a situation the water column is said to be ________.

isothermal

The primary reason for the elevated position of the ridge system is ________

newly created oceanic lithosphere is hot and less dense than cooler rocks of the deep-ocean basin

Which one of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere

nitrogen

Where would you go to find "black smokers" (deep-sea hydrothermal vents)

oceanic ridge

one result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated ________.

on headlands projecting into the water

When elevated terrain such as a mountain range causes air to rise, this is called _______

orographic lifting

The principal source of water in the oceans and the atmosphere is by the process of ________

outgassing

The principal source of water in the oceans and the atmosphere is by the process of ________.

outgrassing

The form of oxygen that combines three atoms of oxygen into each molecule is ________.

ozone

The ________ Ocean is largest; the ________ Ocean is smallest

pacific; arctic

As a deep-water wave enters shallow water, the part of the wave in the shallowest water slows down. The deeper-water portion of the wave crest keeps moving at a relatively rapid speed. This wave refraction causes the entire wave crest to progressively rotate toward being ________ with the shoreline.

parallel

Meteorologists refer to an imaginary volume of air enclosed in a thin elastic cover as a ________

parcel

____ continental margins typically exhibit wide, extensive, continental shelves.

passive

Energy from the sun reaches through ____

radiation

_____ is a type of fog that forms in valleys at night.

radiation

any open container having a consistent cross-sectional area throughout can be used as a ________.

rain gauge

The process where light bounces back from an object at the same angle it was received without being absorbed or scattered is called ________.

reflection

When waves reach shallow water they tend to be ________, which makes them become parallel to the shore.

refracted

Which of the following is associated with oceanic ridges?

rift zones

Which of the following is associated with oceanis ridges

rift zones

Which of the following is the best example of a hygroscopic nucleus?

sea salt

A ________ is an isolated remnant of bedrock standing above a wave-cut platform.

sea stack

A ________ is characterized by two high tides and two low tides each tidal day, with both the high and low tides having approximately the same height.

semidiurnal tidal pattern

Which of the following is an example of "hard stabilization" designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion?

spit

What two kinds of fog are the result of adding moisture to a layer of air?

steam and frontal

____ is produced by evaporation from a warm-water surface into the cool air above; often found over lakes and rivers

steam fod

Valleys that lead from the continental shelf into deeper waters are known as ________. Typically, we find ________ along the continental rise at the bottom of these valleys.

submarine canyons; deep sea fans

Which of the following locations would have the lowest average air pressure

summit of mount everest, tallest mountain on earth

Liquid water at temperatures below freezing is termed ____

supercooled

Turbulent water created by breaking waves is known as ________.

surf

The sediment found in the Mississippi River Delta is an example of ________

terrigenous sediment

After the proper wet-bulb-measuring procedure, the two thermometers on a sling psychrometer yield the same temperature. This indicates that ________.

the air is saturated with water vapor

As baslat forms at the mid-ocean ridge, which of the following is correct

the basalt cools, contracts, and becomes more dense

It is believed the most prominent means by which humans add CO2 to the atmosphere is by ________

the burning of coal and other fossil fuels

The line separating the dark half of earth from the lighted half is called

the circle or illumination

When high-density seawater is added to low-density freshwater

the denser seawater sinks below the freshwater

Fetch is ________.

the distance over which the wind blows over open water

A fire extinguisher containing compressed CO2 is used to put out a fire. In spite of being close to the flames, the firefighter notices a white layer of "frost" forming on the exterior of the fire extinguisher can. What's going on

the gas in the extinguisher is expanding when released, cooling adiabatically.

The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere due to certain gases absorbing heat is called ________.

the greenhouse effect

How does the average depth of the oceans compare to the average elevation of the continents?

the ocean floors are about four times as deep, on average, than he average elevation of the continents above sea level.

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1°C at sea level atmospheric pressure is called ________.

the specific heat

The parallel of latitude, 23½° north latitude, marking the northern limit of the sun's vertical rays is called ________.

the tropic of cancer

The annual temperature range at most latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere is much smaller than that in the Northern Hemisphere. The reason is that ________.

there is a greater percentage of water surface in the southern hemisphere

At low latitudes, the ________ is a zone of rapid temperature change over a relatively short depth. It is associated with a similar depth zone marked by a change in density, called the ________.

thermocline:pycnocline

Because deep-ocean circulation is driven largely by variations in water temperature and salinity, it is also called ________ circulation.

thermohaline

____ are low-lying zones that are alternately covered by water during flood tide and exposed following ebb tide.

tidal flats

Dry adiabatic rate only refers to ________

unsaturated air

Air that does not resist vertical displacement is called ________.

unstable

____ forms when relatively humid air moves up a gradually sloping landform or the steep slopes of a mountain.

upslope fog

Another name for "white light" is ________, which is radiation with a wavelength from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers.

visible light

Which of the following is an erosional feature associated with shorelines?

wave cut platform

The vertical distance between trough and crest is called the ________.

wave height

Erosional retreat of a ________ leads to enlargement and extension of a wave-cut platform in the inland direction.

wave-cut cliff