Chapter 9_quiz w/diagrams

Thermus aquaticus.

A source of heat-stable DNA polymerase is

The shotgun sequencing technique is used to __________. A. sequence entire genomes B. make an artificial chromosome C. locate genes D. cut chromosomes into fragments

A. sequence entire genomes Small pieces of a genome of a free-living cell are sequenced, and the sequences are then assembled using a computer. Any gaps between the pieces then have to be found and sequenced. This technique can be used on environmental samples to study the genomes of microorganisms that haven't been cultured.

FALSE

Nearly all cells, including E. coli and yeast, naturally take up DNA from their surroundings without chemical treatment. T/F

D) d

The figure at the left in Figure 9.3 shows a gene identified by Southern blotting. What will a Southern blot of the same gene look like after PCR? A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e

RNA interference (RNAi)

Which of the following are used to silence specific genes and hold promise for treating cancer or viral diseases, such as hepatitis B? A) RNA interference (RNAi) B) complementary DNA (cDNA) C) reverse transcriptase PCR (rtPCR) D) tumor-inducing plasmids (Ti plasmids) E) DNA fingerprinting

Which of the following are common ways to introduce DNA into cells? -Electroporation -Microinjection -Transformation -All of these

-All of these Transformation (cells taking up naked DNA); Electroporation (pores made in protoplasts and animal cells by electric current); and microinjection (injection into animal cells by using a fine glass micropipette) can all provide entrance for new pieces of DNA.

The following sequential steps are used to make a recombinant cell. Which of these steps occurs LAST? -Grow cells containing vector with gene. -Insert gene into a vector. -Isolate gene of interest. -Vector is taken up by cell.

-Grow cells containing vector with gene. Grow cells containing vector with gene would be the LAST step to make a recombinant cell. First, the vector would have to be manipulated by inserting the desired new gene. The vector is then transformed and cell with the vector would be grown in culture.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of obtaining the protein product called human growth hormone by recombinant DNA technology rather than extraction from cadavers? -Cross contamination -Production of endotoxins -Purity -Speed -Cost-effectiveness

-Production of endotoxins Many gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, produce endotoxins as part of the outer layer of its cell wall. Because endotoxins cause fever and shock in mammals, their accidental presence in products intended for human use would be a serious problem.

Which of the following might specifically be used as part of a reverse-genetics approach to studying a gene? -Reverse transcriptase -Ti plasmid -Southern blotting -RNA interference -PCR

-RNA interference RNA interference (RNAi) might specifically be used as part of a reverse-genetics approach to studying a gene. RNAi holds promise for gene therapy for treating genetic diseases. A small DNA insert encoding siRNA against the gene of interest could be cloned into a plasmid. When transferred into a cell, the cell would produce the desired siRNA. Clinical trials are currently being conducted to test RNAi to treat m acular degeneration and melanoma.

The following steps are necessary to clone eukaryotic genes in bacteria. What is the third step? -Splice exons together -Reverse transcription of mRNA -Remove introns -Transcription

-Splice exons together First, the gene composed of exons and introns is transcribed to RNA by RNA polymerase. Processing enzymes in the nucleus then remove the intron-derived RNA and third, splice together the exon-derived RNA into mRNA. Introns have to be removed because a gene that includes introns may be too large to work with easily. In addition, if such a gene is put into a bacterial cell, the bacterium usually won't be able to remove the introns from the RNA transcript. Therefore, it won't be able to make the correct protein product.

Southern blotting is used to __________. -identify particular sequences of RNA -select for antibiotic-resistant organisms -identify specific proteins -identify particular sequences of DNA

-identify particular sequences of DNA Subject DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme, yielding thousands of fragments of various sizes. The different fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto a filter by blotting. They are then exposed to a labeled probe made from a cloned gene of interest. A particular sequence of DNA can be identified once the probe hybridizes.

Put Southern Blotting steps in order 1. Transfer of DNA fragments to filters 2. Digestion of sample DNA with restriction enzyme 3. Addition of a radioactive probe made from the gene of interest 4. Separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis

2, 4, 1, 3 1. separate DNA fragments on electrophoresis gel 2. transfer to nitrocellulose filter 3. Filter exposed to radioactive probe with (base-pair) hybridization

determine the nucleotide sequence for the improved enzyme.

A colleague has used computer modeling to design an improved enzyme. To produce this enzyme, the next step is to

Which of the following is an example of a cloning vector? Mosquito Ribosomal RNA Human growth hormone Tick Plasmid

A plasmid is an example of a cloning vector. A vector is a DNA molecule that transports foreign DNA into a cell. The gene of interest is inserted into the vector DNA in vitro. The DNA molecule chosen as a vector must be self-replicating (e.g. plasmid or a viral genome).

A plasmid that has been cleaved with EcoRI can recombine with another plasmid that has been __________. -digested with HindIII -amplified by PCR -digested with EcoRI -cleaved with BamHI

A plasmid that has been cleaved with EcoRI can recombine with another plasmid that has been digested with EcoRI because both plasmids would have matching sticky ends that could easily be joined with the enzyme ligase.

clone

A population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a

B) a segment of DNA.

A restriction fragment is A) a gene. B) a segment of DNA. C) a segment of mRNA. D) a segment of tRNA. E) cDNA.

TRUE ?

A shuttle vector is a plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms, such as bacterial, fungal, and plant cells. T/F

A culture of identical cells, each derived from a single "parental cell," is referred to as a(n) __________. daughter cells vector clone plasmid

A single parental cell containing a recombinant vector is grown in culture to form a clone of many genetically identical cells, each of which carries copies of the vector, and therefore many copies of the gene of interest. This is why DNA vectors are often called gene-cloning vectors, or simply cloning vectors.

When two DNA pieces cut with the same restriction enzyme are combined, sticky ends will __________. A. associate by complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds B. associate by covalent bonds C. associate because of DNA ligase D. associate only if they are double-stranded E. not associate

A. associate by complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds When two DNA pieces cut with the same restriction enzyme are combined, sticky ends will associate by complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds. The enzyme DNA ligase is used to covalently link the backbones of the DNA pieces, producing an rDNA molecule.

B) lacks introns.

An advantage of cDNA over genomic DNA is that it A) lacks exons. B) lacks introns. C) contains selectable markers. D) can form very large DNA segments. E) is very easy to isolate.

insert desired restriction sites into the DNA sequence. ...

An advantage of synthetic DNA over genomic or cDNA is the ability to

B) site-directed mutagenesis.

Assume you have discovered a cell that produces a lipase that works in cold water for a laundry additive. You can increase the efficiency of this enzyme by changing one amino acid. This is done by

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates a genomic library from a cDNA library? A. Genomic libraries are prepared from eukaryotes, and cDNA libraries are prepared from prokaryotes. A genomic library contains only noncoding DNA sequences, whereas a cDNA library contains only coding sequences. B. A genomic library contains fragments of the entire DNA in an organism's genome. A cDNA library contains the coding sequences of eukaryotic genes (minus the introns). C. Genomic libraries contain only those genes that a cell is currently expressing, whereas cDNA libraries contain all of the cell's genes, whether expressed or not. D. cDNA libraries can be used for sequencing, but they cannot be transcribed and translated. Genomic libraries can be used for sequencing and for production of the desired protein product.

B. A genomic library contains fragments of the entire DNA in an organism's genome. A cDNA library contains the coding sequences of eukaryotic genes (minus the introns). A genomic library contains fragments of the entire DNA in an organism's genome. A cDNA library contains the coding sequences of eukaryotic genes (minus the introns). Molecules of cDNA produced from a mixture of all the mRNAs from a tissue or cell type can then be cloned to form a cDNA library.

Which of the following is NOT true of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? A. A heat-stable DNA polymerase is used in the reaction B. Large amounts of DNA must be isolated from the source organism. C. An automated thermocycler is used to heat and cool the reaction samples. D. Billions of copies of a DNA sequence are made in a few hours. D. Short pieces of DNA called primers are added to the reaction mixtures.

B. Large amounts of DNA must be isolated from the source organism. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique by which small samples of DNA can be quickly amplified, that is, increased to quantities that are large enough for analysis. Starting with just one gene-sized piece of DNA, PCR can be used to make billions of copies in only a few hours.

During the Southern blotting technique, what is the purpose of transferring the DNA fragments from the gel to a nitrocellulose filter? A. This step selects and transfers only the genes of interest. B. This step attaches the DNA fragments to a permanent substrate, which then can be probed. C. This step separates the two complementary DNA strands. D. This step prepares the DNA for digestion by restriction enzymes. E. This step prepares the DNA fragments for PCR.

B. This step attaches the DNA fragments to a permanent substrate, which then can be probed. This step attaches the DNA fragments to a permanent substrate, which then can be probed. In the Southern blotting technique, subject DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme, yielding thousands of fragments of various sizes. The fragments are called RFLPs, for restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The fragments are separated according to size by gel electrophoresis. Each band contains many copies of a particular DNA fragment. The bands are invisible but can be made visible by staining. The DNA bands are transferred to a nitrocellulose filter by blotting. This step attached the DNA fragments to a permanent substrate, which then can be probed.

In genetic engineering, antibiotic-resistance genes are usually cloned into vectors to __________. A. kill the recombinant organisms B. allow selection for bacteria containing the vector C. select for cells that cannot grow D. select for cells having undergone spontaneous mutation

B. allow selection for bacteria containing the vector Cells that will be transformed should not be able to grow in the presence on the selecting antibiotic. That way, only cells with the plasmid would be able to grow.

If DNA ligase were NOT used in the creation of a recombinant plasmid, __________. A. links between adenine and thymine would not occur B. base-pairing would occur but the sugar phosphate backbone would not be connected C. hydrogen bonds between complementary bases could not form D. the bacterium to receive the recombinant plasmid would not be competent and thus would be unable to take up the plasmid E. links between guanine and cytosine would not occur

B. base-pairing would occur but the sugar phosphate backbone would not be connected If DNA ligase were NOT used in the creation of a recombinant plasmid, base-pairing would occur but the sugar phosphate backbone would not be connected. The enzyme DNA ligase is used to covalently link the backbones of the DNA pieces, producing an rDNA molecule.

To express a human gene in a bacterium, cDNA must be made because bacteria __________. A. usually destroy human DNA B. cannot remove introns C. have reverse transcriptase D. splice RNA

B. cannot remove introns To express a human gene in a bacterium, cDNA must be made because bacteria cannot remove introns. Genes of eukaryotic cells generally contain both exons and introns. When the RNA transcript of such a gene is converted to mRNA, the introns are removed. To clone genes from eukaryotic cells, it's desirable to use a version of the gene that lacks introns because a gene that includes introns may be too large to work with easily. In addition, if such a gene is put into a bacterial cell, the bacterium usually won't be able to remove the introns from the RNA transcript. Therefore, it won't be able to make the correct protein product.

In the blue-white screening procedure, bacteria that are transformed with recombinant plasmid and cultured in media containing ampicillin and X-gal will __________. A. grow more rapidly than cells without recombinant DNA B. produce white colonies C. produce the enzyme beta-galactosidase D. not grow in this medium E. produce blue colonies

B. produce white colonies In the blue-white screening procedure, bacteria that are transformed with recombinant plasmid and cultured in media containing ampicillin and X-gal will produce white colonies. Clones containing the recombinant vector will be resistant to ampicillin and unable to hydrolyze X-gal (white colonies). Clones containing the vector without the new gene will be blue. Clones lacking the vector will not grow.

TRUE

Bioinformatics is the use of computer technology to compare and analyze genome sequence. T/F

E) use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease-resistant crop plants.

Biotechnology involves the A) use of microorganisms to make desired products. B) use of animal cells to make vaccines. C) development of disease-resistant crop plants. D) use of microorganisms to make desired products and the use of animal cells to make vaccines. E) use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease-resistant crop plants.

All of the following are benefits and improvements made possible by recombinant DNA technology EXCEPT __________. A. Development of new, safer vaccines B. improved weed and pest control C. use of baker's yeast to produce bread D. development of genetic screening procedures for early detection of genetic diseases

C. use of baker's yeast to produce bread The development of new, safer vaccines, development of genetic screening procedures for early detection of genetic diseases, and improved weed and pest control are all examples of the application of recombinant DNA technology.

Assume you insert a specific gene into a plasmid and use blue-white screening. You plate the transformed E. coli cells on an ampicillin X-gal medium. Cells that produce blue colonies are __________. A. ampicillin resistant and contain the gene of interest B. ampicillin sensitive and can hydrolyze X-gal C. ampicillin sensitive and cannot hydrolyze X-gal D. ampicillin resistant but do not contain the new gene

D. ampicillin resistant but do not contain the new gene Cells that produce blue colonies are ampicillin resistant but do not contain the new gene. X-gal medium contains the antibiotic ampicillin, which prevents the growth of any bacterium that has not successfully received the ampicillin-resistance gene from the plasmid. The other important ingredient is a substrate for β-galactosidase. Only bacteria that picked up the plasmid will grow, because they are now ampicillin resistant. Bacteria that picked up the recombinant plasmid—in which the new gene was inserted into the lacZ gene—will not hydrolyze lactose and will produce white colonies. If a bacterium received the original plasmid without the new gene, thus containing the intact lacZ gene, the cells will hydrolyze X-gal to produce a blue-colored compound; the colony will be blue.

A good cloning vector __________. A. should not be capable of replication B. should not be able to be cut by more than one restriction enzyme C. should have a high concentration of guanine D. should have a gene or genes that allows for selection of transformed host cells E. should be readily degraded in the host

D. should have a gene or genes that allows for selection of transformed host cells A good cloning vector should have a gene or genes that allows for selection of transformed host cells. This recombinant vector DNA is taken up by a cell such as a bacterium, where it can multiply. The cell containing the recombinant vector is then grown in culture to form a clone of many genetically identical cells, each of which carries copies of the vector, and therefore many copies of the gene of interest. A specific antibiotic is commonly used as selective marker, thus only cells that have resistance to this antibiotic should contain the plasmid.

Which of the following is NOT a step in Southern blotting? A. Transfer of DNA fragments to filters B. Digestion of sample DNA with restriction enzyme C. Addition of a radioactive probe made from the gene of interest D. Separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis E. Addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase

E. Addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase The addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase is NOT a step in Southern blotting. This is a step found in PCR.

C) The insulin gene was inserted into it.

E. coli makes insulin because A) It needs to regulate its cell-glucose level. B) It's an ancient gene that now has no function. C) The insulin gene was inserted into it. D) It picked up the insulin gene from another cell. E) No reason; it doesn't make insulin.

For Agrobacterium tumefaciens to be used to introduce foreign DNA into a plant cell, that DNA must first be __________. A. inserted in an A. tumefaciens plasmid other than the Ti plasmid B. inserted into the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens outside the T-DNA region C. isolated from the crown gall using the appropriate restriction enzyme D. inserted into the main chromosome of A. tumefaciens E. inserted into the T-DNA region of the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens

E. inserted into the T-DNA region of the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens The tumor-producing T genes are replaced with desired genes, and the rDNA is inserted into Agrobacterium. The bacterium naturally transforms its plant hosts.

A) making double-stranded RNA.

Gene silencing blocks an undesirable product by A) making double-stranded RNA. B) allosteric inhibition of an enzyme. C) blocking DNA replication. D) end-product repression. E) blocking transcription

C) small interfering RNA binding to a gene promoter.

Gene silencing involves all of the following EXCEPT A) small interfering RNAs. B) production of double stranded RNAs. C) small interfering RNA binding to a gene promoter. D) Dicer. E) RNA-induced silencing complex.

B) 2

How many pieces will Eco RI produce from the plasmid shown in Figure 9.1? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

D) Inserting the Ti plasmid into Agrobacterium.

If you have inserted a gene in the Ti plasmid, the next step in genetic engineering is A) Transformation of E. coli with Ti plasmid. B) Splicing T DNA into a plasmid. C) Transformation of an animal cell. D) Inserting the Ti plasmid into Agrobacterium. E) Inserting the Ti plasmid into a plant cell.

D) 1.50 kbp

In Figure 9.1, after digestion with the appropriate restriction enzyme, what is the smallest piece containing theampicillin- resistance (amp) gene? A) 0.17 kilobase pairs B) 0.25 kbp C) 1.08 kbp D) 1.50 kbp E) 3.00 kbp

C) RNA polymerase.

In Figure 9.2, the enzyme in step 1 is A) DNA polymerase. B) DNA ligase. C) RNA polymerase. D) Reverse transcriptase. E) Spliceosome.

D) Reverse transcriptase.

In Figure 9.2, the enzyme in step 2 is A) DNA polymerase. B) DNA ligase. C) RNA polymerase. D) Reverse transcriptase. E) Spliceosome.

C) form white, ampicillin-resistant colonies.

In Figure 9.4, the bacteria transformed with the recombinant plasmid and plated on media containing ampicillin and X-gal will A) form blue, ampicillin-resistant colonies. B) form blue, ampicillin-sensitive colonies. C) form white, ampicillin-resistant colonies. D) form white, ampicillin-sensitive colonies. E) not grow.

A Bacillus gene.

In Figure 9.4, the resulting P. fluorescens has

C) ori.

In Figure 9.5, the gene that allows the plasmid to be self-replicating is A) HindIII. B) ampR. C) ori. D) EcoRI. E) lacZ.

B) ampR and lacZ.

In Figure 9.5, the marker genes used for selecting recombinant DNA are A) HindIII, BamHI, and EcoRI. B) ampR and lacZ. C) ori. D) ampR and ori.

TRUE

In recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome. T/F

E) addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase to amplify DNA

In the Southern blot technique, which of the following is NOT required? A) transfer of DNA to nitrocellulose B) addition of a labeled probe to identify the gene of interest C) restriction enzyme digestion of DNA D) electrophoresis to separate fragments E) addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase to amplify DNA

TRUE

One of the first commercial successes of recombinant DNA technology was the production of human insulin using genetically engineered E. coli. T/F

the RNA primer is specific.

PCR can be used to identify an unknown bacterium because

library

Pieces of DNA stored in yeast cells are called a A) library. B) clone. C) vector. D) Southern blot. E) PCR.

__________ is a technique used to quickly amplify specific sequences of DNA. Polymerase chain reaction Ames test Southern blotting DNA-DNA hybridization

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique by which small samples of DNA can be quickly amplified (increased) to quantities that are large enough for analysis. Starting with just one gene-sized piece of DNA, PCR can be used to make billions of copies in only a few hours.

__________ can be used to silence a gene, and it holds promise for treating certain genetic disorders and viral infections. tRNA rRNA mRNA RNAi

RNAi New technology called RNA interference (RNAi) holds promise for gene therapy for treating genetic disorders and viral infections. A small DNA insert encoding siRNA (small interfering RNA) against the gene of interest could be cloned into a plasmid. When transferred into a cell, the cell would produce the desired siRNA. Clinical trials are currently being conducted to test RNAi to treat macular degeneration and melanoma.

bacterial enzymes that destroy phage DNA.

Restriction enzymes are

vector

Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a

C) Vector.

Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a A) library. B) clone. C) vector. D) Southern blot. E) PCR.

E) None of the above.

Subunit vaccines can be made by genetic modification of yeast cells. A side effect of these vaccines might be A) The disease. B) A yeast infection. C) Due to extraneous material. D) Failure of the vaccine to provide immunity. E) None of the above.

C) Cells making fimbriae.

Suicide genes can be controlled by the fimbriae- gene operator. This would result in the death of A) All cells. B) Cells making flagella. C) Cells making fimbriae. D) Cells at 37°C. E) Conjugating cells.

TRUE

The Bt toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensishas been introduced into some crop plants to make them resistant to insect destruction. T/F

determining the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome.

The Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003, was focused on

Add an RNA probe for HPV DNA

The Pap test for cervical cancer involves microscopic examination of cervical cells for cancerous cells. A new, rapid diagnostic test to detect human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA before cancer develops is done without microscopic exam. The steps involved in this FastHPV test are listed below. What is the second step?

FALSE

The Ti plasmid isolated from Agrobacterium can be used to insert DNA into any type of plant. T/F

TRUE

The disadvantage of genomic libraries over cDNA libraries is that genomic libraries contain gene introns. T/F

B) Digest with a restriction enzyme.

The following steps are used to make DNA fingerprints. What is the third step? A) Collect DNA. B) Digest with a restriction enzyme. C) Perform electrophoresis. D) Lyse cells. E) Add stain.

D) 6, 7, 2, 4, 5, 3, 1

The following steps must be performed to make a bacterium produce human protein X. 1-Translation 2-Restriction enzyme 3-Prokaryotic transcription 4-DNA ligase 5-Transformation 6-Eukaryotic transcription 7-Reverse transcription Which of the following places the steps in the correct order? A) 5, 2, 3, 4, 7, 6, 1 B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4, 7, 6 C) 6, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 D) 6, 7, 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 E) 6, 2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7

FALSE

The practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits, such as high crop yield, is called natural selection. T/F

The process of making multiple copies of a DNA molecule is referred to as __________. transformation protoplast fusion amplification DNA fingerprinting hybridization

The process of making multiple copies of a DNA molecule is referred to as amplification. PCR is commonly used to accomplish this task.

genome sequencing.

The random shotgun method is used in

D) DNA → DNA

The reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase is A) DNA → mRNA B) mRNA → cDNA C) mRNA → protein D) DNA → DNA E) tRNA → mRNA

mRNA → cDNA

The reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase is A) DNA → mRNA. B) mRNA → cDNA. C) mRNA → protein. D) DNA → DNA. E) tRNA → mRNA.

A) All of the DNA fragments will have single-stranded regions ending in AA. ......

The restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the sequence G↓AATTC. Which of the following is TRUE of DNA after it is treated with EcoRI? A) All of the DNA fragments will have single-stranded regions ending in AA. B) All of the DNA fragments will have single-stranded regions ending in G. C) Some of the DNA will have single-stranded regions ending in AA and others will end in G. D) All of the DNA will have blunt ends. E) All of the DNA will be circular.

E) metagenomics. ......

The study of genetic material taken directly from the environment is A) bioinformatics. B) proteomics. C) reverse genetics. D) forensic microbiology. E) metagenomics.

FALSE ..

The term biotechnology refers exclusively to the use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of desired products. T/F

prevent the growth of the modified organisms in the environment.

The use of "suicide" genes in genetically modified organisms is designed to

Direct selection possible

The use of an antibiotic-resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes

direct selection possible.

The use of an antibiotic-resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes

B) It lacks introns.

The value of cDNA in recombinant DNA is that A) It lacks exons. B) It lacks introns. C) It's really RNA. D) It contains introns and exons.

Enzyme Recognition HaeIII GG↓CC CC↑GG

Which enzyme does NOT make sticky ends? A) Enzyme Recognition BamHI G GATCCCCTAG G B) Enzyme Recognition Eco RI G AATTCCTTAA G C) Enzyme Recognition HaeIII GG↓CC CC↑GG D) Enzyme Recognition HindIII A AGCTTTTCGA A E) Enzyme Recognition Pst I CTGC GG ACGTC

B) Enzyme Recognition BamHI G↓GATCC CCCTAG↑G

Which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA? GCATGGATCCCAATGC A) Enzyme RecognitionHaeIII GG↓CCCC↑GG B) Enzyme RecognitionBamHI GGGATCCCCCTAGG C) Enzyme RecognitionPst ICTGC↓GG↑ACGTC D) Enzyme RecognitionEcoRI G↓AATTCCTTAA↑G E) Enzyme RecognitionHindIII A↓AGCTTTTCGA↑A

E) DNA fingerprints, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and reverse-transcriptase PCR(rtPCR)

Which of the following are used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track outbreaks of foodborne disease? A) DNA fingerprints B) restriction fragment length polymorphisms C) reverse-transcriptase PCR (rtPCR) D) DNA fingerprints and restriction fragment length polymorphisms E) DNA fingerprints, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and reverse-transcriptase PCR(rtPCR)

B) large size

Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic of DNA vectors used in gene cloning procedures? A) self-replication B) large size C) has a selectable marker D) circular form of DNA or integrates into the host chromosome E) may replicate in several species

E) Pectinase

Which of the following is NOT an agricultural product made by DNA techniques? A) Frost retardant B) Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide C) Nitrogenase (nitrogen fixation) D) Glyphosate- resistant crops E) Pectinase

C) Its genes are well known.

Which of the following is an advantage of using E. coli to make a human gene product? A) Endotoxin may be in the product. B) It does not secrete most proteins. C) Its genes are well known. D) It cannot process introns. E) Endotoxin may be in the product and it does not secrete most proteins.

C) Its genes are well known.

Which of the following is an advantage of using E. coli to make a human gene product? A) Endotoxin may be in the product. B) It doesn't secrete most proteins. C) Its genes are well known. D) It can't process introns. E) None of the above.

A) Protoplast fusion

Which of the following methods of making rDNA could be described as "hit or miss"? A) Protoplast fusion B) Viral transduction C) Transformation D) Cloning E) Gene gun

B) transformation

Which of the following methods would be used to introduce the plasmid shown in Figure 9.5 into E. coli? A) microinjection B) transformation C) gene guns D) Ti plasmids and Agrobacterium

C) 1, 3, 2

Which of the following places the steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order? 1) Incubate at 94°C to denature DNA strands; 2) Incubate at 72°C for DNA synthesis; 3) Incubate at 60°C for primer hybridization. A) 1, 2, 3 B) 3, 2, 1 C) 1, 3, 2 D) 2; 1; 3 E) 3; 1; 2

D) translation

Which of the following processes is NOT involved in making cDNA? A) reverse transcription B) RNA processing to remove introns C) transcription D) translation

D) microinjection

Which of the following techniques is NOT used to introduce recombinant DNA into plants? A) gene guns B) protoplast fusion C) Ti plasmids and Agrobacterium D) microinjection E) electroporation

C) 8

You have a small gene that you wish replicated by PCR. After 3 replication cycles, how many double-stranded DNA molecules do you have? A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16 E) thousands

PCR

You want to determine whether a person has a certain mutant gene. The process involves using a primer and a heat-stable DNA polymerase. This process is

cDNA is made from -a protein template -a vector template -an mRNA template -a ribosomal DNA template

an mRNA template An artificial gene composed of only exons can be produced by using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template.

Plasmids that can exist in disparate species such as a bacterium and a plant cell are called __________ vectors, and they can be used to transfer cloned DNA from one type of organism to another. shuttle plasmid shuffle vehicle

shuttle Some plasmids are capable of existing in several different species; they are called shuttlevectors and can be used to move cloned DNA sequences among organisms, such as among bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells, or among bacterial, fungal, and plant cells. Shuttle vectors can be very useful in the process of genetically modifying multicellular organisms—for example, when herbicide resistance genes are inserted into plants.

A novel restriction enzyme makes staggered cuts in the two strands of DNA. The staggered cuts are called __________. straight ends overlapping ends sticky ends blunt ends

sticky ends Some restriction enzymes produce sticky ends, short stretches of single-stranded DNA at the ends of the DNA fragments. These staggered ends are most useful in rDNA because they can be used to join two different pieces of DNA that were cut by the same restriction.

The basic steps to genetically modify a cell are listed below. Which step would come LAST? restriction digestion of vector restriction digestion of gene ligation transformation

transformation Restriction digestion of the plasmid and gene would have to occur first, followed by ligation of the gene into the vector. Transformation would be the last step in the genetic modification of a cell.