Chapter Five and Six B

Alzheimer's disease accounts for between ________ and ________ percent of all dementia cases in the United States.

60-80

For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?

Bartlett

________ memory is constantly updated.

Episodic

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is TRUE?

Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories.

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions based on his work giving sweetened liquid to rats and then inducing nausea in them?

Garcia

The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been ________.

Loftus

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.

A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?

The patient will not be able to remember new information.

How do retrieval cues help you to remember?

They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory.

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________.

Thorndike's Law of Effect

An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.

a stop sign

For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen EXCEPT ________.

being reinforced for imitating the model

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________.

biological preparedness

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a ________.

conditioned response

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _________ in his study.

conditioned stimulus

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep after they become sick from the bait he leaves. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.

conditioned taste aversions

According to the levels of processing model, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a ________ level.

deeper

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a ________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

deeper; shallower

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

echoic memory

The term photographic memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to ________ imagery.

eidetic

Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of ________.

encoding specificity

Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ________ memories.

episodic

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, the CR will eventually "die out" in a process called ________.

extinction

Studies have found that the BEST way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to ________.

forget about it and let the item just come to you

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________.

formation of a cognitive map

The first time José sees a cat, his mother tells him, "That's a cat. Can you say cat?" He repeats the word gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He points at the tiger and says, "Cat!" This is an example of ________.

generalization

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________.

higher-order conditioning

A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can't break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning?

imitation

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

information-processing model

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of ________.

latent learning

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.

maturation

A person is connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the brain's electrical activity. The person is reinforced when his or her pattern of brain waves changes in order to treat a disorder such as epilepsy. This technique is BEST called ________.

neurofeedback

Which type of long-term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer's disease?

nondeclarative

The fact that dopamine amplifies some signals and mutes others in the ________ suggests that it is part of the process of reinforcement in the brain.

nucleus accumbens

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

observational learning

Short-term memories appear to be localized in the ________.

prefrontal lobes

When a stimulus is taken away from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________.

punishment by removal

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could ________.

read the same magazine over and over and not realize that he was reading it over and over

Keisha can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that her roommate just read to her over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. Her memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the ________.

recency effect

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with ________.

retrieval

Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can't remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) ________.

retrieval cue

Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this, he is given electroconvulsive therapy. After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Malcolm thinks that last year's episodes of his favorite series are new. Malcolm is showing signs of ________.

retrograde amnesia

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are ________.

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat. The principle of learning that was in operation was ________.

shaping

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as it hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

sound of the electric can opener

When an action results in a pleasurable consequence, the probability of repeating that action increases. This BEST illustrates:

the Law of Effect.

Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because:

the pairing of the CS and US provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.

Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies about false events as true memories, ________.

they must be plausible

As memories get older, they are most likely _______

to become changed or altered in some fashion