chapter four honors mastering biology

Which tissue would likely contain large amounts of anchoring junctions?

stomach tissue

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions in muscle cells.

The Golgi apparatus

stores, modifies, and packages proteins.

Which part of the mitochondrion shown enhances its ability to produce ATP by increasing the surface area of a mitochondrial membrane?

structure D

Intermediate filaments

surround the nucleus.

Most animal cells are

embedded in an extracellular matrix.

A scanning electron microscope is used to study ________, whereas a transmission electron microscope is used to study ________.

cell surfaces; internal cell structures

The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines

cell theory.

The function of mitochondria is

cellular respiration.

A child dies following a series of chronic bacterial infections. At the autopsy, the physicians are startled to see that the child's white blood cells are loaded with vacuoles containing intact bacteria. Which of the following explanations could account for this finding?

A defect in the lysosomes of the white blood cells prevented the cells from destroying engulfed bacteria.

Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function; as a result, the rate of

ATP synthesis decreases.

Which of the following statements about cells is true?

All cells have internal structures that move.

Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false?

Cellular metabolism occurs in animal but not plant cells.

Which of the following statements about electron microscopes is true?

Electron microscopes focus electron beams to create a magnified image of an object.

Which of the following statements about lysosomes is false?

Lysosomes synthesize proteins from the recycled amino acids.

Which of the following statements about plant cell walls is false?

Plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell.

Which of the following statements regarding plasmodesmata is false?

Plasmodesmata are found in plants as well as some single-celled organisms.

Which of the following statements regarding the Golgi apparatus is false?

The Golgi apparatus decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production.

Which of the following statements about the functions of a plant cell central vacuole is false?

The central vacuole of a plant cell may digest chemicals for recycling.

Which of the following statements regarding the endomembrane system is false?

The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected.

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.

A scientist wants to examine living cells lining the respiratory tract to determine how the cells use tiny hairs to move dirt and mucus away from the lungs. Which of the following instruments would be best, and why?

a light microscope, because it allows observations of whole, live cells

The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that

a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells.

Resolution is the

ability of an optical instrument to show two close objects as separate.

The membranous compartmentalization of a cell

allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell.

Dynein feet

are found on microtubules in cilia and flagella and cause movement by grabbing and pulling at adjacent microtubule doublets.

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads

are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane.

Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments

are mainly composed of actin, whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin.

You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude correctly that the cells

are plant cells.

Which of the following structures is/are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces?

capsule

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ________ and ________. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have ________.

chloroplasts; cell walls; centrioles

The complex of proteins and DNA in a nondividing cell is called

chromatin.

During cell reproduction, chromatin fibers coil up into structures called

chromosomes.

Cilia differ from flagella in that

cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella.

Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria

contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grana.

The nucleus of a cell

contains DNA.

The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell

contains the cell's DNA.

The ________ of a mitochondrion is/are an adaptation that increases the surface area and enhances a mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP.

cristae

Which of the following structures is directly involved in the passage of electrical signals between cells as, for example, in the vertebrate heart?

gap junctions

A manufacturing company dumps its wastes into a nearby pond. One of the wastes is found to paralyze the contractile vacuoles of certain protists. A biologist looking at individual samples of these organisms taken from the pond would find that they

have gained water and burst.

The extracellular matrix attached to cells via glycoproteins may then bind to ________ in the plasma membrane.

integrins

Protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which

is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins.

The main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the production of

membrane and proteins secreted by the cell.

Which of the following structures is exclusively associated with prokaryotic cells?

nucleoid

Which organelle is involved in the catabolism of fatty acids and the detoxification of alcohol?

peroxisome

The endomembrane system includes all of the following organelles except the

peroxisome.

Which of the following cell structures are associated with the breakdown of harmful substances?

peroxisomes

The function of chloroplasts is

photosynthesis.

Which location in the cell is unlikely to contain ribosomes or ribosomal subunits?

plasma membrane

Contractile vacuoles

prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water.

Archaea are composed of ________ cells.

prokaryotic

Secretory proteins are

released from the cell through the plasma membrane.

Based on their function, you would expect melanocytes in the skin to have a higher than usual number of

ribosomes.

Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures through which insulin passes from its production to its exit from the cell?

rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane

The cells that produce hair made of protein contain a lot of ________, while the cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of ________.

rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A basal body is

similar in structure to centrioles.

Lysosomes are derived from __________ and function in __________.

the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum ... digestion of worn-out organelles

A drug that interferes with microtubule formation is likely to completely disrupt

the movements of sperm cells.

The stroma is the

thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane.

The function of the nucleolus is

to manufacture ribosomal RNA.

When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will

undergo self-digestion and die.

Light microscopes

use light and glass lenses to magnify an image.

As cell size increases, the

volume increases proportionally more than the surface area.

A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger and larger. This situation

will eventually be problematic, since the cell's ability to absorb nutrients through its outer membrane will not keep increasing as quickly as its cytoplasmic needs.