Chapter G Reading Guide
Who was St. Jerome?
- A monk - Translated the bible from the original language of Hebrew and Greek into Latin (the language of the people.) - Made the Bible easier to understand for people, because they didn't really know what they were reading in the bible. *Translates the Bible into Latin (Vulgate)*
What was the Council of Nicaea about?
- Called to confront the teaching son Arius, a priest who was teaching that Jesus wasn't fully divine. - 300 bishops condemned Arius's false teachings. - Developed by the Nicene Creed. - Said that the Father was fully divine as well as fully human.
What was the Council of Chalcedon about?
- Condemned Nestorius's heresy - "Hypostatic union" - Jesus' two natures, human and divine, cannot be separate. They are two natures fully united in one person.
Who was St. John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople?
- He lived a simple life - He spoke about God and ordinary people. - He was a practical man and had the nickname, "Golden Mouth" for his brilliant public speaking. - He brought ordinary people close to God. *Greatest preacher of Church in East*
Who was St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo?
- Wrote about original sin, God's grave, and the story of his own conversation. - Influenced the way Christians thought. *Conversion brings greatness!*
Pope Benedict
-renowned Church theologian -Pope from 2005-2013 -first pope to ever resign due to health reasons -265th Pope
Up until ________, the _________Church had still accepted the authority of the _________ as the successor of Saint Peter.
1054, Eastern, Pope.
When did the Black Death/ Barbaric Plague rise?
1347
When did the Bubonic Plague reach Europe?
1347
When was the Edict of Milan issued?
313
What centuries where the big decisions made?
4th and 5th
Who was St. Catherine of Sienna?
A mystic, meaning she had intense, prayerful experiences of God's presence. She also helped people during the Black Death.
Two aspects of the Church:
A visible and a spiritual reality.
In the __________, both leaders _________ each other.
Aftermath, excommunicated
What are icons?
Are holy images of saints and angels, was a form of idolatry.
Guilds-
Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests. Groups of tradesmen helping people learn trades for the next generation.
Why is the Council of Nicaea called?
Because people are questioning the divinity fo Christ.
Why were the crusaders called the holy wars?
Because they captured Jerusalem from the Muslims.
What did Saint Basil do to make an impact in the South?
Brought monasticism
Urban II
Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.
A movement known as the _________ Renaissance brought new advances in art, writing, architecture, and literacy.
Carolingian
What symbol did Constantinople put on their shields?
Chi-Rho
Muslims conquered areas previously controlled by _________
Christians
What was the first Ecumenical Council?
Council of Jerusalem - confirmed that Jesus really walked the earth and was fully divine. It also confirmed that he was universal to all of us because he was the son of God.
Leo III-
Crowned Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans
What was the council of Ephesus?
Declared that Mary was the "god-bearer"
What is an apologist?
Defender of the Faith
Nero
Diseased brain
What is the Holy Spirit?
Divine in the trinity
What made Christianity legal?
Edict of Milan 313
Era of Christendom:
Everyone calls themselves Catholic, because it was trending, but didn't follow Christian laws.
What was the only successful crusade?
First Crusade
Angela Maricis and Ursalines
Founded Ursaline.
Saint Francis of Assisi formed a religious community of __________ who begged for what they needed to live.
Friars
What is the difference between Friars and Monks?
Friars travel and beg for living needs, Monks stay in monasteries.
unlike monks, however, _____ move around in order to ______ and teach, instead of staying in one _________.
Friars, preach, monastery.
Carolingine renniscance
From Charlemagne
One of Jesus' teachings was-
Give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar, give to God what belongs to God.
Saint Thomas Aquinas
He believed that Christianity's premises and date came from divine revelation rather than from empirical observation. Theology was considered a science, and he was a scholastic. Wrote Summa Theologica
What does God do? (one of the things)
He puts people into our lives to restore and bring back peace. Sometimes we think that they are just there to annoy us, but we don't realize that later in life they can help us realize a valuable lesson.
What did the Eastern Empire want/need?
Help because they didn't want their empire to fall apart.
Callistus II & Henry VI
Investiture, signed the conquer death of Vernes.
Benedict-
Italian saint and monk, he created a set of rules for monks to follow. well known, established Monty Cosino in Italy.
What did the Crusades do that Jesus didn't want them to do?
Jesus didn't want anyone to spread his word through force or violence. (The Crusades did this, even though it is not what God wanted them to do.)
Pope Urban II
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades.
In the year 800, the Pope __________ recognized Charlemagne's importance to Christendom by crowning him as the Holy Roman Emperor.
Leo III
_______ can also refer to events, people, traditions, or anything else from the Middle Ages, whether it's religious, political, artistic, or educational.
Medieval
The historical period from about AD 500 to about AD 1500 is referred to as the Medieval period or the ___________ __________
Middle Ages
Through their contact with ________ scholars, the Crusaders also brought back advances in astronomy, mathematics, and science to Europe.
Muslim
St. ________ of Siena was a _______, meaning that she had a very intense, _______ experiences of God's presence.
Mystic, prayerful.
Who was described as a monster in revelation?
Nero
Where did the Rosary come from?
Once, there were 100 knots in a rope, and to get them out some monks prayed on it. Others watching wanted to be able to pray as well. Hence, 100 easy prayers.
What was the second inquisition? (Spanish)
One that attacked Muslims and Jews and put them to death. They also gave major punishments, but the church inquisition didn't.
Two groups of the Church-
One wanted peace, the other wanted to be involved.
Who was St. Francis?
Persuaded lots of people to follow Christ and he spoke religiously to a lot of animals
Later in the Middle Ages, a few holy monks and nuns __________ existing monasteries to help focus on prayer.
Reformed
What did Nuns & Monks do?-
Reformed monasteries.
Who was Saint Teresa of Abala?
Reformed the female side of the Carmelite order
476
Roman Empire collapsed
Work and pray-
Rule Benedict invented.
Saint Thomas Aquinas, an important figure in the __________ ___________ emphasized arriving at the truth through dialogue with different points of view.
Scholastic movement.
What happened to the Church?
She forgot the spiritual reality and just reverted to the physical reality.
These issues included ______, which is the purpose of buying and selling Church roles or spiritual privileges; priests having wives, either publicly or secretly, and lay investiture.
Simony
The _________ Inquisition targeted recently converted Jews and Muslims, with the excuse that their conversions were not sincere.
Spanish
Who was the Children's Crusade led by?
Stephen of Cloyes
stain glass windows
Teaching tools
Who was the Western empire invaded by?-
The Barbarians.
Monasticism-
The spiritual lifestyle of contemplation for nuns and monks. Sanctuary for people who needed safety and care. The practice of living as a monk.
Exocummunication
The taking away of a person's right of membership in a Christian church
What did the council of Ephesus declare?
They declared that Mary truly is the Mother of God, or "Theotokos" (God-bearer)
How many times was Benedict almost killed÷
Three times.
What was the main goal of the Crusades?
To get the Muslims out of the holy land (Jerusalem.)
What was the first inquisition? (Church Court)
To rule out Heresy, gave mild punishments, and corrected false teachings. Also, to wipe out heresy and the belief that Jesus wasn't full divine and human.
Yet hope for ________ still springs up: In _______, Saint John Paul II and _________ Bartholomew I of __________ celebrated the _________ together!
Unity, 1995, Patrick, Constantinople, Eucharist.
What was a "Lay investiture?"
Was when a layperson, such as a king or noble, would appoint a bishop or abbot.
Truth cannot contradict truth, faith cannot contradict faith
We can be Catholic and have the big bang theory at the same time! -Saint Thomas Aquinas.
Catacombs
Where the martyrs were buried.
Are you ready for the holidays!!!!!??!!
YES
What were some of the rules in the Eastern Church?
You could be married and be a priest, but you couldn't be a bishop if you were married.
Investiture=
a ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office
investure
a ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office
If a ________ had been committed, the defendant was given a Church punishment - such as fasting, making a pilgrimage, attending Mass more frequently, or wearing a distinctive piece of clothing.
heresy
St. Bernardo of Clair Vou-
in France, he founded a monastery, order of the Cistercians.
A building where monks or nuns live and work in community is a ___________
monastery
What are the three evangelical councils?
poverty, chastity, and obedience
A major break that causes division is a __________
schism
In this case, the _________ was ultimately caused by a refusal to submit to the pope's _________
schism, authority.
Fathers of the Church (Church Fathers)
teachers whose writings extended the Tradition of the Apostles and who continue to be important for the Church's teachings.
Scholastic movement:
the development of the university system and the reasoned approach to theology as "faith seeking understanding"