Chapter one Adolescents
Potassium depletion from purging Laxative use depletes electrolytes, which can cause cardiac irregularities Vomiting may lead to tearing of the tissue in the stomach and throat Loss of dental enamel from stomach acids in vomit Mortality rate higher than other disorders
Bulimia Nervosa: Physical Consequences
Interplay of genetic and environmental factors Diet Low activity levels Especially prevalent among poor youth and among Black, Latino, and Native American adolescents.
Correlates and consequences of obesity
Measured in boys and girls by Tanner stages Changes include: Growth of pubic hair Changes in appearance of sex organs Breast development
Development of secondary sex characteristics
Bulimia
Eating binges; force themselves to vomit to avoid weight gain 3% of adolescents are genuine bulimics
Cross-sectional study design Longitudinal study design
Groups of individuals are compared at different stages of puberty. The same individuals are tracked over time as they move through the different stages of puberty.
More likely to: Suffer from chronic illness Be obese or have high blood pressure/high cholesterol Be physically inactive Be victims of violent crimes Contract AIDS Die from drowning Be murdered (leading cause of Black adolescents is homicide)
Need to pay particular attention to the health of poor and ethnic minority adolescents. Less access to medical care, less likely to visit doctor, and less likely to have health insurance
Ethnic differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation: Black females (1st)àMexican American females (2nd)à White females (3rd). Probably not due to ethnic differences in income, weight, or area of residence. May be due to exposure to chemicals that stimulate earlier puberty.
No specific average age at onset or duration of puberty. No relation between the age at which puberty begins and the rate of pubertal development.
Glands
Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways
Family dynamics Role of eating and dieting Child abuse: Another disturbing risk factor for eating disorders in adolescent females is a history of child abuse, particularly sexual abuse.
Origins of Eating Disorders
Sociocultural climate Idealization of slimness Risk Factors Children with an anxiety disorder or who demonstrate obsessional behavior are at increased risk of developing anorexia. Girls who mature earlier than other girls are at risk because their early physical maturation is associated with being heavier than their peers. Psychological factors such as depression and low body esteem also are predictive of developing eating disorders.
Origins of Eating Disorders
secular trend. activities. Puberty appears to increase distance between parents and children.
Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the: Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in: Which of the following statements about puberty's impact on family relationships is true?
Graduated driver licensing
Place restrictions on when and with whom teenagers can drive until they have gained sufficient experience.
Cons of early maturation More drug and alcohol use, delinquency, precocious sexual activity, greater impact of victimization/being bullied A few studies have found elevated rates of depression and anxiety. More intense temper tantrums and depression during puberty
Pros of early maturation Popularity, better self-esteem
Bulimia nervosa
Repeated cycles of binge eating and purging Other avenues Strict dieting or fasting Use of laxatives Engage in demanding, prolonged exercise regimens
The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly variable and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. stress nutritional deficiencies excessive exercise peer pressure
Sarah is a junior high student anticipating and preparing for puberty. She wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until she looks and is considered an adult. What would you tell her? Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty? Which of the following factors have not been found to influence the onset of maturation?
Father-absent families, conflict-ridden households, having a stepfather, and sexual abuse. Tension in the family may induce stress, which, in turn, affects hormonal secretion. The presence of a stepfather may expose the adolescent girl to pheromones that stimulate pubertal maturation.
Social factors in the home environment may influence the onset of maturation, especially in girls. Early pubertal maturation in girls is related to:
Anorexia
Starve themselves to keep weight down Fewer than 1% of adolescents weight loss means anorexia
Physically mature male and female adolescents are more likely than their less mature peers to be involved in cross-sex romantic activities.
The Immediate Impact of Puberty: Peer Relationships
menarche increases in intellectual functioning. The body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present in the body up until this time
The average girl in the United States reaches _________, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 15. According to the textbook, puberty involves all of the following except Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is false?
the adolescent growth spurt. greater in boys than girls. leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily.
The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as: Although both sexes experience changes in muscle tissue and body fat, the ratio of muscle to body fat is: The rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience:
secondary sex characteristics
The manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice.
Basal metabolism rate
The minimal amount of energy used when resting. Drops about 15% in adolescence.
Somatic Development
The physical appearance of the adolescent changes dramatically during adolescence Enter puberty looking like a child; within 4 years or so, has the physical appearance of a young adult. The average individual grows about 10 inches taller, matures sexually, and develops an adult proportioned body.
secular trend - average age of puberty in usa has declined bc of obesity
The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition -Changes in the average age of menarche over the past two centuries - due to imporoved nutrition, sanation, and better control of infectious diseases
1. rapid acceleration in growth, resulting in dramatic increases in height and weight 2. development of primary sex characterisitcs, including further development of the gonads (sex glands), which results in a series of hormonal changes 3. the development of secondary sex characteristics, including changes in the genitals and breasts, pubic hair, facial hair, and body hair.
The three chief physical manifestations of puberty:
bulimia chronic disabilities, such as cancer.
Theresa has been known to go on eating binges and then purge immediately afterward. Theresa is probably suffering from: The most virulent threats to adolescent health come from all of the following, except:
-Girls who are taller or heavier than their peers mature earlier. -Delayed puberty is more likely among individuals with a history of protein and/or caloric deficiency. -Chronic illness and excessive exercise also linked with delayed puberty.
Two key environmental influences: Nutrition Health
Body mass index (BMI)
Used to determine whether someone is overweight. By some estimates, the adolescent obesity epidemic will cost the U.S. more than $250 billion. Increase in adolescent obesity has been especially dramatic among Black females.
being less popular, especially with boys have many stressful life events. have harsh or inconsistent parents. live in disadvantaged neighborhoods. body mass index.
Which of the following characteristics is not typically associated with being an early-maturing girl? The impact of early maturation on problem behaviors or depression is worse when adolescents: A measure of an individual's body fat, ratio of weight to height, used to gauge overweight and obesity is called
Loryn, who has a negative attitude toward menarche become involved in illegal activities. fewer problem behaviors
Which of the following girls will experience the greatest menstrual discomfort? Suzanne and Greg are the first members of their class to begin the pubertal transition. Based on what you know about early-maturing adolescents, Suzanne and Greg are more likely to: Which of the following characteristics is not associated with being an early-maturing boy?
anorexia nervosa Sherri, a volleyball player who binges on junk food but does not engage in any other weight loss behaviors
Which of the following statements about obesity is not true? adolescent obesity is limited to the United States. Karen has been known to exercise excessively, count calories, and diet obsessively. She is currently depriving herself of food even though she is 20 pounds underweight. Karen is probably suffering from: Who most closely resembles the profile of someone who has binge eating disorder?
Melatonin
a hormone secreted by the brain that contribuites to sleepiness and triggers the onset of puberty through its impact on kisspeptin. - suppresses
Hypothalamus
a part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland
delayed phase preference
a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty
Tanner stages
a widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development
Adolescent moodiness More fluctuations throughout the day than adults. Not solely due to hormones. Greatly influenced by environmental factors, such as shifts in activities.
adolesecnt moodiness
not enough sleep lead to many problems including depression, obesity, poor relationhips
during puberty the time of night at which melatonin levels begin to rise changes, becoming later and later as they mature -melatonin levels are shifted in puberty
Interaction between genes and environment Differences in timing/rate among individuals in the same general environment result chiefly from genetic factors. Genetic predispositions
genetic factors influencing puberty
Pros of early maturation: Popularity with boys Cons of early maturation: Heavier and shorter stature later in life Precocious sexual activity, lowered self-image, higher rates of depression, eating disorders, anxiety, social anxiety Victims of rumors and gossip
girls earl or late
1. growth of breast 2. growth of pubic hair 3. body growth (uturus vagina, reproductive system) 4. menarch
girls in puberty
Physical changes of puberty affect self-image, mood, and relationships with parents. This is true regardless of whether puberty occurs early or late. Self-esteem varies by gender and ethnicity. White girls are particularly likely to develop poor body images.
impacts of puberty
pituitary gland
one of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body - controls hormone levels
1. growth of testes and scrotal sac 2. growth of pubic hair 3. growth in height 4. growth of penis 5. change in voice 6. facial and under arm hair 7. oil and sweat producing glands, acene
sequence of boys in puberty
HPG axis
the HPG axis develops into three structures (Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, gonads) - levels of sex hormones are regulated by a feedback system ___________ and its composed of three structure (Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, gonads)
Estrogens
the class of sex hormones that predominate in females, produced mainly by the ovaries -higher levels in females
Gonads
the glands that secrete sex hormones: in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries
Androgens
the main class of male sex hormones -higher levels in males
testes ovaries
the male gonads female gonads
peak height velocity
the point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly -
•Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa mostly afflicts women during adolescence and young adulthood. Females with anorexia nervosa can drop 25% or more of their weight within a year, also leading to respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
•Characterized by: •Extreme fear of being too heavy •Dramatic weight loss •Distorted body image •Resistance to eating enough to reach or maintain a healthy weight
1. endocrine system 2. Hormones
- Produces, circulates, and regulates hormone levels in the body. -Substances secreted by endocrine glands
nurtition and health
- the two most important enviromental influences on puberty are
Adolescent growth spurt
-Rapid acceleration in growth (height and weight) -Simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens -Peak height velocity (time that adolescent is growing most quickly) -Average female growth spurt is 2 years earlier than the average male growth spurt.
Disordered eating
A continuum, ranging from dieting that may be perfectly sensible and healthy, to disordered eating that is unhealthy but not at a level requiring treatment, to full-blow clinical disorders.
Hormonal feedback loop (HPG axis)
A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads. Hormonal feedback loop (HPG axis) Set point (e.g., thermostat)- hypothamus will stimulate pitutary gland . high levelhypothalamus stops piturary gland
Early adolescence (about ages 10-13), middle adolescence (about ages 14-17), and late adolescence (about ages 18-21)
Adolescence
Low blood pressure, heart rate decrease Kidney and gastrointestinal problems Loss of bone mass Brittle nails, dry skin, hair loss Lanugo (a fine, soft hair) may develop Altered levels of potassium and sodium electrolytes Can cause tiredness, weakness, and sudden death
Anorexia Nervosa: Physical Consequences
