chapter one Inquizitive questions

The French Empire posed the greatest threat to Spanish colonization because it was able to take advantage of weaknesses in Spain's naval capacity.

false

Identify the various factors that enabled Cortés to conquer the Mexica with such a small force of Spanish conquistadores.

(In the many American regions that experienced Spanish conquest, neighboring Native American communities were often in conflict with one another. The Spanish conquistadores were often able to exploit these rivalries to form alliances with various Native American tribes. For example, Cortés convinced the Totomacs to form an alliance with him, which succeeded because of their antagonism toward the Mexica. These alliances greatly increased the size of Cortés's total military force.) -------smallpox and other diseases carried from Europe to the Americas military technological superiority conflict among Native American peoples

How did Spanish colon. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?

- men over age of 25 had to cut off one foot to discourage uprising Spanish -children were taken from families -Spanish soldiers massacred hundreds of pueblo people

The introduction of horses to the Great Plains of North America was a part of the Spanish colonial legacy. Identify the role of horses in the Plains Indian lifestyle and the impact these animals had on their lives.

-Horses allowed Plains Indians to travel greater distances. -Horses replaced dogs as Plains Indians' beasts of burden following the thriving Pueblo horse trade. This greatly benefited Plains tribes in making them much more effective hunters and warriors.

What does it reveal about Spanish attitudes toward Native Americans in their colonies?

-Spaniards exploited Native Americans to enrich themselves. -Spanish officials looked to Native Americans as future citizens and sources of revenue for the state. -Spaniards often coerced the natives to convert to Catholicism.

The greatest decrease to the Native American population during the sixteenth century was attributed to casualties from direct combat with European settlers.

False - Smallpox killed more Native Americans more than violence against the them by the Europeans.

The Eastern Woodlands peoples included three regional groups: the Algonquian, the Iroquoian, and the Muskogean. Identify the statement that best explains why the Iroquoian culture distinguished itself socially from the Algonquian culture.

It embraced a matriarchal tradition, in which women held leadership positions, selected male chiefs, and continued living with their family along with their new husband after marriage.

Place in chronological order the following events that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America.

Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon explores Florida St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America New Mexico is established as a Spanish colony The English settlement at Jamestown is established The Pueblo revolt occurs in 1680

The Anasazi culture—the most widespread of the Southwest pueblo cultures—was known for its extensive presence in the "Four Corners" region. Identify how the Anasazi set themselves apart from similar cultures in the region.

The Anasazi refused to incorporate a rigid class structure.

Three centuries before the discovery of America, Europe experienced dramatic transformations that powered the Age of Exploration. Which of the following developments enabled the Age of Exploration in the "Old World"?

intellectual changes new scientific discoveries the rise of a new "middle class"

Watch the video featuring David Shi discussing the age of exploration. What was the most significant transformation that Europe experienced in the three centuries before 1492?

the transformation of feudal society into nations, which resulted in the centralization of power from local nobles to a monarchy

In the period after the Ice Age, the climate warmed and glaciers melted, leading to a rise in sea levels, longer growing seasons, and increased forest growth. This environmental diversity prompted a variety of economies and patterns of living in the regions of North America.

true

The intellectual revolution known as the Renaissance sparked a discourse committed to controversial new ideas that challenged prevailing beliefs and the authority of rulers and the church. This "rebirth" in learning served as a catalyst for the ideas that would enable the Age of Exploration.

true

Describe the native people of America on the eve of European arrival on the shores of the Western Hemisphere.

Native peoples in the Americas were a large, heterogeneous population spread across vast areas of the Americas, and were made up of complex and diverse societies.

Plants and animals were extremely different in the two worlds. How did the introduction of new foods into the "Old" World directly affect the fate of the "New" World?

New foods led to a population explosion in Europe and an increase in the number of prospective settlers coming to the "New" World.

Identify the cities in the modern United States that were established by the Spanish and are part of their colonial legacy.

Santa Fe Los Angeles San Antonio St. Augustine San Diego Santa Barbara Pensacola San Francisco

. Summarize the major developments in Europe that enabled the Age of Exploration. ---How was the Protestant Reformation a catalyst for change in Europe and its colonies during the Age of Exploration?

by reshaping the political map in Europe by questioning the unifying force of the Roman Catholic Church

What was the stated exchange in the encomienda system between encomenderos and Native American villages under their control, and how did the intended exchange differ from reality?

he encomenderos were intended to provide protection to Native American villages, in exchange for the villages supplying the encomenderos with labor and material goods. In reality, the encomienda system created a predatory relationship, in which privileged Spanish officials further enriched themselves by exploiting the resources and labor of the Native American people.

The conquistadores conquered and colonized vast swaths of the Americas, removing indigenous elites from power and replacing them with Spanish bureaucrats and church officials. Additionally, Spanish colonizers established a socioeconomic system known as the encomienda that empowered favored officers by giving them control over Indian villages.

true

The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--

1. defeat 2.english 3.protestant 4.Catholism

Summarize the major developments in Europe that enabled the Age of Exploration. ----Martin Luther, -1-- , and other Protestant reformers inspired millions of Europeans to challenge not only the theology of the -2-- Church, but also their -3-- institutions and leaders. Europe divided into -4-- Protestant and Catholic states, and their rivalries flourished in the Americas as well, greatly influencing the future -5--of the Americas.

1.John Calvin 2.Roman Catholic 3.political 4. Warring 5.Colonization

Place in chronological order the following events that contributed to the growth of Spain's "Golden Empire."

1.The Spanish colonize Santo Domingo. 2.the Spanish discover Cuba 3..Cortés conquers the Mexica. 4.Pizarro conquers the Inca.

Analyze the map: Identify the statements that accurately depict the Spanish-led explorations in the Americas.

Cortés initiated his expedition in what is today Cuba and ended in Tenochtitlán. Pizarro sailed to conquer the Incas between 1531 and 1533.

How did the cultivation of maize and other crops by native peoples in Mexico lead to the transformation of Indian societies in the region?

It allowed the native peoples of Mexico to live more settled lives, leading to the development of larger and more complex societies.

Identify the statement that describes the connection between the rise of global trade and the development of the Age of Exploration.

The rise of global trade worked as an incentive for Portuguese sailors to explore new navigation routes and started the Age of Exploration.

The Biological Exchange, occasionally called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. New foods greatly benefited Europeans whose population increased, while infectious diseases from Europe destroyed much of the population of the "New" World.

true

1.1. Explain why there were so many diverse human societies in the Americas before Europeans arrived ---The development of farming allowed several societies in the Americas to support densely populated cities and develop sophisticated forms of communication, mathematics, architecture, and government. Identify the following Central and South American civilizations. (Not all answers will be used.)

1.• stretched along the Andes Mountains in western South America• developed irrigation systems to support fertile farms• built long-lasting stone buildings and a network of paved roadsIncas Correct label: Incas 2.• dominated Central America• developed an elaborate written language• created a yearly calendar more sophisticated than the one Europeans relied on at the time of ColumbusMayas Correct label: Mayas 3.took control of the valley of Central Mexico• founded what would become the largest city in the Western Hemisphere• held warfare as a sacred ritual• engaged in gradual expansion of control over nearby societiesAztecs Correct label: Aztecs

Explain why there were so many diverse human societies in the Americas before Europeans arrived. ---The technological and social advancements that developed at Cahokia around 1000 C.E. continued to influence neighboring societies long after its collapse, as former inhabitants spread the knowledge of such innovations across the South and Midwest.

TRUE - As the largest chiefdom in the region, Cahokia was an extremely sophisticated farming society with elaborate and far-flung trading networks, prompting its former residents to spread these unique practices to other areas of North America after dramatic climate changes led to the chiefdom's disappearance.

When analyzing the early colonial period, historians use the term Columbian Exchange to discuss one of its most relevant features. Which statement describes what happened during the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange refers to the early contact between the New and the Old Worlds as they exchanged crops, animals, and infectious diseases among other things.

Place in chronological order the following events in Europe that contributed to and enabled the Age of Exploration.

The Renaissance begins. Columbus embarks on his first voyage. The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed. Amerigo Vespucci sails the Atlantic. The Protestant Reformation begins. Catholics and Protestants reach a long-awaited settlement.