CHAPTER13

The spread of endospores in the US in 2001 was declared an act of bioterrorism when cases of suddenly increased within the human population.

anthrax

is the term used to refer to the intentional or threatened use of microorganisms or toxins from living organisms to cause disease or death in humans.

bioterrorism

A disease is considered....when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host.

communicable

The accumulation of excess fluids in afflicted tissues and serous cavities is called

edema

The microbe that causes an infection or disease is most commonly referred to as the

etiologic

A(n) is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues.

exoenzyme

True or false: Common symptoms of inflammation include internal bleeding, high pulse rate, and increased respiratory rate.

false

True or false: Epidemiology considers only infectious diseases in human populations.

false

An infection that occurs when a microbe breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to another tissue is called a(n) ______ infection.

focal

In cases like tuberculosis and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a .....infection.

focal

Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin is referred to as a(n)

hemolysin

A human plus all of its resident microbiota is a

holobiont

The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called

keratinase

A state of inactive infection is called

latency

A general term for the site of infection or disease is a(n)

lesion

is a general term for the site of infection or disease.

lesion

infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.

localized

Historically, scientists described the human "normal microbiota" as those organisms that could be cultured from the human body. This represents a significant underestimate because

many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory

Because they are regularly polymicrobial, infections like gas gangrene, wound infections, dental caries, and human bites are usually.... infections

mixed

Infectious agents do NOT travel to their target tissue through

muscles

Lipopolysaccharide is located in the of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.

outer membrane

The route through which a pathogen departs from the host organism is called the

portal of exit

The term_____ infection is used to refer to the initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infection caused by a different microbe.

primary

isease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.

reportable

A ______ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.

reservoir

A(n) infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one.

secondary

Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called a(n

symptom

The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease is referred to as a

syndrome

A(n) ______ infection invades many compartments and organs via the bloodstream.

systematic

The condition in which a toxin is spread throughout the bloodstream from the site of an infection is specifically called

toxemia

The massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in Gram-negative infections is called

toxic shock

The genetically-controlled characteristic that gives an organism the ability to produce toxins is referred to as

toxigenicity

is the ability of an organism to produce toxins.

toxigenicity

Microbes that occupy the human body for only short periods are called

transients

True or false: An exoenzyme is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in the breakdown of host defensive barriers or damage to host tissues.

true

True or false: The natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection to protect the host from further damage is known as inflammation.

true

The suffix -oma means

tumor

factors are adaptations that allow a pathogen to cause infection in a host.

virulence

Put the stages of infection in order starting with the first stage at the top.

1. incubation 2. prodrome 3. acute 4. convalescent

Holobiont

A human plus all its resident microbiota

Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream?

AIDS infection Typhoid fever

Symbiont

An organism involved in a close and impactful relationship with another organism

Which of the following are examples of localized infections?

Boils Warts Tineas

Infectious agents can travel to their targets through:

Cerebrospinal fluid The bloodstream The lymph Nerves

In what ways do exotoxins usually affect host cells?

Damaging the cell membrane Disrupting intracellular function Causing lysis of cell

Endotoxin causes a variety of systemic effects, including

Diarrhea Fever Hemorrhage Inflammation Fatal shock condition

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of exotoxins on target cells?

Digesting the principle fibers of connective tissue

Which of the following are signs (not symptoms) of inflammation?

Edema Lymphadenitis Granulomas Abscesses

or septic shock is characterized as by massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in gram-negative infections.

Endotoxic

Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of endotoxin release?

Increased blood pressure

is poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection.

Intoxication

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protein in the outermost skin cells?

Keratinase

Where is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) located in bacterial cells?

Outer membrane

In most cases, pathogens leave the host via the portal of exit through:

Sloughing Discharge Excretion Secretion

Microbiome

The resident microbiota

Why must some pathogens spread from their initial site of entry?

Their target tissue is a distance from entry portal

Which two of the following statements regarding virulence factors are correct?

Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs.

An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a(n) - infection.

a helathcare associated infection

A walled-off collection of inflammatory cells and microbes is called a(n)

abscess

A(n) Blank______ is an inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.

abscess

A(n) ______ infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration.

acute

The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is called

adhesion