Chapters 1-4 short answer/ true-false/ questions

In an exergonic reaction?

energy is released during the reaction

The mediastinum is the region between the?

two pleural cavities

Which sectional plane would divide the body so that the face remains intact?

fontal (coronal) plane

The specialized intercellular junctions found in cardiac muscle are?

intercalated discs

The sodium-potassium exchange pump?

is composed of a carrier protein located in the plasma membrane.

The _______ provides the means for understanding art presenting physiological processes.

key

Energy of motion is called?

kinetic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of life?

manipulation of external environment

The process of gradual cell specialization is called?

meiosis

All the chemical reactions that occur in the human body are collectively referred to as?

metabolism

The unit used to measure cell dimensions is the?

micrometer (μm)

The ______ is/are responsible for producing 95 percent of the ATP required by the cell.

mitochondria

A _______ is a quality with a weight in grams equal to an element's atomic weight.

mole

A(n) ________ forms when atoms interact to produce larger, more complex structures.

molecule

A dehydration synthesis reaction between glycerol and a single fatty acid would yield a(n)?

monoglyceride

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is?

muscle tissue

Axons, dendrites, and a cell body are characteristic of cells located in?

nervous tissue

Isotopes of an element differ from each other in the number of?

neutrons in the nucleus

The determination of the relative position of a structure is called?

orientation

The increasingly forceful labor contractions during childbirth are an example of?

positive feedback

What are the three stable subatomic particles in atoms?

protons, neutrons, and electrons

The tissue lining the peritoneal cavity is an example of a?

serous membrane

Which of the following epithelia most easily permits diffusion?

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following membranes line movable joints?

synovial membranes

If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would not be able to?

synthesize proteins

The hydrogen bonding that occurs in water is responsible for all of the following except?

the ability of water to dissolve non-polar substances

The two major body cavities of the truck are the?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited number of functions are called?

tissues

The _______ phase of protein synthesis encodes genetic instructions on a strand of mRNA

transcription

The construction of a functional polypeptide by using the information in an mRNA strand is called?

translation

A plane through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into a superior and an inferior section is a?

transverse section

A student eats a dinner pf tomato salad with vinegar dressing and a glass of wine. Shortly thereafter he complains of an upset stomach. Considering what you know about pH and foods, can you predict why his stomach is upset? Could you give any suggestions as to the kinds of foods he could eat to alleviate his symptoms?

All of the foods and drink that the student consumed have a pH below 7 and are therefore acidic. These acidic foods, in conjunction with the hydrochloric acid in his stomach necessary for digestion, are likely the cause of his upset stomach. Consuming food that are slightly alkaline could buffer his stomach contents and relieve his symptoms.

Why does mitosis produce cells containing 46 chromosomes, whereas meiosis produces cells containing only 23 chromosomes?

All somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes. Since mitosis produces two identical nuclei, the resulting cells will each have 46 chromosomes. Meiosis produces sex cells (sperm or oocytes) containing 23 chromosomes, which can unite to form a new somatic cells of 46 chromosomes.

Define anatomy. Define physiology.

Anatomy is the study of structure. Physiology is the study of function.

Identify each of the four primary tissues types, and give an example of where in the body that tissue would be found.

The four main tissue types are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. (Module 1.12)

In which body cavity would each of the following organs be enclosed? Heart, small intestine, large intestine, lung and kidney.

The heart is enclosed by the pericardial cavity; the small intestine is enclosed by the abdominal cavity; the large intestine is enclosed mostly by the abdominal cavity, with the last portion in the pelvic cavity; the lungs are enclosed by the pleural cavity; the kidneys are retroperitoneal.

Explain how an insect can walk across the top of a pond without falling through the surface.

The insect can walk across the surface of the pond because its small mass is not sufficient to break the surface tension created by the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules.

An organic molecules has the following constituents; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Is the molecule more likely to be a carbohydrate, a lipid, a protein, or a nucleic acid?

The molecule is a nucleic acid. Carbohydrates and lipids do not contain nitrogen. Although both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen, only nucleic acids normally contain phosphorus.

List the non membranous organelles, and then list the events that occur.

The non membranous organelles are the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cila, flagella, and ribosomes. The membranous organelles are the mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Why is stratified squamous epithelium well suited to form the surface of the skin and the lining of the mouth and throat?

The skin and the lining of the mouth and throat are areas regularly exposed to severe physical or chemical stresses. The superficial cells, therefore, are continually worn away as a result of these stressors and must be replaced by cells in deeper layers. Stratified squamous epithelium contains a series of layers that allow for deeper cells to replace the lost superficial cells.

While jogging through campus, Emily trips off a curb and falls onto the street. Her hands and exposed knee slide across the rough asphalt, resulting in deep abrasions. Outline the tissue injury response Emily's body will undergo.

The skin in the injured area will become red, warm, swollen, and painful. These changes occur as a result or inflammation, the body's first response to injury. Injury to the epithelium and underlying connective tissue will trigger the release of chemicals such as histamine and heparin from mast cells in the area. These chemicals, in turn, initiate the changes identified above.

Describe the three basic principles of cell theory.

The three basic principles of cell theory are (1) cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals; (2) cells are produced by the divisions of preexisting cells; (3) cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.

Put these steps in the correct order for maximum learning. 1) read the text describing the image 2) move to the next number red block 3) study the image and related text describing its key parts 4) answer any related review questions

1, 3, 4, 2

If a polypeptide contains 10 peptide bonds, how many acids does it contain?

11

An atom of calcium has 20 protons and 20 neutrons. What is its atomic number?

20

Somatic cell nuclei contain ______ pairs of chromosomes.

23

How many amino acids are coded in the DNA segment in line previous question?

6

What is salt? How does a salt differ from an acid or a base?

A salt is an ionic compound consisting of ant cations other than hydrogen ions and any anions other than hydroxide ions. Acids dissociate and release hydrogen ions, whereas bases remove hydrogen ions from solution (usually by releasing hydroxide ions)

A stroke occurs when there is a disruption in blood flow to the brain, causing brain cells to die. Predict the kind of symptoms a stroke patient would have. Apply your knowledge of organ system function.

A stroke causes damage to the brain, the organ responsible from controlling both voluntary and autonomic activities. Therefore, a patient could lose control of voluntary activities such as walking or speech. Autonomic activities such as bladder control could be lost.

A) What three components make up a nucleotide of DNA? B) What three components make up a nucleotide of RNA?

A) DNA: deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G) B) RNA: ribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (A, U, C, G)

When the energy stored in ATP is released, it is broken down into?

ADP + P + energy

When substances pass through the plasma membrane by active processes, which molecule is required?

ATP

The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, what effect would calcitonin have on blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin is released when calcium levels are elevated. This hormone should bring about a decrease in blood calcium levels, thus decreasing the stimulus for its release.

Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.

Diffusion is the movement of solutes by concentration differences. Osmosis is the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Differentiate between endocrine glands and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones onto the surface of the gland or directly into the surrounding fluid. Exocrine glands secrete directly into ducts.

Explain how enzymes function in chemical reactions.

Enzymes are specialized protein catalysts that lower the activation energy for chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions but are not used up or changed in the process.

Suppose a DNA segment has the following nucleotide sequence: CTC/ATA/CGA/TTC/AAG/TTA. Which nucleotide sequence would a complementary mRNA strand have?

GAG/UAU/GCU/AAG/UUC/AAU

If a cell has microvilli on its plasma membrane, in which activity is it likely to be actively engaged?

If a cell has microvilli on its plasma membrane, it is likely to be actively engaged absorbing materials from the extracellular fluid.

Steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone are lipid molecules. Explain how these molecules. Explain how these molecules cross plasma membrane and enter the cell.

Lipid molecules such as steroid hormones are lipid soluble and therefore easily diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

List three functions performed by lipids in the body.

Lipids perform function in the body, including energy reserve, insulation and heat conservation, organs protection, chemical messengers, structural components or plasma (cell) membranes, and digestive secretions

Describe the process used by malignant tumors to accelerate their growth.

Malignant tumors divide rapidly and release chemicals that stimulate the growth of new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. The availability of additional nutrients from these new vessels accelerates tumor growth and metastasis.

Which organelle contains its own DNA, and what is its function?

Mitochondria contain their own DNA, called mtDNA. It codes for small numbers of RNA and polypeptides are used in enzymes required for energy production.

Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis specifically refers to the division and duplication of the cell's nucleus. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two distinct new cells.

Which two cell populations make up nervous tissue? What are the functions of each?

Nervous tissue contains (1) neurons, which transmit information in the form of electrical impulses; and (2) neuroglia, which protect, support, and repair nervous tissue and maintain the nutrient supply to neurons.

Explain the differences among non-polar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.

Non-polar covalent bonds involve an equal sharing of electrons. Polar covalent bonds involve an unequal sharing of electrons. Ionic bonds result from the attraction of oppositely charged ions. (Ions are atoms that have either lost or gained electrons.)

Special organic catalysts that control chemical reactions in the human body are called?

enzymes

Why are infections always a serious threat after a severe skin burn or abrasion?

Normally, the extensive interlocking connections between the epithelial skin cells protect underlying tissues from infection by blocking pathogen access. After a severe skin burn or abrasion, this mechanism can no longer provide protection, and pathogens easily enter the deeper tissues, resulting in an infection.

Describe the steps involved in phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis begins when cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia surround targeted material. The pseudopodia fuse to form a phagosome containing the targeted material. This vesicle fuses with lysosomes. Lysosomal enzymes digest the targeted material. Nutrients are released from the vesicle, and the residue is ejected from the cell through exocytosis.

List the stages of mitosis, and for each stage briefly describe the events that occur.

Prophase: chromosomes coil, forming visible chromosomes; each copy called a chromatin. Metaphase: chromatids move to the metaphase plate. Anaphase: centromere of each chromatid pair splits, and the chromatids separate. Telophase: each new cell prepares to return to interphase, nuclear membranes re-form, nuclei enlarge, and chromosomes uncoil.

Identify the structural characteristics of a protein.

Proteins are long chains of amino acids bound together by peptide bonds. Progressive folding and pleating of the chain into more complex shapes modifies the primary linear arrangement of amino acids. The increasing levels of complexity are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

During a lab practical, Jason examines a tissue that is composed of densely packed protein fibers that are running parallel. There are no striations, but small nuclei are visible. Jason identifies that tissue as skeleton muscle. Why is Jason's choices wrong, and which tissue is he probably observing?

Skeletal muscle tissue is made up of densely packed, parallel fibers that have striations, but because muscle fibers are composed of cells, they also have many visible nuclei. Jason is probably looking at a tendon (dense regular connective tissue). The small nuclei would be those of fibroblasts.

If a red blood cell were immersed in a hypotonic solution, in which direction would water flow, and what effect would it have on the cell?

Water would flow into the cell, and the cell would swell up like a ballon and may eventually burst, releasing its contents. This event is called hemolysis.

Describe the unique characteristics you would expect to see when examining cardiac muscle tissues under a light microscope.

When viewed with a light microscope, cardiac muscle tissues would demonstrate branches cells, striations, a single nucleus, and intercalated discs.

A(n) ________ is a solute that dissociates to release hydrogen ions, and a(n) _______ is a solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution.

acid, base

Complementary base paring in DNA includes the pair?

adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine

A pH of 7.8 in the human body typifies a condition referred to as?

alkalosis

Identify the five functional classes of membrane proteins.

anchoring proteins, recognition proteins, receptor proteins, carrier proteins, and channels

Genetically controlled cell death is called?

apoptosis

The addition of new layers of cartilage to the outer surface is typical of which type of growth?

appositional

The addition of new layers of cartilage to the outer surface is typical of which type of growth?

appostional

Which of the following is the most common form of connective tissue proper?

areolar tissue

All organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following elements except?

calcium

What four major classes of organic compounds are found in the body?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

The subatomic particle with the least mass?

carries a negative charge

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the cell theory?

cells combine to form tissues

The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom's outer energy level determine the atom's?

chemical properties

What is the correct order, from simplest to most complex, of the six levels of organization that make up the human body?

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance are characteristic of which type of tissue?

connective tissue

Order the following steps of protein synthesis into the proper sequence: a) mRNA exits nucleus through nuclear pore b) Introns are snipped from mRNA c) Amino acids form peptide bonds d) Ribosomal subunits detach from mRNA e) Transcription of DNA forms mRNA f) tRNA anticodons bind to mRNA codons g) Ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA

e, b, a, g, f ,c, d