Chapters 1 (Science of Life), 2 (Chemistry of Life) & 3 (The Cell)

transcription,

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

unsaturated

(of organic molecules) having carbon-carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons.

dehydration synthesis,

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

disaccharide

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.

Discuss this difference between a hypothesis and a theory in science

A hypothesis- proposed explanation for an observation. A theory- broader explanation, well substantiated and comprehensive.

polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

functional group

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Describe the properties of an atom, including neutrons, electrons, and protons

All matter consists of atoms, the smallest units that retain all of the properties of their type of matter. Both protons and electrons have an electrical charge. The proton is positive and the electron is negative. The neutron is neutral.

isotope

An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.

matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

hydrophilic,

Attracted to water

hydrogen bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Describe what pH measures and its scale

Runs from 0 (most aciditic) to 14 (most basic), with 7 as neutral. Each solution determines its pH.

atom

Basic unit of matter

List and describe the levels of organization in biology

Biosphere: consists of all life on Earth & all of the envoirnments that support life, from the deepest oceans to high in the atmosphere. Ecosystem: includes all the living organisms in one particular area as well as the nonliving components that affect life. Community: consists of all the interacting populations of organisms occupying an ecosystem. Population: is a group of interacting indiviuals of one species. Organism: is an indiviual living being. Organ System: is a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function (for example: circulatory system). Organ: consists of multiple tissues that cooperate to perform a specific task. Tissue: is an intergrated group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. Cell: is the fundamental unit of life. Organelle: is a component of the cell that performs a specific function. Molecule: is a group of atoms bonded together. Atom: is the fundamental unit of matter; it's the smallest unit of an element capable of displaying the properities of that element.

hydrolysis,

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

List and describe the four major elements that make up the bulk of living cells

Carbohydrates (examples: cellulose - forms much of the structure of a plant; glucose - a sugar that acts as an energy source for all living cells). Lipids (coconut oils: rich in fats and serves as an important dietary staple in much of the tropical world; cholesterol: circulates in the bloodstream and acts as a molecular ingredient to make steroid hormones). Proteins (Hexokinase: enzyme, a protein that helps drive a chemical reaction, found in most living cells; keratin: structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin). Nucleic acids (DNA: serves as the hereditary material of all life on Earth; RNA: acts as a messenger between DNA and other parts of the cell).

Describe the properties of carbohydrates and how plants and animals use them

Carbohydrates are an essential compound of all organic life on this planet. Both plants and animals use carbohydrates as a primary source of energy, which keeps the body functioning at the most basic level. Carbohydrates also fulfill other needs by helping in the synthesizing of other chemicals and providing structure for cells within the body.

polysaccharide,

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

List and describe the four classes of biomolecules

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic acids.

Explain how animal cells stick together•

Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. ... Cells adhesion occurs from the interactions between cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), transmembrane proteins located on the cell surface.

Discuss the role of buffers in regulating pH of blood

Chemicals that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ ions when they are present in excess and donating H+ bonds when they are short in supply. Within human blood and other fluids, there are several different types of buffers that keep the body's solutions at a nearly neutral pH, despite changes in the concentration of H+.

Describe how hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are related to one another in metabolic reactions

Complex polymers are built from combinations of smaller monomers by dehydration synthesis, a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is removed between two linking monomers. ... Both dehydration and hydrolysis reactions in cells are catalyzed by specific enzymes.

Describe the relationship between elements and compounds

Compounds are made of two or more types of atoms which means that compounds are made of two or more types of elements.

photosynthesis,

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Discuss how critical thinking is important to discussing science from pseudoscience

Critical thinking is logical, orderly, analytical assessment of ideas, evidence, and argument

osmosis,

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Discuss how monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are related and provide examples

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined together and a molecule of water is removed, a process known as dehydration reaction. For example; milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas the sugar from sugar cane and sugar beets (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose.

Predict which organelle is malfunctioning based on certain symptoms•

Diseases caused by malfunction of cell organelles. Lysosomes are important cell organelles that break down the waste materials inside the cells which can be see as the stomach of the cell but what if there is some malfunction in lysosomes, what will happen to the cell? ... (Disease at the Organelle Level.)

Describe the components of a chemical reaction

During a chemical reaction, atoms remain whole, but they are swapped as molecules are broken down and built up. Chemical reactions are written with reactants (starting matter) on the left and the products (ending matter) on the right. Reactant -> Product. The arrow between the reactants and the products represents one or more chemical reactions.

active transport,

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Describe how enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to happen. The reactant(s) of a reaction being catalyzed by an enzyme.

•Describe the major features of eukaryotic cells including their unique characteristics (animal and plant cells)

Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells and have a "true" nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and rod-shaped chromosomes. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes. ... Animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes while plant cells do not.

diffusion,

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

List and describe the major themes of biology (evolution, structure and function, energy and matter pathways, information flow, and interconnections)

Evolution: descent with gradual modifications of ancestral species to modern-day ones. Structure & Function: Structure (shape) and function (what it does) often provide insight into each other. Energy & Matter: All cellular activities require energy and matter to proceed. Information Flow: Information in genes is encoded in an identical chemical language common to all organisms. Interconnections: Interconnections within and between levels of biological systems. At each level, novel (new) properties emerge that are absent from the preceding one.

saturated,

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens.

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

hydrophobic,

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

hydrogenation

Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes. Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily.

Explain if a virus is alive or not

It is not alive because it doesn't display all properties of life. For example, it's not composed of cells, & can't produce on its own.

Explain what would happen to a lake if ice did not float

It would float to the bottom of the lake and everything would freeze below the water.

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

•Describe the major features of prokaryotic cells including their unique characteristics

Prokaryotes lack an organized nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic DNA is found in a central part of the cell called the nucleoid. The cell wall of a prokaryote acts as an extra layer of protection, helps maintain cell shape, and prevents dehydration.

Describe what proteins are and discuss their functions

Proteins are made up of amino acids that join together to form long chains. You can think of a protein as a string of beads in which each bead is an amino acid. There are 20 amino acids that help form the thousands of different proteins in your body. Proteins do most of their work in the cell and perform various jobs.

Explain how science is different from pseudoscience

Pseudoscience is any field of study that is falsely presented as having a scientific basis. For example: may make unprovable claims ot it may be based on ancedotal evidence (a few examples that don't support a generalized conclusion).

Identify and describe the properties of life

Reproduction: All organisms reproduce their own kind. Growth & Development: Genes control the pattern of growth in all organisms. Energy Use: Every organism takes in energy, converts it to useful forms, & expels energy. Order: Each living thing has a complex but well-organized structure. Cells: All living organisms consist of cells. Response to the Environment: Many of these responses help to keep an organism's internal environment within narrow limits even when the external environment changes a lot. Evolution: Individuals with traits that help them survive & reproduce pass the genes for those traits to offspring.

passive transport,

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Discuss the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats

Sat Fat: Fats that are solid or almost solid at room temperature. Widely considered the "unhealthy" fats, they are actually essential to the body as they make up at least 50% of all cell membranes, protect the liver from alcohol and toxins, enhance the immune system, and enable proper utilization of Omega-3 fatty acids which are essential for healthy brain functioning. Extra virgin coconut oil is an excellent source of saturated fat. UnSat Fat: Fats that are derived from plant sources. Considered a good source of essential fatty acids.

List assumptions and features of science

Science: Empirical Evidence & Objectivity. Assumptions: Untestable claims & Overreliance of the small amount of data.

Describe the similarities and differences between covalent and ionic bonds

Similarties: In both types of bonds, more than one atom come together to form a compound which has properties different from the original elements. Differences: Ionic (bond is formed by transference of electron from one atom to another. Always polar.) Covalent (Formed by mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. May or may not be polar.)

List different types of lipids and describe their properties and uses (phospholipids, fats, cholesterol and steroids)

Some examples of the types of lipids are: neutral, saturated, (poly/mono) unsaturated fats and oils (monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides), phospholipids, sterols (steroid alcohols), zoosterols (cholesterol), waxes, and fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K).

Describe how scientists communicate data using tables and graphs

Tables- way to present a lot of data in a small amount of space. Graphs display data visually (summarize and compare information).

•List the major components of a plasma membrane and their function•

The principal components of the plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrate groups that are attached to some of the lipids and proteins. A phospholipid is a lipid made of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate-linked head group.

Discuss why the statement 'all cholesterol is bad' is inaccurate

The standard thinking, based on decades-old theory, is that LDL (low density lipoprotein) is "bad" because it leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries and HDL (high density lipoprotein) is "good" because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver.

Identify what determines protein function and what happens if that property is changed

To change a protein, you must first change the elements that make up the protein. ... DNA serves as the overall instruction manual to determine which amino acids will come together to form a protein. If you change an individual's DNA, you change the amino acid and thus the protein that is produced.

Describe the properties of water that make it essential for life (as we know it)

Water sticks to other polar molecules (Cohension: Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules tend to stick to each other. Adhension: the clinging of one substance to another, causes water droplets to stick to surfaces.) Tempature Regulation (Water can absorb heat from a warmer object (such as skin or air) and release the stored heat to an object that is cooler. Water is effective as a heat bank because it can absorb or release a lot of heat with only a slight change in its own tempature). Ice Density (It is liquid state, each water molecule forms hydrogen bonds to serveral others, but these bonds are temporary. Hydrogen bonds continuesly form and break, allowing water molecules to jostle about in the liquid form. When water molecules freeze, they move apart, forming a rigid network of long lasting hydrogen bonds.) Hyrogden Bonding in water (For each O-H bond in a molecule of water, one pair of electrons is shared between the two atoms. But this sharing is unequal: the electrons are more attracted to the O molecules than they are to the H molecules.)

Describe the characteristics of passive transport and active transport•

While active transport requires energy and work, passive transport does not. There are several different types of this easy movement of molecules. It could be as simple as molecules moving freely such as osmosis or diffusion.

covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

triglyceride,

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

exocytosis,

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

selectively permeable,

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

biosphere

consists of all life on Earth and all of the envoirnments that supports life.

community

consists of all the interacting populations of organisms occupying an ecosystem (includes plants and animals).

organ

consists of multiple tissues that cooperate to perform a speific task.

Identify dependent and independent variables, and control and experimental groups in an experiment

controlled experiment- test is run multiple times (called replicates or trials) with only one variable changing. independent variable- what is being manipulated as a potential cause. Dependent variable- the response, output, or effect under investigation.

translation,

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

pH,

hydrogen ion concentration

ecosystem

includes all the living organisms in one particular area.

organelle

is a component of the cell that performs speific function.

molecule

is a group of atoms bonded together.

population

is a group of interacting indiviuals of one species (such as a group of African savannah elephants).

organ system

is a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function.

organism

is an indiviual living being (such as one African savannah elephant).

tissue

is an intergrated group of similar cells that work together to perform a speific function.

cell

is the fundamental unit of life.

atom

is the fundamental unit of matter.

dependent variable

is the response, output, or effect under investiagtion.

chemistry

is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other substances, and how substances interact with energy.

independent variable

is what is being manipulated as a potential cause.

biology

natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.

metabolism,

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

science

the systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.

endocytosis,

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.