Chapters 21 and 25 Study Guide

Hernan Cortes was responsible for the conquest of the... a. Aztecs. b. Tainos. c. Chimu. d. Inca.

a. Aztecs.

The population of the Caribbean went from 6 million in 1492 to __________ in the 1540s. a. 8 million. b. 4 million. c. 2 million. d. A few thousand.

d. A few thousand.

In the Aztec social hierarchy, most of the honors and rewards went to the a. Military elite b. Priests c. Women d. Farmers

a. Military elite

The conquistador who conquered the Inca was... a. Pizarro. b. Balboa. c. Cortes. d. Magellan.

a. Pizarro.

To provide labor for their sugar plantations, the Portuguese... a. Relied on imported African slaves as laborers. b. Offered higher wages than their Spanish counterparts did. c. Copied the Spanish encomiendas. d. Made extensive use of indentured servants.

a. Relied on imported African slaves as laborers.

Which of the following was NOT true of the Native Americans that the English and French came into contact with? a. The Native Americans guarded their claims to private ownership of land even more jealously than the Europeans did. b. The indigenous North Americans did not have large, centralized states like the Aztecs and Inca. c. The indigenous North Americans did not live in densely populated areas. d. The Native Americans practiced agriculture, but moved frequently in pursuit of game.

a. The Native Americans guarded their claims to private ownership of land even more jealously than the Europeans did.

The first great American cash crop, exported initially from Virginia, was... a. Tobacco. b. Maize. c. Indigo. d. Wheat.

a. Tobacco.

The English, French, and Dutch... a. Were more interested in setting up permanent colonies than the Spanish were. b. Were like the Spanish in that they viewed the Americas as a land to exploit rather than a place to settle. c. Did not play a role in the Americas until the mid- eighteenth century. d. Never showed any serious interest in the Americas.

a. Were more interested in setting up permanent colonies than the Spanish were.

The primary role of Women in Mexica Society a. was to bear children b. was to serve as attendants in temples dedicated to the warrior cult c. was to serve as priestesses in the mysterious Chavin cult d. was to serve as unofficial political and social leaders while men served as warriors

a. was to bear children

The Portuguese began to show much more interest in Brazil... a. After the discovery of rich gold and silver mines. b. After the establishment of profitable sugar plantations. c. After the English victory over the Spanish Armada. d. After a Spanish military loss to France removed Spain as a serious rival for control of Brazil.

b. After the establishment of profitable sugar plantations.

"Hispaniola is a wonder. The mountains and hills, the plains and the meadow lands are both fertile and beautiful.... The harbors are incredibly fine and there are many great rivers with broad channels and the majority contain gold.... The inhabitants of this island, and all the rest that I discovered or heard of, go naked, as their mothers bore them, men and women alike.... I gave them a thousand pretty things that I had brought, in order to gain their love and incline them to become Christians." - Christopher Columbus, on his first return trip to Hispaniola, 1493 Why does Columbus emphasize the presence of gold in his letter to the Spanish monarchs? a. Columbus wanted to demonstrate what he believed was the innocent nature of the inhabitants. b. Columbus was hoping that Spain would fund future expeditions. c. Gold was, in fact, present in great quantities in the Caribbean region. d. Columbus wanted to mislead rivals about where the gold was truly located.

b. Columbus was hoping that Spain would fund future expeditions.

......the Mita Indians go up every Monday morning to the locality of Guanyna Potosi which is at the foot of the range....After each has eaten his ration, they climb up the hill, each to his mine, and go in, staying there from that hour until Saturday evening without coming out of the mine; their wives bring them food, but they stay constantly underground, excavating and carrying out the ore from which they get the silver. -Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa, Compendium and Description of the West Indies, ca. 1620s According to the passage, why was the Mita system especially cruel? a. The Europeans forced women to carry the ore out of the mines. b. Native Americans spent significant amounts of time away from home and could not leave the mines. c. The native population was forced to sell their wives into slavery. d. The mines were excavated primarily by children.

b. Native Americans spent significant amounts of time away from home and could not leave the mines.

For the Spanish, the greatest attraction of the Americas was... a. Sugar. b. Precious metals. c. Tobacco. d. A new class of trading partners to buy Spanish goods.

b. Precious metals.

"It especially made him faint when he heard how the guns went off at the Spaniards' command, sounding like thunder.... And when it went off, something like ball came out from inside, and fire went showering and spitting out.... And if they shot at a hill, it seemed to crumble and come apart.... Their war gear was all iron. They clothed their bodies in iron, they put iron on their heads, their swords were iron...." - Sahagun recording Moctezuma's (Montezuma's) response to the first envoy from the Spanish in 1519 Moctezuma's description of the Spaniards' horses can best be explained by which of the following? a. Europeans had little to no experience controlling large domesticated animals. b. There were no large domesticated animals in the Americas. c. Mesoamerican horses were significantly smaller than their Asian counterparts. d. Horses were used only as draft animals in the Americas and not for transportation.

b. There were no large domesticated animals in the Americas.

The Inca quipu was a. demons who inhabited the night and tempted the spiritually unprepared b. a mnemonic aid consisting of small cords with knots c. the underground irrigation system that allowed for an agricultural surplus d. the head priest in charge of determining victims for human sacrifice

b. a mnemonic aid consisting of small cords with knots

North American Societies a. were mainly influenced by the Incas b. developed on a relatively small scale c. were much larger than the Mesoamerican or South American societies d. were mainly influenced by the Aztecs

b. developed on a relatively small scale

The North American societies a. used a series of hieroglyphs similar to the Mayan script b. possessed no form of writing c. invented a style of writing that was much more complex and useful than that of the Aztecs d. copied their writing system from the Aztecs

b. possessed no form of writing

The term mestizo refers to... a. The Aztec term for the mysterious disease that devastated their population b. The coins that were used in the Aztec Empire. c. An individual of indigenous and European parentage. d. The Spanish plantations on which millions of Central and South Americans were enslaved.

c. An individual of indigenous and European parentage.

"It especially made him faint when he heard how the guns went off at the Spaniards' command, sounding like thunder.... And when it went off, something like ball came out from inside, and fire went showering and spitting out.... And if they shot at a hill, it seemed to crumble and come apart.... Their war gear was all iron. They clothed their bodies in iron, they put iron on their heads, their swords were iron...." - Sahagun recording Moctezuma's (Montezuma's) response to the first envoy from the Spanish in 1519 The events described in this passage occurred for which of the following reasons? a. Extension of land routes in Central Asia b. Religious wars in Europe c. European maritime exploration of the Atlantic d. Chinese maritime reconnaissance of the Indian and Pacific Ocean

c. European maritime exploration of the Atlantic

In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire a. Was ruled by a priestly theocratic state. b. Developed a remarkably sophisticated bureaucracy. c. Had no elaborate bureaucracy. d. Developed a bureaucracy very similar to the Inca empire.

c. Had no elaborate bureaucracy.

In regard to military structure, the Aztecs a. Relied on their alliance with the Toltecs for military protection. b. Did not even keep a permanent, standing army. c. Possessed the first standing army since the time of the Spartans. d. Were more dependent on their navy than on their army.

c. Possessed the first standing army since the time of the Spartans

......the Mita Indians go up every Monday morning to the locality of Guanyna Potosi which is at the foot of the range....After each has eaten his ration, they climb up the hill, each to his mine, and go in, staying there from that hour until Saturday evening without coming out of the mine; their wives bring them food, but they stay constantly underground, excavating and carrying out the ore from which they get the silver. -Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa, Compendium and Description of the West Indies, ca. 1620s This passage supports which of the following statements? a. By the sixteenth century, Europeans were present only in North America. b. The Spaniards had abolished Native American coercive labor systems. c. The Native Americans were a source of labor for the Spanish colonies. d. North American colonies were more profitable than South American colonies.

c. The Native Americans were a source of labor for the Spanish colonies.

The most important factor in explaining the Spanish victory over the Aztecs and Incas was... a. The Spanish alliance with the Maya. b. The overwhelming Spanish superiority in guns and cannons. c. The devastating loss of life caused by smallpox. d. The Spanish strength in numbers.

c. The devastating loss of life caused by smallpox.

A key difference between the indigenous peoples of North America and those of South America was... a. English common law offered the indigenous peoples of North America more protection than did the viceroys of South America. b. The people of North America welcomed the Europeans as fellow farmers, rather than perceiving them as military enemies. c. The people of North America were farmers and hunters who frequently moved their villages, rather than residents of large centralized empires as in South America. d. The people of North America were more resistant to European-borne diseases and therefore were better able to resist the European settlers than were the decimated Aztecs and Incas.

c. The people of North America were farmers and hunters who frequently moved their villages, rather than residents of large centralized empires as in South America.

"Hispaniola is a wonder. The mountains and hills, the plains and the meadow lands are both fertile and beautiful.... The harbors are incredibly fine and there are many great rivers with broad channels and the majority contain gold.... The inhabitants of this island, and all the rest that I discovered or heard of, go naked, as their mothers bore them, men and women alike.... I gave them a thousand pretty things that I had brought, in order to gain their love and incline them to become Christians." - Christopher Columbus, on his first return trip to Hispaniola, 1493 Based on the passage, which of the following is a motivation for Columbus's travels? a. To enslave the inhabitants b. To gain access to tobacco and sugar growing in the region c. To convert the inhabitants to Christianity and make them subjects of the crown d. To encourage Spaniards to settle in the region in large numbers

c. To convert the inhabitants to Christianity and make them subjects of the crown

The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice a. as a necessary evil to maintain their alliance with the wealthy Inca b. as a means of mass entertainment c. as an essential ritual to ensure the world's survival d. as a primitive act that their ancestors had ignorantly performed

c. as an essential ritual to ensure the world's survival

Mexica Priests a. spent the majority of their time working to improve the lives of slaves b. played a very limited role in society c. had great powers as advisors to rulers d. made up the bulk of sacrifice victims

c. had great powers as advisors to rulers

"Most of the people of Cuzco served the dead, I have heard it said, who they daily brought out to the main square, setting them down in a ring, each one according to his age, and there the male and female attendants ate and drank.... The mummies toasted each other and the living, and the living toasted the dead." - Pedro Pizarro, a Spaniard observing Incan rituals between 1531 and 1555 The ritual described in this passage is an example of which of the following? a. Harvest festival b. Blood sacrifice c. Marriage service and contract d. Ancestor worship

d. Ancestor worship

Why did the Iberian colonies in South America emerge as more ethnically diverse than the French and English colonies of North America? a. Though the French and Spanish interacted with great frequency with native populations, the English and the Portuguese developed strong boundaries between themselves and the non-Europeans. b. The Iberian colonists were less racist in their attitudes than the English and especially the French. c. The Iberian colonists were more interested in making their fortunes and then returning to Europe than were the French or the English settlers. d. Fewer Iberian women migrated to South America than did French and especially English women, forcing the Iberian male migrants to look to other populations for "Companionship."

d. Fewer Iberian women migrated to South America than did French and especially English women, forcing the Iberian male migrants to look to other populations for "Companionship."

The purpose of the encomienda system was to... a. Support the trading-post system. b. Convert the Indians into Christians. c. Provide for the health needs of the Tainos. d. Guarantee laborers for the Spanish mines.

d. Guarantee laborers for the Spanish mines.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the toppling of the Aztec and Inca empires? a. Both the Aztecs and the Incas had experienced internal political struggles before the conquistadores' arrival, which reduced the efficiency of each empire's response to attack. b. Pizarro manipulated the hatred of subjected peoples toward tax collectors and overlords to gain allies against the Incas; Cortes used a similar strategy against the Aztecs. c. Epidemic disease weakened both the Aztec and the Inca resistance to the Iberian conquistadores. d. Rulers of both the Aztecs and the Incas tried to negotiate a settlement with the conquistadores, but language barriers inhibited successful results and fighting broke out.

d. Rulers of both the Aztecs and the Incas tried to negotiate a settlement with the conquistadores, but language barriers inhibited successful results and fighting broke out.

The Native American population in the United States stood at five million to ten million in 1492 and at __________ in 1800. a. 15 million. b. 8 million. c. 6 million. d. Six hundred thousand.

d. Six hundred thousand.

In what way(s), did the northern colonies of North America benefit from the African slave trade? a. The northern colonies benefited from the African slave trade in all these ways. b. The northern colonies relied on enslaved African people to provide farm labor necessary to produce cash crops like cotton and sugar. c. The northern colonies relied on enslaved Africans to work in the fur trapping, shipbuilding, and textile industries in cities like New York and Philadelphia. d. The northern colonies benefited from the African slave trade through the taxes and import duties demanded as slave ships entered the ports of Philadelphia and Jamestown.

d. The northern colonies benefited from the African slave trade through the taxes and import duties demanded as slave ships entered the ports of Philadelphia and Jamestown.

The Inca imposed order a. through a surprisingly modern professional police force b. through the spread of a common written language c. by forcing the worship of their main god Huitzilopochtli d. by taking hostages from the conquered tribes' ruling classes

d. by taking hostages from the conquered tribes' ruling classes

A Mexica woman who died in childbirth a. was seen as the Gods' displeasure with the tribe b. suffered the greatest shame for her inability to serve the state c. was denied the right to pass on to the afterlife d. won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle

d. won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle