Chapters 31 & 32
Factors that increase the likelihood of having multiple gestinations include
Advanced maternal age, ovulation induction drugs, maternal predisposition for twins
The fetal contribution to the placenta is the
Chorion frondosum
The term that indicates the presence of two separate placentas is
Dichorionic
Twins having 2 placentas and 2 amniotic sac are referred to as
Dichorionic diamniotic
Fraternal twins result from
Dizygotic twinning
The placenta releases _____ to maintain the corpus luteum
Human chorionic gonadotropin
When the placenta edge extends into the lower uterine segment but it's more than 2 cm away from the internal os, it is referred to as
Low lying previa
Mothers with pre-gestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with
Neural tube defects
What is the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimester is
Placenta previa
The shunting of blood from one twin to the other twin is termed
Twin to twin transfusion syndrome
The placenta is considered too thick when it measures
>4cm
The measurement that should be carefully scrutinized and cases of IUGR is the
Abdominal circumference
Acardiac twinning results from
Abnormal links among the placental vessels
A succenturiate lobe of the placenta refers to as
Accessory lobe
And anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord during a routine sonographic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis
Allantoic cyst
The inner membrane surrounding the fetus is referred to as
Amnion
What term relates to the number of amniotic sac's
Amnionicity
IUGR is evident when the EFV is
Below the 10th percentile
The following are associated with oligohydramnios
Bilateral renal agenesis, infantile polycystic kidney disease, premature rupture of membranes
The outer membrane surrounding the fetus is referred to as the
Chorion
Which term relates to the number of placentas
Chorionicity and placentation
Twins whose bodies are connected at some point or said to be
Conjoined
The maternal contribution to the placenta is the
Decidua basalis
Normally, the S/D ratio
Decreases with advancing gestation
The term that indicates the presence of two separate amniotic sac's is
Diamniotic
The sonographic examination of twins reveal the triangular extension of the placenta at the base of the membrane. This finding is indicative of
Dichorionic diamniotic twins
Which of the following can occur as a result of dizygotic twinning
Dichorionic diamniotic twins
Twins that result from the fertilization of two separate ova called
Dizygotic
The parasitic twin and a cardiac twinning is also referred to as the pump twin. True/False
False
The following are associated with a thick placenta
Fetal infections, Rh isommunization, multiple gestations
Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal
Gastrointestinal system
Ovulation induction drugs not only increase the likelihood of multiple gestations but also increase the likelihood of
Hetero topic pregnancies
Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with
Intracranial calcifications
Increased S/D ratio is associated with
Intrauterine growth restriction, placental insufficiency, perinatal mortality
Mothers with gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered
Macrosomic/large for dates
The following occur as a result of monozygotic twinning
Monochorionic diamniotic, monochorionic monoamniotic, dichorionic diamniotic twins
Twins having one placenta and one amniotic sac are referred to as
Monochorionic monoamniotic
Twins that have the threat of being conjoined are
Monochorionic monoamniotic
Which form of monozygotic twinning is least common
Monochorionic monoamniotic
Identical twins result from
Monozygotic twinning
The following are associated with polyhydramnios
Omphalocele, esophageal atresia, bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
The following are associated with the thin placenta
Preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, long-standing diabetes
The following complications are associated with multiple gestations
Preterm delivery, maternal anemia, maternal preeclampsia
The twin that will appear larger and twin to twin transfusion syndrome is the
Recipient twin
Placenta accreta denotes
The abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium
Twins having to placentas and one amniotic sac are referred to as
This does not occur
The demise of a twin during the second or third trimester can lead to
Twin embolization syndrome
The normal umbilcord has
Two arteries and one vein
The following are clinical features of placental abruption
Vaginal bleeding, uterine tenderness, abdominal pain
A velamentous cord insertion is associated with
Vasa previa
Doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over the internal os of the cervix. This finding is indicative of
Vasa previa
Conjoined twins they're attaching the abdomen are referred to
Omphalopagus
The cervix should measure at least _____ in length
3 cm
Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery:
Can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia
The most common placental tumor is the
Chorioangioma
Advanced maternal age is considered
Greater than 35 years of age
Insertion of the umbilical cord at the end of the placenta is referred to as
Marginal cord insertion
Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental substance are referred to as
Maternal lakes
The most common form of monozygotic twins is
Monochorionic diamniotic