chapters 8 and 9

When making a food record, underreporting of food intake ranges from

10% to 45%

Which of the following is (are) true of android obesity? I. upper-body obesity II. pear shaped III. more characteristic of females than males IV. associated with increased risk of CHD

. I and IV

Which of the following variables is not likely to affect the underwater weighing procedure?

. whether or not the client uses a nose clip during the procedure

A deficit of approximately how many kilocalories (kcal) is needed to lose one pound of body fat?

3500

The two-component model of body composition assessment assumes a fat-free body density of

1.10 cxcc-1

It is recommended that a 29-year-old physically active male have what percentage of body fat in the midrange category?

10%

Which of the following statements about exercise for weight loss is false?

150 min/week is likely a sufficient amount of exercise to prevent weight gain.

Although body fat standards vary slightly with age and activity level, which of the following ranges best represents a recommended healthy body fat percentage for adult women?

18-28%

Underweight has been defined as a BMI value less

18.5 kg/m2

Approximately how much of an individual's daily energy intake should come from fat?

20% to 35%

In a survey of weight control practices of U.S. adults, less than _______ of people attempted to combine caloric restriction with higher levels of physical exercise (greater than 300 minutes per week).

25%

What proportion of the diet should come from carbohydrate?

45% to 65%

The ACSM recommends drinking _____________ of fluid every _____________ during exercise.

6 to 12 fluid ounces; 15 to 20 minutes

To prevent regaining weight after weight loss, the ACSM recommends

60 minutes per day of walking at a moderate intensity

In general, a daily carbohydrate intake of ________ g/kg of body weight can maintain the day-to-day glycogen stores for individuals engaging in low-intensity, moderate-duration physical activity.

7 to 8

Overweight adolescents have a _________ probability of becoming overweight adults if one or both parents are overweight or obese.

80%

A waist-to-height ratio of _____ indicates an increased health risk for both men and women of various ethnic groups.

>50

The recommended procedure for skinfold measurements is to let go of the fold once the jaws of the caliper are placed on the skin.

False

Which of the following is not true of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry?

It is the preferred method for estimating total body water.

Which mineral can lower blood pressure?

Potassium

Which of the following is least likely to aid in weight loss

Supplement the diet with chromium picolinate.

Which of the following statements regarding a program for gaining fat-free mass (FFM) is false?

The diet composition should be roughly equal percentages of carbohydrate and protein (e.g., 40% of each) and the remaining percentage from fat (20%).

A gram of fat contains and yields more than twice the calories of carbohydrate.

True

Air displacement plethysmography is considered a densitometry method of body composition assessment.

True

It is possible for an individual to have an unhealthy amount of body fat yet be classified as normal according to the BMI.

True

One liter of oxygen consumed through physical activity corresponds to burning approximately 5 kcal.

True

The glycemic index of nonstarchy fruits and vegetables (e.g., apples or carrots) is higher than that of refined grains (e.g., white bread).

True

The larger the fat-free mass, the greater the resistance to the electrical current from BIA.

True

The taller the client, the greater the impedance to the flow of an electrical current through the body.

True

Which of the following is least likely to result in a measurement error when using the bioelectrical impedance method to monitor changes in body composition over a period of 6 months?

a different technician for the pre- and postmeasurements

Body density is defined as

a. body mass / body volume

Excess body fat localized mainly in the upper body is called

android obesity

Most skinfold prediction equations provide an estimate of

body density

Which anthropometric measurement is widely used in prospective studies to identify at-risk individuals?

body mass index

Excluding all other measurements (e.g., dry weight) and conversion formulas, what is determined from the underwater weighing procedure?

body volume

The glycemic index is most influenced by the intake of which nutrient?

carb

Total body water can be estimated from which method

dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

A BMI of 30 is equivalent to 30% body fat.

false

Although obesity is a global health problem, the prevalence of severe obesity (BMI 40 kg/m2) in the USA has actually been decreasing slightly in the past decade.

false

Anthropometry is recommended over skinfolds for estimating the body composition of obese clients.

false

The traditional two-component model of body composition separates the body into which two components?

fat and fat free

Adults typically can expect to __________ of fat weight and ___________ of lean body mass per decade of life.

gain 15 pounds; lose 5 pounds

Which method of body composition assessment is likely to be the most difficult for the client to perform the testing procedure?

hydrostatic weighing

Name six health risks associated with obesity

ischemic heart disease (CVD), stroke, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, menstrual irregularities

What are the units of measure for body mass index?

kg/m2

Body mass index

of more than 30 kg/m2 is considered to be in the obese category

Intake of which of the following fats is encouraged and thought to have a cardioprotective effect?

omega-3 fatty acids

Underproduction of thyroxine can

reduce resting metabolic rate by 30% to 50%

Which of the following minerals is least likely to be underconsumed?

sodium

The majority of overweight adults who engage in physical activity to try and lose weight do not meet the recommended frequency of 5 or more days/week.

true

Estimating body fat percentage from hydrodensitometry is an example of what model of body composition assessment?

two component

Which of the following methods of body composition assessment is not considered a reference method?

BIA

The Bod Pod relies on

Boyle's law

Which of the following guidelines for hydrostatic weighing are correct? I. Instruct the client not to eat or engage in strenuous exercise for at least 4 hours before the testing procedure. II. Be certain the client's head and back are completely submerged underwater and have him remain as still as possible after exhaling maximally. III. The water tank should range in temperature from 31 to 33 °C. IV. Complete two trials if possible and record the lowest stable weight as the gross UWW.

I and II only

Reference measures of body composition are obtained in the laboratory through the use of which measures? I. densitometry II. bioelectrical impedance analysis III. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry IV. skinfold measurements

I and III only

Which measurements or estimations are necessary for the calculation of body volume using the air displacement plethysmography method? I. residual lung volume II. thoracic gas volume III. body surface area

II and III

Which of the following is a limitation of the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) measurement of central adiposity and visceral fat?

WHR is not valid for evaluating fat distribution in prepubertal children.

MyPlate, a graphic display of diet recommendations that has replaced the food guide pyramid, makes a distinction between whole grains and refined grains.

false

Which of the following statements regarding Bod Pod testing is correct? I. Calibration should be performed with the chamber empty and then with a phantom calibration with a 50 L calibration cylinder. II. The client should be in a semireclined relaxed position in the chamber for testing. III. The client should wear a swimsuit and swim cap for the test. IV. Measure the client's height to the nearest inch and round the body weight down to the nearest pound on the Bod Pod scale.

I and III only

Which of the following weight management principles are correct? I. Weight-loss rate decreases over time because the difference between the caloric intake and caloric needs gets smaller as one loses weight. II. Exercise increases appetite. III. RMR remains elevated 30 minutes or longer after vigorous exercise. IV. Carnitine supplementation helps promote body fat loss

I and III only

Which of the following statements regarding the accuracy of bioimpedance measures is correct? I. Dehydration leads to an underestimation of fat-free mass. II. Bioimpedance should be measured during the premenstrual stage of the menstrual cycle. III. Technician skill is a major source of BIA measurement error. IV. Instruct the client to lie supine for at least 10 minutes before BIA is taken.

I and IV only

Which of the following affects resting metabolic rate (RMR)? I. age II. body size III. body composition IV. gender

I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following assumptions regarding the skinfold method (SKF) of calculating relative body fat is correct? I. The distribution of fat is similar for all individuals of each sex. II. There is a relationship between the sum of skinfold measurements and body density. III. Age is an independent predictor of body density for both men and women. IV. Approximately half of the body's total fat is located subcutaneously in men and women.

I, II, and III only

Which of the following recommendations for skinfold technicians are correct? I. Take a minimum of two measurements at each site. II. Do not take the measurements immediately after exercise. III. Take the measurements in a rotational order rather than take consecutive readings at each site. IV. Use plastic calipers if you are an inexperienced skinfold technician.

I, II, and III only

Which of the following statements regarding bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is correct? I. Individuals with high fat-free mass and total body weight have less resistance to current flowing through their bodies than those with lower fat-free mass. II. Relative body fat and fat-free mass can be measured at home using a BIA analyzer. III. BIA is preferable to SKF when estimating the body composition of obese individuals. IV. Pretesting client guidelines include no eating or drinking within 2 hours of the test.

I, II, and III only

Which of the following standardized procedures for anthropometric measurements are correct? I. Apply tension to the tape so that it fits snugly around the body part but does not indent the skin. II. To measure the breadth of smaller segments like the elbow or wrist, use an anthropometric tape to measure circumference with greater precision. III. Place the caliper on the bony landmarks and apply firm pressure to compress the underlying muscle, fat, and skin. IV. For waist, hip, and thigh circumferences, align the tape in a horizontal plane, parallel to the floor.

I, III, and IV only

Which population subgroup's relative body fat will be systematically overestimated using the two-component model equations? I. black men II. elderly white women III. children IV. black women

II and III only

Which of the following statements regarding the types of exercise suitable for weight loss programs are correct? I. Resistance training helps increase weight loss when combined with calorie restriction. II. A combination of aerobic and resistance training has a positive effect on preventing weight gain. III. The intensity of the exercise is shown to be more important than the duration or total distance for maximizing energy expenditure. IV. Aerobic exercise modes are equally effective in terms of fat loss for men, but running and walking may be better than cycling for women.

II and IV only

Which of the following suggestions from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are correct? I. Consume less than 20% of calories from saturated fatty acids by replacing them with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. II. Increase intake of fat-free and low-fat milk and milk products such as yogurt and cheese. III. Reduce daily sodium intake to less than 1,250 mg for the majority of adults. IV. Consume at least half of all grains as whole grains.

II and IV only

What are special considerations when using the DXA method? I. Hydration levels can increase the measurement error. II. Typical physical activity levels can decrease the mean estimate of body fat. III. Deeper than normal breathing can decrease the average estimate of regional body composition. IV. Meal consumption before testing can increase the mean bone mineral content value in women.

III and IV only

It appears that through a high volume of training on a specific body region (i.e., many curl-ups for the abdominal region), it is possible to alter regional fat distribution and selectively lose fat in the exercised region of the body more readily than other regions.

false

Recent research shows that the macronutrient composition (i.e., low carbohydrate, low fat, or high protein) of the diet is a greater factor than the total caloric intake in determining the amount of weight loss that your client will experience on a diet.

false

A BMI value of 26.2 kg/m2 would place an individual in which classification?

overweight

When discussing eating plans with a client, it is recommended to ____________________.

work closely with a registered dietitian or licensed nutritionist