Chatper 9 Physical Disorders and Health Psychology
In the 1989 massive antismoking campaign in China, the results indicated that 12 percent of the 10,000 fathers in the intervention group quit smoking for at least six months. In a control group of 10,000, how many quit smoking?
0.2 percent
What is biofeedback?
a process by which a person is helped to become aware of his or her physiological functions
Which type of pain is more common in men?
back pain
Harold dies at age six. What is the most likely cause of his death?
injury
Researchers studying baboons found that subordinate animals, unlike dominant animals, continually secrete cortisol, probably because their lives are so stressful. What did the researchers discover about the subordinate males HPA axis?
it is less sensitive to the effects of cortisol and therefore less efficient in turning off the stress response
In the 1960s, Neal Miller produced the first experimental evidence suggesting physiological functions were subject to voluntary control. What did he use?
operant conditioning with animals
Various psychological factors have been implicated in chronic fatigue syndrome. Fro examples, in examining the role of cognitive factors in the psychological adjustment to the illness of patients with CFS, researchers found that feelings of helplessness and depression were associated with another factor. What is this other factor?
perceiving the cause of CFS as internal and believing that one has no control over the illness
What does research suggest is a common characteristic of both mental disorders and physical disorders?
psychological, biological, and social factors all are implicated in the cause and maintenance of each type of disorder
Paula has chronic pain and does not want to rely on analgesics. Based on current research, what can Paula combine with biofeedback to effectively treat her pain?
relaxation procedures
Hannah just had a rush of endorphins. What are the endorphins doing in her body?
they are shutting down the sensation of pain
In keeping daily records of the stressful events in their lives, patients in pain management programs are taught to be very specific about certain issues. Which of the following is one of these issues?
what seems to trigger the stress
According to Bongaarts and Over, when did adult and child deaths from AIDs being to level off because of aggressive treatment and prevention efforts in some parts of the world?
2004
If you were to look at the deaths of 100 people who died the same day, how many of those peoples' deaths would be associated with lifestyle factors?
50
Which of the following students is most likely to have a suppressed immune system?
Alison, who has few friends and is finishing final exams
John and Lily, two young adults who live in different cities and do not know each other, have both learned recently that they are HIV positive, following sexual intercourse with an infected partner. What does research by Landis and colleagues suggest is the most likely to occur with respect to John's and Lily's behavior in the future?
Both John and Lily will continue to have unprotected sex
Jamal is receiving biodfeedback. Which of the following physiological functions will biofeedback enable him to monitor?
EEG rhythms (brainwaves)
Marek's parents have high blood pressure. How does Marek's risk of developing high blood pressure compare to that of children whose parents don't have high blood pressure?
He has twice the risk
Mr. Tam is a pain catastrophizer. Which of the following would he NOT be likely to report when he is experiencing pain?
If I cant deal with this, im not strong enough to deal with anything else in my life either.
Using the word psychosomatic to describe a disorder with an obvious physical component is considered misleading. Why is this so?
It gives the impression psychological disorders like anxiety or depression do not have a biological component
Jacobson developed the procedure of progressive muscle relaxation in 1938. Compared to today, what is the difference in the time frame for a patient to acquire the skills to master the art of relaxation?
Jacobson's original procedure took months or even years; today the procedure is taught in a matter of weeks
Jane is a frequent user of pain-relieving medications. Jill uses pain-relieving medications less frequently. How will the two women respond to pain-management programs?
Jane is less likely to benefit
Which of the following is an example of the phenomenon known as operant control of pain behaviour?
Kates family has always been critical and demanding. However, since her accident, family members have become caring and sympathetic.
In trying to determine if the Type A/type B classifications are reliable and valid as predictors of heart disease, which of the following becomes apparent?
Not every individual shows distinctively type A or type B characteristics
In the phenomenon known as operant control of pain, what determines the pain behaviors manifested by an individual?
Social consequences
Fisher and colleagues conducted and assessed three school-based HIV prevention interventions with high school students, which focused on knowledge, motivation, behavioral skills, and actual behavior. What did they determine to be of great importance in preventing HIV in youth?
adding psychological techniques to educational efforts
According to spielberger and frank, what is crucial criterion in mediating virtually all factors that lead to injury?
addressing psychological variables
What did a review of the literature on the effectiveness of group therapy for HIV positive individuals conclude?
although further study is needed, there seem to be positive changes in immune and endocrine activity associated with structured group interventions
Paul is worried about cardiovascular disease because of a strong family history of heart problems. Paul is already trying a stress reduction intervention. His friend Mike, a doctor, suggests that something else may be just as effective. What does Mike recommend?
an exercise intervention
According to Antoni and colleagues, when men who thought they might be HIV positive became involved in a stress reduction program, what was the result?
an increase in immune system functioning
Which of the following factors would make a person feel more pain according to the gate control theory of pain?
anxiety
Cognitive therapy is used in stress management programs to help clients learn several techniques. Which of the following is one of these techniques?
assessing the role of their current relationships in their experience of stress
Studies that have examined neurobiological causes of hypertension have focused on two factors that are central to the regulation of blood pressure. What are these factors?
autonomic nervous system activity and mechanisms regulating sodium in the kidneys
Dr. Kwok runs a pain clinic. He notes that men are much more likely than women to visit his clinic because of:
backache
Garrett has HIV and participated in a study of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 2003, but dropped out of the program. What is the most likely reason he dropped out of the study?
because of the side effects of the medications
What new field of study reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death?
behavioral medicine
Von Bayer and colleagues compared the effectiveness of two different strategies to help children manage pain. They found that for younger children, a strategy in which children were prompted to direct their attention toward their internal sensations was less effective than another strategy. What was this other strategy?
being directed to engage in progressive relaxation exercises
Dr. Frode is studying how nerve endings may be involved in the immune system. What types of tissue could Dr. Frode be studying?
bone marrow
In an effort to reduce sexual infections among inner city black females, a program called SIHLE, was developed. Unlike other prevention programs, what was the focus of this program?
building motivation through instilling pride
According to Scheier and colleagues, how can a person who undergoes coronary artery bypass surgery recover more quickly and achieve a stronger quality of life six months after surgery?
by being optimistic
A patient has a stress-related physical disorder. How should a health psychologist who uses behavior modification procedures begin when treating the patient?
by helping the patient enhance motivation to change unhealthy behaviors
What appears to be the only effective prevention strategy currently available for reducing the spread of AIDs?
changing high-risk behavior
According to the principles of health psychology, what is the best protection against acquiring AIDs?
changing risky behaviors that can lead to disease acquisition
What type of stress may be more problematic for the immune system than acute stress, because the effects are longer lasting?
chronic stress
Which of the following may occur as a result of increased cortisol levels in response to chronic stress?
compromised hippocampal activity
Tara's HPA axis was activated. Which chemical level just increased in her body?
corticoptropin releasing factor (CRF)
Which of the following is not likely to bring about changes in risky behaviors for individuals who are at risk for HIV/AIDS?
distribution of educational and informational pamphlets about the disease
Endogenous opioids have been implicated in a variety of psychopathological conditions. Which of the following is one of these conditions?
eating disorders
In the 1970s, Herbert Benson developed a brief relaxation procedure. What did this procedure involve?
focusing on a word
With regard to the epidemic of AIDS in Africa, when is an individual most likely to become HIV positive?
following heterosexual sex with an infected partner
What theory of pain accommodates both psychological and physical factors?
gate control theory of pain
Jim is asked to volunteer for a study to determine whether or not he is a Type A personality. He is a keen academic. Based on his knowledge regarding personality types, he already knows he is the least likely man to be classified as type A. Which of the following profiles most likely describes Jim?
he is a north american japanese man, who speaks japanese at home and retains traditional Japanese values and behaviors.
One of the most successful efforts to reduce the risk factors for a medical condition involved three entire communities in California, in which residents received one of three different types of interventions or no intervention at all. What was the targeted condition in this effort?
heart disease
Eric has a very stressful job. What part of his body may be damaged by increased cortisol released because of the stress?
his brain
While Mr. Jones is participating in a clinical research study, he is instructed to imagine a situation in which he is very angry. What will the sensors monitoring his heart most likely reveal?
his heart is pumping less efficiently
You and your friend Bob are both in your late 30s. Bob informs you that he has been diagnosed with the silent killer. What health related issue does he have?
hypertension
In which of the following cases is six year old Madison most likely to maintain the safety skills she learned for riding her bicycle?
if assessments of her safety skills are continued
Justin has been under a lot of stress. His body is beginning to show signs of having too much cortisol. Which symptoms might justin be showing?
impaired immune system functioning
Carlson and colleagues conducted research on the use of mindfulness based therapy with early stage breast and prostate cancer patients. They found post intervention improvements in several areas. Which of the following is not one of these areas?
increases in problem solving skills
Which of the following is not one of the ways psychosocial interventions, such as stress reduction techniques for chronically ill individuals, are thought to affect the disease process via the immune system?
increasing patients self esteem
Meyer and colleagues conducted a community study in california to reduce the risk factors for coronary heart disease. What did the results indicate as the most effective aspect of interventions?
individual counseling in addition to a media campaign about heart disease
Alan has cancer and is in pain. What treatment is Alan likely receiving?
insufficient amounts of painkillers to eliminate the pain
What did some experiments with rats reveal about postsurgical pain in rats?
it doubles the rate at which a certain cancer spreads to the lungs
What is the long-term impact of denying an illness when you are first diagnosed?
it enables the development of better coping mechanisms later
What is biofeedback?
it is a process through which patients monitor their own physiological functions
In the behavioral change program to address the high rate of smoking in China, what was the most innovative aspect of that program?
it was the children of smokers who intervened with their fathers to stop smoking
One of the ways in which the immune system is weakened in AIDS patients is that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) directly attacks certain lymphocytes. Which lymphocytes are these?
killer T cells
Dr. Thick is observing a troop of baboons and taking regular blood samples from them. The dominant male baboon Dr. Thick calls Rafiki has just shown a much greater increase in cortisol than any of the other males in the troop. Dr. Thick is not surprised because of something that happened about half an hour earlier. What might Dr. Thick have seen?
lightning struck a tree in the habitat and one baboon was injured
Females may have an "extra" pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. One implication of this biological gender difference is that
males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain management
What is the closest estimate of the total number of people worldwide affected with HIV in 2011?
more than 34 million
In the mid 19th century, what disorder was thought to cause symptoms of fatigue, vague aches and pains, low-grade fever, and lack of energy?
neurasthenia
How many causes of death in children in Canada are more common than injuries?
one
When is a person infected with HIV most likely to receive an AIDS diagnosis?
only after the development of one of several serious diseases (wasting syndrome)
Psychologist Kim Lavoie and her colleagues noted that coronary heart disease and another disorder often co-occur, and CHD patients with this additional disorder suffer greater morbidity and mortality rates than do CHD patients without it. What is the other disorder?
panic disorder
In 1989, health professionals in China began a massive antismoking effort in several cities, which involved children whose fathers smoked. Which of the following did not occur as part of this effort?
photos of the fathers who continued smoking were published in the school newspapers
In Sharpe's chronic fatigue syndrome model, key lifestyle attributes were identified. Which of the following was an identified lifestyle?
prefers solitary work projects
Which of the following terms suggests the idea that psychological factors affect physical functioning?
psychosomatic
Which of the following was not a feature of the HIV prevention intervention program implemented by fisher and colleagues for high school students?
recommending sexual abstinences as the only way to prevent HIV transmission
Ping lives in China and recently helped with a massive antismoking campaign. What did she likely do?
reported her father's smoking habits to her school principal
According to a health canada report on HIV prevention, what should Canadian schools focus on regarding sexual diseases?
schools should expand the existing school sexual disease curriculum; it should be designed to be more broadly based and involve parents
What is the final process in the activation of the HPA axis?
secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland
What do we call the physiological response of an individual to a stressor?
stress
In 1936, Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to develop ulcers. His finding led to a new area of study. What is it called?
stress physiology
What happens when the HPA axis is activated?
the adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol
Changes in the sensory cortex of the brain are thought to contribute to phantom limb pain, in which people have lost an arm or leg feel excruciating pain in the limb that is no longer there. Which of the following is most likely an additional factor in the intensity of pain and distress experienced?
the belief that pain is disastrous, uncontrollable, or reflective of personal.
It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it "teaches people to relax." What is the more likely reason?
the biofeedback training gives patients a sense of control over their headache pain
Which of the following relationships is not reflected in the new medical speciality called psychoneuroimmunology?
the cardiovascular system
Which of the following is a known connection between emotions and health?
the evidence suggests that depression lowers immune system functioning
What change in public health led to the shift being referred to as the second revolution?
the focus from infectious disease shifted to psychological and behavioral factors affecting health
Hans Selye described the sequence of stages the body goes through in response to sustained stress. What is this sequence called?
the general adaptation syndrome
How does the original progressive muscle relaxation technique devised by Edmund Jacobson in 1938 differ from the way the procedure is usually taught in clinics today?
the procedure is usually taught in a much shorter period of time now and is rarely the sole treatment
Dr. Beilfus is a researcher specializing in psycho-oncology. What is her area of interest?
the psychosocial influences on different varieties of cancer
Every year during finals week in December, Judy would come down with a severe cold. It was the only cold she would get each year. What is the most likely explanation for this pattern of colds?
the stress of final exams left judy more susceptible to colds
What is the focus of psychoneuroimmunology?
the study of the relationship among stressors, the endocrine system, the nervous system, and the immune system
What did a longitudinal research study of 200 men discover about individuals who developed psychological disorders or who were highly stressed?
they became chronically ill at a higher rate than those who remained relatively well adjusted
According to your textbook, stressful events can make us feel irritable, excited, anxious, or depressed. Why are so many different reactions possible?
they share a similar underlying physiology
Jess is working hard on some informational pamphlets about reducing risks of acquiring HIV. She has studied the demographics at risk and has a flashy, appealing design to her pamphlet. What impact will her pamphlets likely have?
they will not cause a reduction in high-risk behaviors
Some studies indicate that the value of denial as a coping mechanism for illness may depend on one thing more than anything else. What is it?
timing
Why do clinicians use physiological monitoring equipment in biofeedback procedures?
to make the response visible and or audible to the patient
Hannah is sitting quietly. She is focused on a mantra and softly repeats the sound om as her breathing slows and her body relaxes. What is Hannah engaging in?
transcendental meditation
Which of the following is one of the important items in the comprehensive pain management programs' daily stress record?
triggers
