CHEM 1010 - Exam 1

Octet Rule

Electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom shares in eight electrons.

Classify Sulfur as an element, compound, or mixture.

Element

Light

Emitted by the sun and reaches are planet.

Single Covalent Bond

Formed when two electrons are shared between two atoms.

Valence Electrons

Found in the highest energy level and help to account for many of the observed trends in chemical properties.

Give the name of the "lightest" element (has atoms of lowest mass) in Group 1A

Hydrogen

UV-A

Least damaging and reaches the earth's surface in greatest amount. 320-400nm, lowest energy.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

UV-B

More damaging than UV-A, most is absorbed by O3 in the stratosphere. 280-320nm, higher energy than UV-A but less energetic than UV-C.

UV-C

Most damaging but not a problem because it is completely absorbed by O2 and O3 in the stratosphere. 200-280nm, highest energy.

Nitrogen Dioxide

NO2, Produced at high temperature reactions between oxygen and nitrogen gasses in engines and power plants, causes respiratory irritation and distress, produces acid rain, creates brown smog, and is produced naturally on earth and as well as by humans.

Electron

Negatively charged particle.

Ozone

O3, produced as a secondary pollutant by the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sunlight and oxygen, causes respiratory irritation and distress, beneficial in the upper atmosphere but harmful in the lower atmosphere, and is produced naturally on earth as well as by humans.

From least to most abundant, rank the air we breathe.

O3<CO2<Ar<O2<N2

Give the name of the "lightest" element in Group 6A.

Oxygen

Proton

Positively charged particle found within the center of the atom.

Chemical Reaction

Process whereby substances described as reactants are transformed into different substances called products.

Atomic Number

Refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Chapman Cycle

Represents the first set of natural steady-state reactions proposed for stratospheric ozone. This natural cycle includes chemical reactions for both ozone formation and decomposition.

Renewable Resources

Resources that are replenished more quickly over time than they are being consumed - examples: solar energy and biomass (trees and agricultural crops)

Nonrenewable Resources

Resources that have a limited supply or are consumed more quickly than they are produced. Examples: Metal ores and fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas)

Sulfar Dioxide

SO2, Produced from the burning of sulfur containing fuels such as coal, causes respiratory irritation and distress, produces acid rain, and is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans.

Nucleus

Small region that contains almost all the mass of an atom.

Relationship between Frequency and Wavelength

Summarized in a simple equation in which v is the frequency and c is the constant speed at which visible light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation travel. Frequency= Speed of Light/Wavelength

Green Chemistry

The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.

Wavelength

The distance between successive peaks.

Radiant Energy

The entire collection of different wavelengths, each with its own energy.

Shifting Baselines

The idea that what people expect as normal on our planet has changed over time, especially regarding our ecosystem.

Frequency

The number of waves passing a fixed point in 1 second.

Photosynthesis

The process through which green plants and some bacteria capture the energy of the sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

Mass Number

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Ultraviolet (UV)

The violet end of the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum but at shorter wavelengths.

Polar Stratospheric Clouds

Thin clouds that are composed of tiny ice crystals formed from the small amount of water vapor present in the stratosphere.

Covalent Bonds

Two electrons shared.

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.

Isotopes

Two or more forms of the same element whose atoms differ in number of neutrons, and hence in mass.

Neutron

Uncharged dense particle located in the center of the atom.

Infrared (IR)

Wavelengths longer than those of red visible light. Cannot see these wavelengths.

Key Ideas in Green Chemistry

1. Prevent waste. 2. Minimize the amount of materials used. 3. Use and generate substances that are not toxic. 4. Use less energy 5. Use renewable materials. 6. Design materials that degrade at the end of their useful life.

Composition of Air

78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% Other Gases

Average Ecological Footprint in the US

8.0 hectares (20 acres)

Catalyst

A chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate without itself undergoing permanent change.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)

A compound of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A continuum of waves that ranges from short, high-energy X-rays and gamma rays to long, low-energy radio waves.

Groups on Periodic Table

A group designation corresponds to the number of outer electrons for the A group elements.

Free Radicals

A highly reactive chemical species with one or more unpaired electrons.

Ecological Footprint

A means of estimating the amount of biologically productive space (land and water) necessary to support a particular standard of living of lifestyle.

Mixture

A physical combination of two or more pure substances present in variable amounts. Mixtures are one of the two forms of matter that we encounter on our planet.

Cradle-to-Cradle

A regenerative approach to the use of things in which the end of the life cycle of one item dovetails with the beginning of the life cycle of another. Everything is reused rather than disposed of as waste.

Structural Formula

A representation of how the atoms in a molecule are connected.

Chemical Formula

A symbolic way to represent the elementary composition of a substance.

Triple Bottom Line

A three-way measure of the success of a business based on it's benefits to the economy, to society, and to the environment. Also known as the 3P's: profits, people and the planet

Gases that come directly from a vehicle's tailpipe

CO NO CO2 N2

Carbon Monoxide

CO, produced by incomplete combustion of fuels such as gasoline, diesel and propane, sometimes called "the silent killer" this gas prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen in the blood stream, and is produced naturally on earth as well as by humans.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs)

Carbon-containing compounds that pass easily into the vapor phase. They originate from a variety of sources.

Halons

Close cousins of CFCs. Inert, nontoxic compounds that contain chlorine or fluorine but no hydrogen.

Classify Carbon Monoxide as an element, compound, or mixture.

Compound

Classify Methane as an element, compound, or mixture.

Compound

Classify Sucrose as an element, compound, or mixture.

Compound

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Compounds composed of the elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon.

Element

Contains one type of atom only. Cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Different forms of an element are possible. Example: O2, O3, Argon

Compound

Contains two or more different types of atoms. Can be broken down into elements and has a fixed composition. Example: Water

Lewis Structure

Also called Dot Structures. A representation of an atom of molecule that shows its outer electrons.

Organic Compound

Always contain carbon, almost always contain hydrogen, and may contain other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen. Examples: Methane, octane, and hydrocarbons.

Cradle-to-Grave

An approach to analyzing the life cycle of an item, starting with the raw materials from which it came and ending with its ultimate disposal someplace, presumably on Earth.

Law of Conservation of Matter and Mass

Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The elements present do not change their identities when converted from reactants to products, although they may be bonded differently.