Chem 121 Ch. 4, 5, 11.

what is the difference between similar polyatomic ions (e.g nitrate and nitrite)?

The suffix -ite is used for an anion that has one fewer oxygen atom than a similar anion named with the -ate ending.

What is a functional group and why are functional groups important?

- A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms with chemical and physical properties - A functional group determines all of the properties of a molecule.

how do you determine if an organic molecule is polar or nonpolar?

- A nonpolar molecule has either no polar bonds or individual bond dipoles that cancel. - A polar molecule has either one polar bond, or individual bond dipoles that do not cancel.

How does electronegativity determine bond polarity?

- Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's attraction for electrons in a bond. - When two atoms have the same electronegativity value, or the difference is less than .5 units, the electrons are equally shared and the bond is nonpolar - When tow atoms have very different electronegativity values, a difference of .5-1.9 units the electrons are unequally shared and the bond is polar.

Describe the properties of ionic compounds

- Ionic compounds are crystalline solids with the ions arranged to maximize the interactions of the oppositely charged ions. - Ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points. - Most ionic compounds are soluble in water and their aqueous solutions conduct an electric current.

what are the solubility properties of organic compounds?

- Most organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents -Hydrocarbons and other nonpolar organic molecules are not soluble in water. -Polar organic molecules are water soluble only if they are small and contain a nitrogen or oxygen atom that can hydrogen bond with water.

characteristics of organic compounds

- organic compounds contain carbon atoms and most contain hydrogen atoms. Carbon four bonds -Carbon forms single, double and triple bonds -Carbon atoms can bond to form chains or rings. - Organic compounds often contain N, O, and halogens.

What are the vitamins and when is a vitamin a fat soluble or water soluble

-A vitamin is an organic compound that cannot be synthesized by the body. - A fat soluble vitamin has many nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds and few polar bonds, making it insoluble in water. - A water-soluble vitamin has many polar bonds, so it dissolves in water.

What are the basic features of ionic and covalent bonds

-both ionic and covalent bonding follows one general rule: Elements gain, lose, or share electrons to attain the electronic configuration. Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one element from one element to another. Ionic bonds form between a metal and non metal. Ionic compounds consists of oppositely charged ions that feels a strong electrostatic attraction for each other. - Covalent bonds result from the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Covalent bonds occur between two nonmetals, or when a metalloid combines with a nonmetal. Covalent bonding form discrete molecules

Nano-

Billionth 10^-9

How does a condensed structure relate to a chemical structure

Condensed structures show bonding patterns in chemical structure, more useful

Centi-

Hundredth 10-2

Micro-

Millionth 10^-6

How does a condensed structure relate to a molecular formula

Same number and types of atoms. No structural content

Deci-

Tenths 10^-1

Kilo-

Thousands 10^3

Mili-

Thousandths 10^-3

Do you know why some compounds have a Roman numeral in the name, but not in their chemical formula?

To distinguish between two cations and to indicate the charge.

How to determine the shape of an atom

counting the groups and arranging them as far away as possible

Mega-

millionth 10^6

How do organic compounds differ from ionic compounds?

organic compounds are composed of discrete molecules with covalent bonds. Ionic compounds are composed of ions held together by the strong attraction of oppositely charged ions.