Chem 4.1 and 4.2

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Positive terminal of a battery

Anode

Dalton believed all atoms of a given element are identical and atoms of a specific element are different from those or _____ _____ _______

Any other element

____________ was one of the most influential Greek philosophers

Aristotle

What two aspects of Daltons theory had to be revised as additional info was learned?

Atoms are indivisible, atoms of a given element are completely identical

Negative terminal of a battery

Cathode

Democritus thought apparent changes in matter result from changes in the groupings of atoms and not from ________ ___ _____ ______ ________

Changes in the atoms themselves

Dalton believed that in chemical reactions atoms are separated, __________, or rearranged

Combuned

Daltons atomic theory easily explains the _______ of mass in chemical reactions as being the result of separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms

Conservation

Dalton believed atoms cannot be ______, divided into smaller particles, or ________

Created, destroyed

Democritus believed atoms could not be _______, ________, or further _________

Created, destroyed, divided

Greek philosopher _________ was the first to propose that matter was not infinitely ________ and was composed of tiny individual particles called atomos

Democritus, divisible

Democritus thought different kinds of atoms had ___________ shapes and sizes

Different

Democritus thought matter was composed of _______ _______ through which ________ move

Empty space, atoms

Daltons experimental evidence and explanation of the composition of compounds and conservation of mass led to the __________ ________ of his theory

General acceptance

What was one of Aristotle's major criticisms about atoms moving through empty space?

He did not believe that the "nothingness" of empty space could exist, he thought matter was continuous

What was shocking about Thom

It meant Dalton was wrong, there are particles smaller than atoms

J.J. Thomson, English physicist, began a series of cathode ray tube experiments in the late 1890s to determine the ratio of the cathode ray particles charge to its _________ by measuring the effect of both magnetic and electric fields on a cathode ray.

Mass

Scholarly thinkers called _______ speculated about the nature of matter and formed ________ based on their own life experiences

Philosophers, explanations

Unable to answer challenges and criticisms to his ideas, Democritus's atomic "theory" answer was eventually ___________. Without being able to conduct controlled ______________, Democritus's ideas were just that - ideas and not _______.

Rejected, experiments, science

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that

Retains the properties of that element

John Dalton, an English schoolteacher, reviewed and revised Democritus's ideas based on the results of his __________ research

Scientific

Dalton believed different atoms combine in _______ _______ ________ ________ to form compounds

Simple whole number ratios

Democritus thought the differing properties of matter are due to the ________, shape, and ___________ ___ _______

Size, movement of atoms

Democritus thought atoms were __________, homogenous, __________, and indivisible

Solid, indestructible

Why did the scientists conclude the particles were charged

The cathode ray deflected the magnetic field

What was Thompson's conclusion?

The mass of the charged particles was much less than that of a hydrogen atom

Why did scientists conclude the particles were negatively cahrged

They deflected towards the positively charged plate by an electric field

Dalton believed all matter is composed of _______ _______ __________ ______ _________

Tiny indivisible particles called atoms

The ideas of Aristotle unfortunately did gain acceptance. His influence was so great and development of science was so primitive that his denial of the existence of ________ went unchallenged for years

Unchallenged

Negative particles (first subatomic particle identified by Thompson)

electrons

Neutral particles

neutrons

Positive particles

protons


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