Chem Test #2

Kyto Protocol

International agreement on reducing carbon dioxide emissions... treaty to protect against global warming

How do scientists know how concentration of carbon dioxide has changed in the atmosphere, if atmospheric data from the last several thousand years is not available?

Air bubbles trapped in ice cores have been analyzed for the content of CO2

Normal rain is naturally acidic due to the dissolved _____ in water which forms ______ acid

CO2, Carbonic

1 mole of carbon and 1 mole of sodium contain the same

number of atoms

Which processes can increase carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere?

1. Decomposition of plant and animal matter 2. Combustion of fossil fuels 3. Respiration of humans and animals

Two uses of water in our bodies

1. Used in blood 2. Used as a coolant when we sweat

Which of the following human activities contribute to increased water pollution?

1. oil spills 2. releasing industrial waste 3. pouring household chemicals down the drain

One rain sample has a pH of 4.5 and a second sample has a pH of 5.5. The rain sample with a pH of 4.5 is

10 times more acidic

Actual temperature of earth

15C

General property of bases

(H) < (OH)

General properties of acids

(H) > (OH)

Expected temperature of earth

-18C

Water sample problem: water sample contains .05mg of Arsenic in 5.5L of water, does it meet the drinking standard? MCLG set for Arsenic in water is .01ppm

.05 / 5.5 = .009ppm ----- since .009 is less than .01, YES

about _____ % of Earth's water is fresh

3%

One mol of ANYTHING contains?

6.02 x 10 ^23 molecules of oxygen

Why is the temperature of earth not the expected temperature?

80% of the infrared radiation emitted by earth is absorbed by some atmospheric gases

What creates acid rain?

Created by nitric and sulfuric oxides that are released into the atmosphere

which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming? I. Possible consequences include the altered climate and increased sea level II. Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules III. Increased skin cancer incidence and damage to radiation-sensitive species have been observed IV. The concentration of stratospheric ozone is declining

I. Possible consequences include the altered climate and increased sea level II. Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules

Disadvantages of using hard water?

It leaves residue and reduces the effectiveness of cleaners

An ant bite releases formic acid. Therefore, it can be neutralized by

NH4OH (base)

What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water?

Ozone decomposed quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system.

One desalination technique and its process?

Reverse Osmosis - pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane to remove contaminates

Which process plays the most important role in greenhouse effect

Some atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth

Lakes and oceans affect climate by moderating variations in air temperature. The property water responsible for this is

Specific heat and heat of vaporization

What happens if we didn't have greenhouse gasses?

The earth would be an icy wasteland. Enhanced causes of GHE that come from burning fossil fuels have negative impacts but the natural causes such as ocean release do not have negative effects.

Why is the density of ice less than the density of water?

The extra hydrogen bonds that occur when water freezes increase the space between molecules, causing a decrease in overall density

Whats one NEGATIVE consequence of ice being less dense than water?

The sheet of ice can also block sunlight from aquatic plants that need it

Whats one POSITIVE consequence of ice being less dense than water?

The sheet of ice that can form on bodies of water can help protect organisms living in it

Some vitamins are water soluble, whereas others are fat soluble. Would you expect all vitamins to be polar or non-polar molecules?

Water is a polar molecule and fat is a non polar molecule. Therefore water soluble vitamins are polar and fat soluble vitamins are non polar.

What is biological oxygen demand?

a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water

Turns litmus from blue to red

acid such as HCl

Turns litmus from red to blue

base

Are oceans acidic, basic, or nuetral?

basic

What substances maintain the pH of oceans?

bicarbonate, carbonate, and carbonic acid.

do nonpolar bonds have a dipole moment?

no

What does hard water contain?

calcium and magnesium

carbon sequestration involves the removal of...

carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and its subsequent storage in underground reservoirs

If the earths atmosphere did not contain any CO2, the average temp on earth's surface would be

colder than what it is today

Salt water is purified by

desalination using distillation and reverse osmosis

Water is a liquid at room temperature. This is due to

hydrogen bonding

Most of the earths fresh water is present...

in ice caps, glaciers, and ground water.

How are DO and BOD related in water?

inversely related (High DO means low BOD)

How can acid rain destroy coral reefs and shells of sea creatures?

it can raise the pH of the ocean which deteriorates the shells of sea creatures and makes it difficult for coral reefs to build their skeletons

What is considered acid rain?

rain that has a lower pH than natural rain

Argon, which comprises almost 1% of the atmosphere, is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2, but does not contribute to global warming. Which explanation accounts for this fact?

single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate by infrared radiation

A substance that gets dissolved into another substance is referred to as a

solute

Concentration of OH or H problem.

take the negative log of a number ex: (-log 6.9 x 10^-7). PH + OH = 14. Plug in number to find PH or OH

Scientists believe they know the average temperature on the earth over the last 160,000 years. which property of the ice core samples from antarctica provides this information?

the 1H/2H ratio in water

Both N2 and O2, the major components of air are not greenhouse gases because

their overall electric charge distribution (dipole) does not change when they vibrate by absorbing infrared radiation

At water treatment plants Al2(SO4) and Ca(OH)2 are added to water mainly

to produce gels that remove solids from the water