Chemical reactions, stoichiometry, reagents

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The 5 steps of stoichiometry

- Balance equation - Convert grams to moles - Write mole-to-mole ratio - Convert moles to grams - Do the math with proper units

How to find the limiting reagent:

- Balance equation - With the amount given in grams, determine how many moles of each reactant is present - Whichever reactant produces the least amount of product is your limiting reagent. (The other is in excess)

Standard temperature

0 degrees Celsius (273.15 K)

Look at the following reaction: ___Zn + ___HCl ==> ___ZnCl₂ + ___H₂ Balance it and find how many grams HCl are needed to react with 8.25g Zn. (Hint: use the 5 steps)

1 Zn + 2 HCl ==> 1 ZnCl₂ + 1 H₂; 9.21g HCl

Standard pressure

1 atm

When we combust a hydrocarbon or carbohydrate, which two elements are always produced?

Carbon dioxide and water

When balancing chemical equations, which elements should be balanced last?

Hydrogen and Oxygen

Stoichiometry

The calculation of quantities in chemical reactions

combustion reaction

rapid combination with oxygen, leads to burning.

STP

standard temperature and pressure

theoretical yield

the maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants

actual yield

the measured amount of a product of a reaction

limiting reagent

the reactant that determines the amount of product that can be formed in a reaction (used up first)

synthesis reaction

two or more substances combine to form another substance

Molar volume of all gases at STP

22.4 L

Look at the balanced equation: 2 Al + Fe₂0₃ ==> 2 Fe + Al₂0₃ If there are 25 mole of aluminum, how many mole of iron would be produced? How many moles Fe₂O₃ would you need?

25 moles Fe; 12.5 moles Fe₂o₃

Single Replacement

A + BC --> B + AC (Metals)

double replacement

AB + CD = AD + CB (Metals)

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

Neutralization reaction

a reaction in which an acid and a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water

Percentage yield

actual yield divided by theoretical yield x 100%

How to find theoretical yield

limiting reagent of the element in moles * molar mass of the compound


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