Chemistry 1000 Tri C Midterm Chapters 1-8
The Montreal protocol is a?
Eliminate the production of CFC, and other chemical said to be ozone-depleting substances used in : aerosols, and refrigeration systems.
Which products are formed when a solution of HCl reacts with Ca(OH)2?
H2O(l) and CaCl2(aq).
Match each molecule with the correct description of its bonding.
H2O2 = the molecule posses no multiple bonds. HCN= this molecule possesses one triple bond. CS2= this molecule possesses two double bonds.
acid-base reaction of solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. What is the equation? This is an example of a ____________ reaction.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ----->NaCl (aq) + H2O (l). neutralization reaction.
the formation of water is represented like:
H^+(aq) + OH^-(aq) ----->H2O(l).
lead-acid battery is the workhorse of today's rechargeable batteries, It is found where?
In most cars.
A/An ____________forms when one or more electrons is transferred from one atom to another?
Ionic bond.
Isotopes have different number of __________
Neutrons.
__________ and ___________ both contribute to BOD.
Nitrates and phosphates both contribute to BOD.
Small area to the right of the "stair step"
Nonmentals
Forms in which elements exist in nature?
Nonmetals (like oxygen and nitrogen) may occur in elemental form, or in compounds. -Many metals exist as compounds of oxygen or oxides. -
An example of an element is _________
O2
Which component of the air is an element?
O2
to track the transfer of electrons in both ionic and molecrular substances we assign a ____________ number.
Oxidation number. this number reflects the charge the element would have if all bonds were ionic.
Anode is the electrode at which _________ takes place?
Oxidation takes place.
Match each form of oxygen with the wavelength of UV radiation that is sufficient to break its bonds
Ozone = 320. Lower energy UV radiation can break the bonds in ozone since these bonds are weaker than oxygen. Oxygen = 242.
The ozone and oxygen molecules differ by how many atoms/>
Ozone and oxygen differ by one atom.
phosphate polyatomic ions name?
PO₄³⁻
Examples of fossil fuels are?
Petroleum. Coal. Natural Gas.
Match the symbol: Planck's constant. Speed of light. energy per photon. wavelength.
Planck's constant: h. Speed of light: c. Energy per photon: E. Wavelength: λ.
Crude oil also supplies components used as feedstocks to produce? 1. 2. 3.
Plastics. Fabrics. Pharmaceuticals.
In a __________ bond electrons are not shared equally, but are closer to the more electronegative atom.
Polar Covalent.
the charge of an ion with fewer electrons that its natural atom is ___?
Positive.
The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of ________ energy?
Potential.
the flow of electrons through an external circuit producs ____________? By which, the flow of electrons from one region to another driven by a difference in __________ energy.
Produces electricity. Potential Energy.
Which of the following is not seen as an advantage of increasing our use of solar energy?
Production and storage of solar energy is cost-efficient compared to fossil fuels.
Fuel + Oxidizer >>>>>heat>>>>>
Products.
Chemistry is the study of : The changes of __________. The properties of __________. and the study of matter and its _________.
The changes of Matter. The properties of Substances. and the study of matter and its composition.
Group 1 on the periodic table are called the
alkali metals
Elements are made up of _______—
atoms
A pair of electrons shared between two atoms in a covalent bond is called a shared or _______ electron pair, whereas an outer-level electron wait that i snot involved in bonding is called an unshared or _____ pair.
bonding; lone.
A(n) ___ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.? a) element. b) ion. c) molecule. d) compound.
c) molecule
organic compounds always contain ________?
carbon
supercapacitor consists of two ?
charged electrodes/plates, that are immersed in an electrolyte.
The voltage of a battery is primarily determined by its ___________ ____________, and is not related to the size of the battery.
chemical composition.
Most elements exist as _____________, bonded to other elements.
compounds.
Light travels through a particular type of glass at a speed of 2.2 X 10^8 m/s. What is the correct procedure to convert this quantity to units of milers per hours, given that 1 mile is equal to 1609 meters?
(2.2 X 10^8) X (3600) / 1609 = 4.5 X 10^8 mi/hr. This equation allows the units to cancel appropriately. the light is traveling at 450 billion mph.
Which of these statements correctly describe the Fischer-Tropsch process?
--- This is an example of a catalytic process. --- This process can be used to produce gasoline from coal.
The EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. Express this number as a percentage.
0.0009%.
What is the concentration of OH ions in a solution that contains 1 * 10^-3M H^4?
1 * 10^-11 M.
mixing together of these separate pure substances will result in a ____________ mixture
homogeneous
O2 is an element because
it contains only one type of atom.
If a material enables the flow of electricity,
it is said to be electrically conductive.
Matter is considered to be anything that occupies space and has a _________
mass
The molar mass of a molecular substance is the mass per ?
mass per Mole of its molecules.
neutralization is the reaction between ___________ and _________.
reaction between acid and hydroxide ion.
combination of both a reduction and an oxidation process is known as a ____________ reaction.
redox reaction. .
ozone is a __________ pollutant.
secondary pollutant
A third category of materials, known as ______________, are intermediate between metals and insulators in their transport of electrons.
semiconductors
All batteries, whether primary or secondary, require a __________ that is placed between the anode and cathode to ensure that the __________ do not come into physical contact
separator. electrodes.
nonpolar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the electrons are ?
shared equally or nearly equally between atoms.
For instance, in dissolving sugar in water, both the solid sugar and liquid water are considered pure substances—each composed of a _________ __________
single substance.
If the gas molecules in a sample of air were condensed their actual volume would be very _________?
small
Capacitance is the ability of a material to store an?
to store an electrical charge.
About 75% of our air, by mass, is in the _______________?
troposphere.
molecular compound is compounds composed of .
two or more nonmetals.
Free radicals are?
unpaired electron that makes it unstable.
Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized between 1-100 nanometers,
where 1 nanometer (nm) = 1 × 10-9 m.
This unequal sharing results in a partial negative charge which the symbol looks like?
δ-
Which of the following options correctly describe how nuclear waste is handled at nuclear power stations in the US?
- Most reactor waste in the US is stored at the site where it was generated.-----spent nuclear fuel rods are stored temporarily in deep basins of water..
Which of the following options correctly describe activation energy?
--- Increasing temperature allows more particles to have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. .--- Lower activation energy generally results in faster reactions.
Which of the following options correctly interpret the information provided by the balanced equation CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O?
----1 mole of CH4 produces 1 mole of CO2 when reacted with 2 moles of O2. ---15 mol of CH4 will produce 15 mol of CO2 when burned completely in O2. .---1 molecule of CH4 reacts with 2 molecules of O2.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the mole?
---One mole of any substance contains 6.02X 10>23 particles. ---The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number.
Although greenhouse gases likely account for the problem of global warming, they are also responsible for making earth habitable. What would be the temperature on earth in the absence of the effects of carbon dioxide and water?
-18°C.
Which of the following correctly describes elements and compounds?
-A Compound contrains two of more different elements. -There are more compounds than there are elements. -Elements and compounds are both pure substances.
nitrogen dioxide.
-NO2. -produced at high temperature reactions between oxygen and nitrogen gases in engines and power plants. -causes respiratory irritation and distress. -produces acid rain. -creates brown smog. -is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans.
Hematite is iron ore containing Fe2O3. To obtain solid Fe metal from this ore:
-O2 ions will be oxidized. -The balanced half reaction is Fe^3+(+)3e^----> Fe. -Fe^3+ ions must be reduced.
Proprerly balanced equation .
-Physical states of the reactants may be different than the physical state of the products. -The total number of atoms of each element must be the same in the reactants and products.
Charecteristics of: Supercapcitors compared to Lithium-ion batteries.
-Supercapacitors: Lower specific energy, higher specific power, very short charging time, lower voltage. . . Lithium-ion batteries: Higher voltage, longer charging time, lower specific power, higher specific energy.
solution A has a pH of 6.0, while solution B has a pH of 9.0. Which of the following options correctly describe these two solutions?
-The [H] in solution A is 1000 times greater than the [H] in solution B. -Solution A is more acidic than solution B.
How to name an ionic compound?
-The cation is named first and the anion is named second. -When naming the anionic portion, the element name is change to end in -ide.
the Air Quality Index, AQI, describes the quality of air with a scale ranging from 1 to _______?
1 to 500.
Which of the following options correctly describes elements and compounds? Select all the apply.
1) A compound contains two or more different elements2). .Elements and compounds are both pure substances) ..There are many more known compounds than elements.
three pillars of sustainability:
1). Environmental: — pollution prevention, natural resource use. 2). Social: —better quality of life for all members of society. 3). Economic: —fair distribution and efficient allocation of resources.
Choose the proper coefficients for each substance to balance this equation.____ C2H4(g) + ____ O2(g) → ____ CO2(g) + ____ H2O(g).
1, 3, 2, 2.
Choose the proper coefficients for each substance to balance this equation.___ C2H4(g) + ___ O2(g) → ___ CO2(g) + ___ H2O(g)
1,3,2,2
Draw the Lewis structure for the covalent molecule CCI4. Which of the following statements correctly describes the Lewis structure of CCI4?
1. The lewis structure of CCI4 contains four single bonds. 2. the lewis structure of CCI4 contains 12 lone pairs.
Select the options that correctly reflect the mass ratios and mass percentages of the elements in SO3
1. The mass ratio of S is .400. 2. The mass percentage of O is 60%.
Place the steps for drawing a Lewis structure in the correct order, starting with the first step at the top of the list.
1. count the number of outer electrons contributed by each atom. 2. add the valence electrons contributed by each individual atom. 3. arrange the outer electrons in pairs around the contributing atoms. 4. ensure that each atom has a full outer shell.
Chemistry is the study of matter, which is commonly defined as anything that has _______ & occupies _______.
1. mass. 2. space.
water treatment plant. the first step is to? The next step is to add ? The crucial step comes next?
1. pass the water through a screen that physically removes large impurities such as weeds, sticks, and beverage bottles. 2. aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). 3. disinfecting the water to kill disease-causing microbes.
Rank the following types of bonds from the longest to shortest, starting with the longest bond at the top of the list.
1. single. 2. double. 3. triple.
Place steps for distillation of crude oil in the proper order, beginning with the first step at the top of the list.
1. the crude oil mixture is heated.. 2. Compounds with the lowest boiling points vaporize. 3. High-boiling compounds vaporize. 4. Vapors are separated in the fractionation tower. 5. Products are condensed and collected.
a catalyst what?
1. undergoes no permanent change during a reaction . 2. is typically regenerated during the reaction.
order the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule, starting with the first step at the top of the list. 1.) Determine the number of outer electrons associated with each atom in the molecule 2.) Arrange the outer electrons in pairs, ensuring that all atoms other than hydrogen obeys the octet rule. 3.) Count the groups of outer electron pars to predict the shape.
1.) Determine the number of outer electrons associated with each atom in the molecule 2.) Arrange the outer electrons in pairs, ensuring that all atoms other than hydrogen obeys the octet rule. 3.) Determine the shape of the molecule b examining the position of the bonding and nonbonding electron pairs with respect to each other.
How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms?
2.26 × 10^23
WUKF FM transmits at 93.5 MHz. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that carries the station's signal?
3.21 m. bad media , remember that wavelength is in meters and c = 3.0 x 108 m/s.
The high salt content, _________% of seawater makes it unfit for human consumption
3.5%.
Bonding characteristics of carbon? Carbon typically forms __________ covalent bond? Carbon bonds tend to attain a total of ___________ valence electrons? Before bonding carbon has _________ valence electrons?
4 covalent bonds. 8 valence electrons when bonded. Carbon has __________ valence electrons.
Carbon is in Group 14 IVA and has _________ valence electrons. In order to attain a full octet in its outer shell it will therefore form _____________ covalent bonds?
4:4.
The pH of a solution that contains 1 * 10^-5M H+ ions is equal to?
5.0.
approximately _____% of the total energy emitted by the Sun reaches Earth's surface as infrared radiation
53% quantized.
consumption of each gallon of gasoline releases about 18 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere, the average gasoline-powered vehicle emits from ____ to ___ tons of ____ each year.
6 to 9 tons of CO2 each year.
Which of the following options describe the correct format used when writing the chemical formula of a substance? Select all that apply.
A chemical formula is a symbolic way to represent the composition of a substance. -The number of atoms of a particular element is indicated by a subscript.
Which differentiates a compound from a mixture of two or more elements?
A compound does not exhibit the individual properties of the elements of which it is composed.
Which of the following options correctly describe how to name a compound containing two nonmetals?
A greek numerical prefix is always used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound. -The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate. -The second element is named with its roots and the suffix -ide.
A heterogenous mixture is _________ ___________ throughout.
A heterogenous mixture is NOT uniform throughtout. Examples: Pasta salad, bean soup.
a ___________ bond is an electrostatic attraction between a H atom, which is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (O, N, or F), and a neighboring O, N, or F atom—either in another molecule, or in a different part of the same molecule
A hydrogen bond.
Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by a maingroup element?
A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.
which is not a pure substance? Helium Copper wire Air
Air.
Group 2 on the periodic table are called the?
Alkaline earth metals.
Free radicals are: a. highly reactive chemical species. b. species with unpaired electrons. c. species such as H• and •OH. d. All of these correctly describe free radicals
All of these correctly describe free radicals.
Resistance is the ability of a resistor to slow the flow of electrons through ?
An external circuit.
An ion with more electrons that its neutral atom is called a ___?
Anion.
19. Arrange these types of radiation in order ofincreasingenergy per photon: gamma rays, infrared radiation, radio waves, and visible light.
Answer:Radio waves < infrared radiation < visible light < gamma rays.
Rank the grades of coal by their relative desirabilities, starting with the most desirable coal at the top of the list?
Anthracite. Bituminous. Lignite.
Fuel is ?
Any solid, liquid or gas that may be burned to provide energy in the form of heat or work.
Resonance forms are Lewis Structures that have the same relative placement of _____ but a different arrangement of ________.
Atoms; electrons.
If 500 mL of air contains 2 x 1022 particles (atoms and molecules), how many particles do you inhale in one day if you breathe 15000 L of air? A.) 2 x 10^22. B.) 6 x 1026. C.) 5 x 1024. D.) 1.2 x 1027.
B.) 6 x 1026. Remember that 500 mL is 0.5L , and make sure your units cancel when you do the calculation.
Marine organisms, mollusks, sea urchins and coral have shells composed of ________, these species are affected by the levels of ________ ion in seawater.
CaCO3. CO3^-2.
Hydrogen-rich fuels:
Can be used to power fuel cell vehicles, which have an onboard reformer. These fuels are converted into H2 by a device that uses heat, pressure, and catalyst to run a chemical reaction. Liquid hydrogen-rich fuels include methanol and ethanol.
Hydrocarbons are named according the the _____________ atoms in the compounds. Followed by the suffix ______.
Carbon atoms. Followed by ane.
a _______________ is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction.
Catalyst.
An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is called a ___?
Cation.
Electrodes are the electrical conductors (anode and cathode) in an electrochemical cell that serve as sites for?
Chemical Reactions.
This relationship is known as the law of conservation of matter and mass. That is, in a chemical reaction, the mass of the reactants consumed equals the mass of the products formed.
Chemical equations follow this law and are similar to a mathematical expression in that the number and kind of each atom on the left side of the arrow must equal those on the right: If they do not equal, adjustments may be made only to the amounts of chemicals in the reaction, never to the subscripts of the chemicals themselves. This would change the chemical compound to a new substance.
a balanced chemical equation obeys the laws of
Conservation of Mass.
Which is correct? A. Ozone forms by combining an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule. B. There is a dynamic steady state of ozone in the stratosphere. C. UV radiation will dissociate ozone into an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
Wavelength is the?
Distance between successive peaks in a wave.
the process of intentionally adding small amounts of other elements to pure silicon to modify its semiconductor properties (6.8) is a process of intentionally adding small amounts of other elements, known as dopants (sometimes called impurities), to pure silicon.
Doping doping
In the famous equation E = mc2, the symbols represent: ?
E = energy,. m = mass. c = speed of light.
Half-reaction is a type of chemical equation that shows the electrons _____________ or _______ by the reactants.
Electrons lost or gained by the reactants.
A low BOD is in indication of ________ quality water?
Good quality.
Ice floats in water because the mass per unit volume of liquid is ____________ than that of ice.
Great than ice.
the intersection of healthy ecosystems, healthy economies, and healthy communities is the ???
Green zone.
when HCL reacts KOH in aqueous solution?
H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + K^4(aq) + OH4 (aq) ---> H2O (l) + K+ (aq) + Cl4 (aq).
An example of a compound is ___________, because both elements are __________ together.
H20. Both elements are bonded together.
Cl (chlorine) is considered a ________.
Halogen.
what effect of pH on life in a lake or stream?
If the pH drops to 4.0, a lake is essentially a dead ecosystem. some hardy aquatic species can survive at a pH of below 5. fish begin to be affected when the pH of a lake or stream drops below 6.
Mostly where ozone filters some type of ultraviolet light from the sun?
In the strosphere.
Output of carbon monoxide is used to measure efficiency of automobiles. The gas is measured in order to determine the degree of ____________ combustion.
Incomplete.
As the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to?
Increase worldwide.
In what way does increasing ocean acidity affect coral reefs?
Increasing acidity leads to decrease in the amount of CO3^2- ion available to build coral reefs.
Molecular compounds are composed of ____________ ___________. not ions.
Individual molecules.
An inversion layer in the troposphere occurs when cooler air _______________________?
Is trapped below warm air.
Compare the effect of acid precipitation on lakes in different geological surroundings?
Lakes in limestone regions have a higher acid-neutralizing capacity. Lakes in granite areas tend to have lower pH values than lakes in limestone regions.
an ecological footprint estimates the biologically productive space required to support a particular lifestyle. which of the following are included in this estimate?
Land and water.
What kinds of damage can the Sun cause?
Lasting effects by sun damage are evidenced by wrinkles, leathery skin, sun spots, as well as cataracts in the eyes.
Why is it a bad idea to dispose of automobile batteries in landfills?
Leaching of chemicals from the batteries will eventually result in groundwater contamination. Toxic materials such as PbO2 will be able to enter the environment. The metals in the batteries will become too widely dispersed to effectively mine for reuse.
Reduction (gain of electrons) will cause an element to become _________ positive, and the element will show a _______ in oxidation state?
Less positive. decrease in oxidation state.
The current battery-of-choice for portable electronics and vehicle applications is the ____________ battery.
Li-ion battery..
In a solar cell, semiconductors of the p-type and n-type are placed in contact with each other via a conducting wire. In order to generate an electric current, which of the following must be true?
Light shining on the system must have enough energy to set electrons in motion from the n-type semiconductors to the p-type.
A volatile substance readily undergoes phase change from _________ to __________.
Liquid to gas.
2 types of batteries are currently used by hybrid electric vehicles?
Lithium-ion batteries. and. Nickel-ion battery.
Oxidation is a process which a chemical species ____________ its electrons?
Loses it electrons.
Which of these properties make one grade of coal more desirable than another?
Lower oxygen content; Higher C content; Lower sulfur content.
Cu (copper) is catergorized as a _______________.
Metal.
On the periodic table: The Large area to the left of the "stair step"
Metals
which two pollutants are responsible for the production of the ozone?
Nitrogen dioxide. VOC's.
Elements in group 18 are called _____________.
Noble gases.
quizlet chemistry which of the following options correctly describe the fuel used in NUCLEAR power station ?
Nuclear fuel contains UO2 pellets. Nuclear fuel pellets are packed into fuel rods, which are bundled together.
When balancing half-reactions (redox) the conservation of mass is reflected by balancing the ____________ on both sides of the equation, while the conservation of charge is reflected by adding _____________ to the appropriate side of the reaction.
Number of atoms. Electrons.
C Which two gases make up more than 95% of an inhaled breath?
O2 and N2
Hydroxide polyatomic ions name?
OH−
The C atoms in hydrocarbons form chemical bonds that share eight valence electrons is known as the ___________ rule?
Octet rule.
The chemical formula CCl4 indicates that there are ________ carbon atoms for every __________ chlorine atoms.
One carbon to every 4 chlorine atoms.
think of the mnemonic OIL RIG—Oxidation Is ______; Reduction Is _________.
Oxidation Is Loss; Reduction Is Gain.
In fuel cells, hydrogen is used as the fuel in conjunction with oxygen; the oxidation half-reaction is:
Oxidation hald-reaction (Anode)= H2(g) ----> 2H^+(aq) + 2e^=
the capacity of an electrochemical cell:
Reflects how long the cell can operate. Relates to its abilitto sustain the flow of electrons. is higher for larger cells.
OXidation state of an element?
Reflects its charge if it is present as an ion. IT is determined by the way it is bonded. Reflects the way electrons are transferred during a reaction.
List a Neutrons: Relative charge:. Relative Mass:. Actual Mass:.
Relative charge: 0. Relative Mass: 1 Actual Mass: 1.67X10^-27.
When bonds form it ____________ energy?
Releases.
during a chemical reaction the total mass of matter present ______________?
Remains unchanged.
_______ __________ refers to the chlorine-containing chemicals that remain in the water after the chlorination step.
Residual chlorine.
A light bulb is considered a ?
Resistor.
sulfur dioxide-
SO2. -Produced form the burning of sulfur containing fuels such as coal. causes respiratory irritation and distress. produces acid rain-is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans.
What challenges are associated with the fabrication of photovoltaic devices?
Some radiant energy is lost due to reflection and absorption (to produce heat instead of electric current). The starting material (SiO2) from which silicon is extracted is inexpensive, but the processes to extract and purify silicon are expensive
Which is a common characteristic of both nuclear and conventional electric power plants?
Steam turbines.
The "ozone layer" is found in the?
Stratosphere.
Avogadro's Law states that gases can contain the same number of molecules if _____________ and __________ are the same.
Temperature and pressure.
Number of outer electron groups correctly to the molecular shape. Tetrahedral? Bent? Linear? Trigonal pyramid? Trigonal planar?
Tetrahedral? 4 bonding pairs. Bent? 2 bonding paurs and 2 lone pairs. Linear? 2 bonding pairs. Trigonal pyramid? 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair. Trigonal planar? 3 bonding pairs
how does ocean acidification affect marine organisms such as coral?
The CaCo3 in coral dissolves to replace the CO3^2- ions used up by excess H+ ions.
Key features of a fuel cell.
The anode in a fuel cell simply acts as a conductor and does nto participate in the oxidation reaction. Solid Polymer electrolyte materials separate the reactants. H2 passes through the PEM and is oxidized to form two H^+ ions.
If the sign δ- is used to mark an atom in a covalent bond, it means that :
The atom has a higher electron density. This atom has a partial negative charge. This atom is more electronegative.
atomic mass descriptions?
The atomic mass is the average mass of the element, measured relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The atomic mass of an element can be read from the periodic table. Atomic masses are defined relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
What name is given ti an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is largely responsible for the properties and reactivity of the molecule?
The functional group.
What is the function of the primary coolant in a nuclear reactor?
The primary coolant absorbs the heat generated int he nuclear reactor and transfers it to the steam generator.
what is emitted from the Sun?
The sun emits energy in the form of ultraviolet, infrared and visible light.
What are some of the positive effects of the Sun?
The sun is necessary for the skins production for Vitsmind D which allows us to absorb calcium
Photovoltaic cells constructed of thin layers of alternating n- and p- type semiconductors are preferable to those with thicker layers because ___
They are more efficient due to lower internal resistance. Smaller quantities of silicon are need.
Lithium ion batteries are better than batteries that use other alkali metals because ?
They are very light and ideal for portable applications. They typically provide higher voltages than other batteries.
three-way measure of the success of a business based on its benefits to the economy, to society, and to the environment has become known as the ?
Triple Bottom Line
the lowest region of the atmosphere in which we live that lies directly above the surface of Earth ?
Troposphere.
Li atoms and ions are much smaller than other metals. True or False?
True.
supercapacitors are able to be charged/discharged for millions of cycles. True or False?
True.
Voltage is the difference in electrochemical potential between the ?
Two electrodes of an electrochemical cell.
Match each type of radiation correctly with either its source or its function
UV radiation = given off by the sun Xrays = used in medical diagnosis Gamma rays = given off in nuclear decay Microwaves = used to cook food quickly
Ohm's Law= ?
V = I·R.
typical alkaline battery uses reactions involving __________ and ____________?
Zinc and manganese.
which of the following solutions are acidic?
[H+] = 3 * 10^-4M. [OH] = 1 * 10^-11.
A simple, useful, and very important relationship exists between the concentration of protons and hydroxide ions in any aqueous solution:
[H+][OH-] = 1 × 10^-14. The square brackets indicate that the ion concentrations are expressed in molarity, M, and [H+] is read as "the hydrogen ion (or proton) concentration.". -When [H+] and [OH-] are multiplied, the product is a constant with a value of 1 × 10-14.
the capacity of a lake or other body of water to resist a decrease in pH is called its __________?
acid-neutralizing capacity.
The different ways that atoms are arranged to form the bulk, macroscopic elements are referred to as ?
allotropes.
Protons and neutrons almost exactly the same mass and together they account for ____________.
almost all of the mass of an atom.
Entropy is the measure of the ____________ of ____________ dispersed.
amount of energy.
chemists use a number known as a mole (commonly abbreviated as mol) to easily compare the ?
amounts of substances.
The current, or rate of electron flow, is measured in ?
amperes (amps, A) or, for smaller cells, milliamps (mA)..
exothermic, a term applied to ?
any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat..
The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of ?
any substance.
The ________________ is a device used to experimentally measure the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction.
calorimeter.
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are _________ _____________ compounds that pass easily into___________ phase.
carbon containing compounds, that pass easily into vapor phase.
Ocean water contains small amounts of three chemical species that arise from dissolved carbon dioxide. What are the three species?
carbonate ion. CO3^2-. bicarbonate ion. HCO3^- carbonic acid. H2CO3.
a statement using chemical formulas to describe the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction.
chemical equation
Many elements instead react readily with a common gas in our atmosphere, oxygen, to form more _____ __________ compounds.
chemically stable compounds.
Lewis structures indicate how the atoms are __________, and show the presence of lone pairs of electrons, if present.
connected.
P2O5 is the chemical formula for?
diphosphorus pentoxide.
One means of desalination is______________?
distillation.
Fuel cells are a form of ____________ generation.
distributed generation.
Lewis structures are used to represent covalent compounds. Shared electron pairs are shown either as pairs of what or lines and only what electrons are shown.
dots & outer.
Most commercial batteries are known as ______cells, in which the electrolyte is immobilized as a paste, with only enough moisture available to allow _____________ to flow?.
dry cells. ions to flow.
The morning newspaper reports a UV index Forecast of 6.5. What precautions, if any should a fair skinned person take?
educe exposure between 10 am and 4 pm in addition to SPF 15+ sunscreen.
A fuel cell is an ________________ cell that produces electricity by converting the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity without burning the fuel.
electrochemical cell .
Electron transfer in a battery takes place within its _?
electrodes.
Bond Dipole The partial charges assigned to bonded atoms due to differences in electron density caused by __________________, inductive effects, and other factors. Indicated with δ+ and δ- and/or the arrow symbol.
electronegativity.
The ability of a covalently bonded atom to attract the sharec electron is called?
electronegativity.
An ___________ is composed of many atoms of the same type.
element
A chemical formula is a symbolic way to represent the __________ _________ of a _________. It reveals both the elements present (by chemical symbols) and the atomic ratio of those elements (by the subscripts).
elementary composition of a substance.
during Nuclear fission, ____________ is released. and. a large nucleus __________?
energy. splits into smaller ones.
Frequency equation?
frequency = speed of light (c) divided by wavelength (λ)
Sometimes, scientists are more interested in how many waves pass a fixed point in a certain amount of time—the??
frequency.
The number of wave cycles that pass in one second is called the _____ of the wave.
frequency.
Degasification is the process of ????
gas escaping from a liquid or solid.
Elements with the _________________ electronegativity lie in the top-right of the periodic table (toward F, which has the greatest EN). In contrast, the __________ electronegativity is found for the elements in the ____________ of the periodic table (toward Francium, Fr).
greatest electronegativity. lowest electronegativity, bottom-left.
Elements with similar properties, listed in a single column on the periodic table, form what is called a?
group
For the main group elements the number of valence electrons for an element is equal to the what number for the element.
group.
aluminum and many other metallic elements are found within rocks, which are _________ mixtures of solid compounds known as minerals.
heterogeneous.
hydrocarbons are compounds made up only of the elements ____ and ____?
hydrogen and carbon
a base is a compound that releases ________________ in aqueous solution.
hydroxide ions (OH-).
Some of the chlorine containing chemicals that remain in the water after the chlorination step.
hypochlorous acid (HClO), hypochlorite ions (ClO-), and dissolved elemental chlorine (Cl2).
The number of protons in the nucleus (the atomic number) determines the _____?
identity of the atom. --For example, all hydrogen (H) nuclei contain one proton; hence, hydrogen has an atomic number of 1.--
the rate of a chemical reaction generally ___________ with increasing temperature of the reaction mixture
increases.
in the petroleum industry, what does a refinery do??
it separates crude oil into fractions consisting of compounds with similar properties.
Three factors determine whether a particular nucleus will split:
its size, the numbers of protons and neutrons it contains, and the energy of the neutrons that bombard the nucleus to initiate the fission.
Heat is the ________ ___________ that flows from a hotter object to a colder one?
kinetic energy.
What sort of energy is associated with energy from wind?
kinetic energy.
electronegativity generally increases as you move from___________ to __________ across a period and decreases as you move down a group
left to right.
Lithium is the ___________ in the periodic table.
lightest metal.
neutrons are electrically ___________ particles.
neutral.
The control rods in a nuclear reactor contain substances such as boron or cadmium, which are able to absorb ___
neutrons, which allows the control rods to regulate/stop chain reaction.
Ne (neon) is a _____.
noble gas.
Molecular compounds tend to contain________ only
nonmetals
condensed structural formulas are often used in which some bonds are
not shown
Atoms, though still indivisible by chemical or mechanical means, contain a _____________.—
nucleus
Atoms, though still indivisible by chemical or mechanical means, contain a ______________?
nucleus—a minuscule and highly dense center composed of protons and neutrons.
n 1921, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) won the Nobel Prize in physics for suggesting that this quantized radiation be viewed as a collection of individual bundles of energy called ?
photon.
The process through which green plants and some bacteria capture the energy of sublight to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water??
photosynthesis.
A second way to tap into the Sun's energy is to use a ______________ cell—a device that converts light energy directly into electric energy, sometimes called a solar cell.
photovoltaic (PV).
which of the following methods of producing power is perhaps the most environmentally friendly? use of nuclear power, use of photovoltaic cells, fossil fuels?
photovoltaic cells.
One or both of the ions in an ionic compound can be a ____________ ion?
polyatomic ion.
if an atom picks up an electron from a neighboring atom, the atom gaining the electron has undergone ?
reduction..
Reduction is a process in which a chemical species __________ electrons.
reduction= gains electrons.
During combustion reactions, the ?
relative positions of the atoms and molecules in the fuel change, which alters its potential energy.
Solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energies are said to be ?
renewable.
compounds with carbon atoms are found in several places, referred to as.
reservoirs.
Rechargeable batteries are called ____________ batteries and use _____________ reactions that can run in both directions
secondary batteries. electrochemical reactions.
A pollutant produced from chemical reactions involving one or more pollutants.
secondary pollutant
Other common uses for photovoltaic cells include communication satellites, highway signs and?
security and safety lighting (Figure 6.22), automobile recharging stations, and navigational buoys.
chain reaction, a term that generally refers to any reaction in which one of the products becomes a reactant, thus making it possible for the reaction to become _______-______________.
self-sustaining.
Desalination is any process that removes __________ ___________ and other minerals from salty water, thus producing potable water.
sodium chloride.
Quite often, a homogeneous mixture is referred to as a ___________
solution
Excessive exposure to sunlight increases the risk of skin cancer because
some of the photons have enough energy to break chemical bonds in biological molecules.
heat of combustion is the quantity of heat energy given off when a ?
specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen.
Water is a liquid under standard ___________ and ______________ (STP); that is, a temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 1 atm
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
potential energy is ?
stored energy, or the energy of position; that is, position with respect to another object..
Although hydrogen bonds are not as strong as covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds are still ?
strong compared with other types of intermolecular forces.
As charging/discharging takes place, the ___________ AND ___________ of the electrode surfaces will change, which will result in less effective storage of Li+ in subsequent cycles.
structure and composition.
The property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow is the?
temperature.
Scientists believe they know the average global temperature over the last 160,000 years. Which property of the ice core samples from Antartica provides this information?
the 1H/2H ratio.
cracking is?
the breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones.
Consider the formula for the ionic compound Na2O. Which of the following statements correctly interpret this formula?
the cation in this compound is Na+. the compound contains 2 Na+ ions for every O2- ion.
Which type of electromagnetic radiation comprises the greatest portion of the energy from the Sun?
the greatest portion of energy from the sun reaches earth as infrared radiation.
What is the molar mass of a substance?
the mass in grams of one mole of a substance
Each unit of O2 contain _________ atoms of the same element.
three atoms.
Some elements are made of diatomic molecules, or molecules that feature __________ ________atoms such as hydrogen (H2(g)), nitrogen (N2(g)), oxygen (O2(g)), fluorine (F2(g)), chlorine (Cl2(g)), bromine (Br2(l)), and iodine (I2(s))
two identical
Chemical formulas show the ?
types and ratio of the atoms present in a compound.
A volatile substance readily passes into the ____ ________.
vapor phase; that is, it evaporates easily.
A liquid can evaporate at any temperature, producing vapor above the surface of the liquid. This vapor exerts a pressure, which is called the ___________. This pressure increases as the temperature of the liquid increases. When this pressure equals the external pressure, the liquid has reached its ___________.
vapor pressure; boiling point.
Equation for velocity?
velocity (v)=wavelength (λ)×frequency (ν)
energy density of a battery relates both the number of ions stored in the electrode material and the _________________ of the battery.
weight or volume of the battery.
Advantages of using ozone to disinfect water supplies?
-a lower concentration of ozone relative to chlorine is required to kill bacteria. -ozone is more effective than chlorine against water-borne viruses.
In the symbol 244/94Pu . What is the atomic number? What is the Mass number? How many protons are in the nucleus? How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus?
-atomic number: 94. -Mass number: 244. -protons are in the nucleus: 94. -protons and neutrons are in the nucleus: 244.
which of the following correctly describe how conversion factors are used in calculations?
-conversion factors are relationships used to express the same quantity in different units. -the conversion factor should be selected so that its units cancel with one of the units in the factor. -all units should cancel except those needed in the answer when multiplying by a conversion factor.
A substance that can be broken down into two or more elements is called a?
. compound.
the half-life of the isotope 74/35Br is approximately 25 minutes. If a 4.0-mg sample is given to a patient, how much of the isotope remains after 25 minutes?
.12mg
In the simplest terms, pH is a number, usually between ________ and _______, that indicates the acidity (or basicity) of a solution.
0 and 14.
The typical amount of water vapor at the surface of the Earth is 10,000-40,000 ppm. What is this value in %?
1-4%
Which of the following options correctly describe how neutrons are generated from a neutron source such as poo-bee?.
1. A heavy radioactive element such as plutonium decays to release 4/2He particles2. Be reacts with alpha particles to produce neutrons3. The name "poo-bee" indicates that the neutron source contains plutonium and beryllium
MAtch each type of energy-producing technology to the correct description. H2 is the fuel in? Hydrocarbon fuels are used in? A combustion engine produces? A hydrogen fuel cell produces?
1. A hydrogen fuel cell. 2. A combustion engine. 3. CO2, Co3, H2O and energy. 4. H2O and electricity.
Match. Fuel with description of its energy content and the products it forms when burned in oxygen. H2 burns to form? CH4 burns to form? The energy from H2 combustion? The energy from CH4 combustion?
1. H2 burns to form: H2O only. 2. CH4 burns to form: CO2 and H2O. 3. The energy from H2 combustion: is higher (124.5 kJ/g). 4. The energy from CH4 combustion: is lower (50 kJ/g).
Place the steps involved in producing electricity from nuclear power in the correct order, starting with the first step at the top.
1. Heat is generated by nuclear reactions in a reactor vessel2. Heat is transferred to the primary coolant3. The primary coolant transfers heat to a steam generator4. A steam turbine transfers energy to an electrical generator.
Which of these statements correctly describe coal mining?
1. Near-surface coal can be mined more safely than other deposits. 2. Mining debris can damage or bury nearby water systems.
Given the symbol 210/82 Pb, what do all the numbers mean?
210 is the mass number. 82 is the number of protons ion the nucleus. 128 is the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
joule (J), a unit of energy equal to ________________. .
239 cal (or 0.239 Cal).
d A particular sample of air is 2.5% water vapor. Express the concentration of water vapor in parts per milliona
25000 ppm
The phrase "burn this fuel" can take on many meanings. Balance the equations below to compare three combustion routes for ethane._C2H6(g)+_O2(g)--->_C(s)+_H2O(g)_C2H6(g)+_O2(g)--->_CO(g)+_H2O(g)_C2H6(g)+_O2(g)--->_CO2(g)+_H2O(g)
2C2H6(g)+3O2(g)--->4C(s)+6H2O(g) 2C2H6(g)+5O2(g)--->4CO(g)+6H2O(g) 2C2H6(g)+7O2(g)--->4CO2(g)+6H2O(g)
There are exactly _____X 10^23 atoms in 12g of carbon-12 (given to two places after the decimal). This number is called ____ number.
6.02. Avogadro's.
The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. If you started with 100.0 g of carbon-14, how much would remain after 4 half-lives?
6.25g
The quantity 0.0000064 g expressed in scientific notation is:
6.4 X 10^6g
Healthy lakes have a pH of ______ or slightly above.
6.5.
UV-B radiation has a frequency of approximately 1017 s¯1. What is the energy of a photon of this light?
6.63 × 10¯17 J(where h = 6.626 × 10-34 Js.)
The octet rule states that when atoms bond they may lose, gain, or share electrons in order to attain an outer level containing what electrons.
8.
Air is considered a ___________ of different substances.
A mixture.
which of the following options correctly describe molecular polarity?
A molecule that contains polar and nonpolar covalent bonds could be polar or nonpolar. A molecule that contains only nonpolar bonds in nonpolar. Overall molecular polarity depends on the geometry of a molecule.
chemistry a precipitate is __________?
A solid that separates from solution.
A base the dissovles completely in water?
A strong base.
When bonds break it ___________ energy?
Absorbs.
Match each of the following polyatomic ions with itscorrect name. Acetate? Bicarbonate? Carbonate? Hypochlorite? Ammonium?
Acetate? C2H3O2 Bicarbonate? HCO3 Carbonate? CO3^2 Hypochlorite? ClO Ammonium? NH4
Which of the following is the chemical symbol for silver?
Ag
If you overly discharge a Lithium ion battery:
Battery capacity descreases (if discharged t less than 10%). Each time the battery is discharged and recharged, the structure of the electrode surfaces changes. Over-dischargin the battery causes some Li ions to react irreversibly with the cathode material.
Why do you think exposure to the Sun can cause damage?
Being out in the sun too long causes pain and blisters on the surface of the skin. Which leads us to assume damage is also occuring under the skin.
Water compound has a __________ shape. Water is a _________ species.
Bent shape. Covalent Species.
Light behaves like: a particle. a wave. both a particle and a wave.
Both particle and a wave. Called duality of light.
Match each element with the correct number of valence electrons.
C - 4. Be- 2. Ne- 8. F- 7.
During photosynthesis...?
CO2 and H2O are consumed to produced stored glucose. Sunlight is converted into stores chemical potential energy.
Which formulas for ionic compounds are correct? AgCl2, Mg2O, Ca3N2, CaO??
Ca3N2. CaO.
CrCl3
Cl has a charge of _1. Cr has a charge of +3.
Consider the following two balanced cell half-reactions: Cl2(g) + 2e -> Cl-(g)S2(g) -> S(s) + 2e. What is the overall balanced cell?
Cl2(g) + S2-(ag) -> 2Cl-(ag) + S(s).
Currently, the primary source of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is?
Coal burning power plants
Which is an advantage of using coal over petroleum as a source of energy in the United States?
Coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves.
In the U.S. the primary source used to generate electricity is ?
Combustion of fossil fuels.
Which of the following are commonly powered by photovoltaic cells?
Communication satellites. Navigational buoys. Safety lighting. Calculators.
In a chemical compound, the elements are present in ____________ proportions by mass, regardless of the source of the compound.
Component elements are present in fixed proportions.
T/F: Resonance forms are different possible structures for the same species that interconvert rapidly.
False. No individual resonance form actually exits and there is no interconversion between forms. Rather the true structure is a single structure that is an average of all possible resonance forms.
What are the environmental and ethical impacts of increased corn ethanol production? Check all that apply.
Fertilizers and insecticides used in corn growing have been increasingly introduced to the soil and water. Farmland is being diverted from food to produce ethanol, driving worldwide food prices up. The demand for additional farmland has increased the danger of deforestation.
The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the ______ of the wave by its wavelength. In a vacuum all electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed, the speed of ________.
Frequency, Light.
***rate the types of radiation with the correct region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Gamma RAys.- .005 nm
look at
HDA429
Elemtns in group 17 are called _____________.
Halogens.
Rank these substances in order of their abundance in the air you breathe. CO2, O2, He, N2, AR
He<CO2<AR<O2<N2
The energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called?
Heat.
which type of intermolecular force is responsible for waters anomaloously high boiling point?
Hydrogen Bonding.
_____________ bonds are much weaker than ___________ bonds.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds.
How is hydrogen used as fuel?
Hydrogen burns in oxygen to produce H2O and heat.
Which is the correct Lewis structure for hydrogen chloride?
Hydrogen>>>> Chloride has 6 electrons
Resistor is an electrical component that impedes the flow of electrons within?
Impedes the flow of electrons within an electrical circuit.
Which of the following options best describes isomers?
Isomers contain the same number and type of atoms, but they are connected in different ways.
Compounds with the same chemical formulas but different molecular structures are called?
Isomers.
What overall effect does adding a catalyst have on a chemical reaction?
It lowers the activation energy that is needed. Which statement.
Which units may be used to express power, which is the rate at which energy is produced?
J/S and Watts.
Although there are many different forms of energy, there are only two general types.:
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.
Resonance forms are correctly defined as?
Lewis structures for the same epcies that differ in the placement of electrons.
Based on its name, which carbon compound contains the fewest carbon atoms? Methane. Ethanol.
Methane.
Refinery gases include : 1. 2. 3.
Methane. May be used as fuel at the refinery. Are found in the "lightest" fraction of crude oil.
which of the following formulas for ionic compounds are written correctly?Mg3(PO4)2? CaCO3? Na(OH)? NaNO3? KSO4
Mg3(PO4)2 ; CaCO3 ; NaNO3
Oxidation (loss of electrons), will result in an element becoming _____________ positive. This element will show a ___________ in oxidation state.
More positive. increase in oxidation state.
10 mm is equivalent to 1 cm. To convert 15 cm to mm you would
Multiple by 10
Which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming?
N2 nor O2.
Consider the list of gases shown below. Select those you would expect to find coming directly from a vehicle's tailpipe.
N2, CO, NO, CO2
What is the primary component of an exhaled breath?
N2.
If a compound has nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in a one-to-three ratio, what will that look like?
NH3
Which of the following molecules is polar?
NH3
nitrate polyatomic ions name?
NO3-
Which of the following are strong bases? NaOH. NH3. H2CO3. CH3COOH. KOH.
NaOH. KOH.
A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its?
Nearest noble gas.
the charge of an ion with more electrons that its natural atom is ___?
Negative.
Ozone decomposes into oxygen and atomic oxygen. Which of the following statements correctly describe the balanced equation for this reaction?
O2 is a product of the reaction. .There are 3 atoms of oxygen on the left side of the reaction and 3 atoms of oxygen on the product side of the equation.
ozone -
O3. -produced as a secondary pollutant by the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sunlight and oxygen. -causes respiratory irritation and distress. -beneficial in the upper atmosphere but harmful in the lower atmosphere. -is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans.
Rank these substances in order of their abundance in the air you breathe.O3,O2,Ar,CO2,N2
O3<CO2<Ar<O2<N2
NH3 reacts with H2O to form what ions?
OH^- and NH4^+
Conjugate Base is formed by removing a ?
Proton from an acid.
In Subatomic particles: Protons are? Electrons are located where? The mass of an electron is _______ _________ then the mass of a proton.
Protons are positively charged. Electrons are located outside the nucleus of an atom. The mass of an electron is much smaller than the mass of a proton.
When energy is distributed in this noncontinuous way, it is said to be ??
Quantized.
Energy isn't continuous, but is quantized or divided into "packets" of which contains a definite amount of energy. An energy "packet" is called a(n) _______ and the energy of each "packet" is directly proportional to its _______.
Quantum, Frequency.
Approximately how many times longer is a wavelength associated with a radio wave than one associated with an X-ray?
Radio waves is on the orde rof 10^1m, while an x-ray is on the order of 10^-10m. This is a difference of 12 order of magnitude, which means x-rays are 10^12 times as energetic as radio waves.
Which air pollutant is the second-leading cause of lung cancer worldwide, behind tobacco smoke?
Radon.
Molecular formula gives the?
Ratio of elements in the compound.
Neutralization is the?
Reaction between H+ ions and OH ions. An acid and a base react to form H2O.
Combustion is an example of a chemical __________
Reaction.
which color has the longest wavelength? The highest frequency?
Red light has the longest wavelength at 700nm which means it has to lowest frequency. Violet has the highest frequency due to its wavelength being so low, 400nm
Cathode is the electrode at which the __________ takes place.
Reduction.
List a Protons: Relative charge:. Relative Mass:. Actual Mass:.
Relative charge: +1. Relative Mass: 1. Actual Mass: 1.67X10^-27.
Top three toxic pollutants
SO2. .075. NO2. .100. CO. 35.
Sulfite polyatomic ions name?
SO₃²⁻.
Hydrocarbons with only _________ bonds between carbon atoms are called alkanes.
Single.
Over the very long run, the energy source that has the greatest potential to meet humanity's needs is?
Solar (sun).
Will it completely fill its container? Solids? Liquids? Gases?
Solids: No. Liquids: No.. Gases: Yes.
Will it take the shape of its container? Solids? Liquids? Gases?
Solids: No.. Liquids: Yes.. Gases: Yes.
Does it Have a definite shape? Solids? Liquids? Gases?
Solids: Yes. Liquids: No. Gases: No.
Does it have a definite Volume: Solids? Liquids? Gases?
Solids: Yes. Liquids: Yes. Gas: No.
Supercapacitor store electrical energy in the form of a ____________ charge.
Static charge.
A condition in which a dynamic system has no net change in concentration of the major species involved is called ______________.
Steady State.
which of the following options describe a polyatomic ion? Select all that apply.
The atoms of a polyatomic ion are held together by covalent bonds. The charge on a polyatomic ion belings to the whole unit.
The O2 molecule breaks apart at lower wavelengths than the O3 molecule. What is the main reason for this? (Hint: Draw the Lewis structures)
The average bond in O2 is shorter and stronger than that of O3. Remember that multiple bonds are shorter and stronger than their single counterparts
the bonds in ozone (O3) are ___________ than those in oxygen (O2) . For this reason, UV radiation of _____________ wavelength is sufficient to separate the atoms of ozone.
The bonds in oZone are WEARKER than oxygen. UV radiation of a LONGER wavelength is sufficent to separate the atoms of ozone.
great advantages of biofuels?
The can release less net CO2 because they are releasing only carbon that they removed from the atmosphere. They are renewable resources.
List the layers of the atmosphere?
Troposphere. Stratosphere. Mesosphere. Thermosphere. Exosphere.
True or false: The electrical energy generated by a nuclear power station is no different from the electrical energy produced y a fossil fuel plant.
True.
Rank the three types of UV radiation in order of increasing wavelengths, starting with the shortest wavelength radiation at the top of the list.
UV-C has the shortest wavelength/highest energy. UV-b is the middle wavelength and energy. UV-A has the longest wavelength and lowest energy.
Completely absorbed by O2 and O3 in the stratosphere?
UVC
Arrange them in order of increasing wavelength.. infrared, microwave, ultraviolet, visible.
Ultra-violet radiation< Visible radiation < Infrared radiation < microwave rediation
The pressure exerted by gasous molecules, as a result of vaporization of a liquid or solid.
Vapor pressure.
Which of the following substances is most frequently used as the secondary coolant in a nuclear power plant.
Water.
Name three-dimensional representations of a molecule?
Wedge-dash representation. Space-filling model.
In an aqueous solution when H+ increases, OH- ___________.
When [H+] increases, [OH-] decreases. when [H+] decreases, [OH-] increases.
Rank the following in increasing acidity, beginning with the least acidic solution at the top.
[OH] = 1 * 10^3. [H^4] = 1 * 10^-8. [OH^+] = 1 * 10^-3. [OH]= 1* 10^-12.
Which coefficients are needed to balance the simplified chemical equation representing the formation of ozone? a O2 = B O3?
a = 3 and b = 2.
Pure substances are.
a form of matter with a definite composition.
a homogeneous mixture has a _________ _________ throughout
a homogenous mixture has a uniform composition throughout. Example: Air or salt water.
a nucleus is a.
a minuscule and highly dense center composed of protons and neutrons.
a weak base which dissociates only to ?
a small extent in an aqeuous solution.
electromagnetic radiation can travel as ?
a wave through air or even through empty space..
Light behaves like?
a wave.
Ultraviolet radiation is categorized as UV-A, UV-B, or UV-C. Arrange these types in order of: increasing: a. wavelength. b. energy. c. potential for biological damage..
a. UV-C < UV-B < UV-A. b. UV-A < UV-B < UV-C. c. UV-A < UV-B < UV-C.
Energy is a fundamental property of our universe, referring to the ?
ability or capacity of matter to do work or to produce change.
endothermic, the term applied to any chemical or physical change that ?
absorbs energy and creates products of a higher potential energy state.
As the pH value decreases, the ?.
acidity increases.
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to ?
attract shared electrons to itself..
Electronegativity is a measure of the ?
attraction of an atom for an electron in a chemical bond..
For any element, the atomic mass recorded on the periodic table is not a whole number since it is a(n) ________ of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes.
average.
DNA< the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in? a. the visible region of the spectrum b. ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm c. ultraviolet region, especially above a wavelength of 340 nm d. infrared region of the spectrum
b. ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm
A collection of several galvanic cells wired together constitutes a true __________?
battery.
intermolecular force; a force that occurs ____________ molecules.
between molecules..
A nanometer (nm) is one_________________ of a meter (1 nm = 10^-9 m).
billionth.
Biofuels are energy sources that are produced from ____ matter.
biological matter.
polar covalent bond, a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared but rather are ?
closer to the more electronegative atom.
a _____________ is a pure substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms in a fixed, chemical combination.
compound
H2O) is considered both a __________ and a __________, because it is composed of two different types of atoms—hydrogen and oxygen
compound and a molecule,.
electromagnetic (EM) spectrum
continuuum of wave that ranged from short, high-energy, x-rays and gamma rays to long, low-energy radio waves.
Bonding forces include ionic bonds, metallic bonds, and __________ bonds. These types of forces are much __________ than the forces of attraction between individual molecules, which are called, ________________ forces.
covalent. stronger. intermolecular.
A ____________ ___________ is the amount of fissionable fuel required to sustain a chain reaction.
critical mass.
Which is not a mixture? a) a jar filled with rocks and sand. b) sea water. c) a glass of Kool-Aid. d) sodium chloride.
d) sodium clorid
In fact, most of the fossil fuels we use today were formed from?
decaying plant life that flourished millions of years before the first dinosaurs appeared.
reduction always results in a ____________ in oxidation state?
decrease in oxidation state;
as oxygen content increases in biofuels, the energy per gram during combustion __________.
decreases.
electricity, the flow of electrons from one region to another that is driven by a ____________?
difference in potential energy..
The first law of thermodynamics states that: ?
energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?
energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere.
One joule (1 J) is approximately equal to the ?
energy required to raise a 100-g apple to a height of 1 m against the force of gravity..
the main disadvantage in using hydrogen as a fuel source is its?
flammability.
Aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide (Al2(SO4)3 and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 are ?
flocculating agents;
Tetrahedral is a molecular shape that results when there are ?
four bonds and no lone pairs around the central atom in the molecule.
A highly reactive species with one or more unpaired electrons is called a.
free radical.
The elements in the periodic table fall into vertical columns called
groups
In an exothermic chemical reaction...?
heat is released as the reaction proceeds.
Calorie (cal) is the amount of _____________ necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree celcius
heat.
A combination of solids, liquids, or gases that are not uniformly distributed throughout the substance. ,
heterogeneous mixture (because it is not uniform in composition throughout.)
What effect do intermolecular forces have on the boiling point of a liquid? the stronger the IMF, the ??
higher the boiling point.
oxidation always results in an __________ in oxidation state?
increase in oxidation state.
Which is not true of radioactive half-life? Radioactive half-life is?
increased by heating of the isotope.
the energy of radiation is inversely proportional to its wavelength, λ. Therefore, as the wavelength of radiation gets shorter, the energy of its photons ??
increases.
Clean coal technologies are best described as methods of ___?
increasing the efficiency and decreasing the harmful emissions of coal power plants
A Molecule is an ____________ ___________ consisting of two or more atoms chenmically bonded together.
independent structure.
wavelength and frequency are ?
inversely proportional. This means that as either wavelength or frequency increases, the other decreases..
Nonmetals combine with metals to form ____________ compounds
ionic compounds.
Each elements atomic mass is a weighted average of the masses of the elements _________?
isotopes.
How can sustainable energy production be achieved using combustible fuel sources?
it cannot. Combustion must be supplemented by additional renewable energy.
every element has a different ____________.
mass
how does nuclear fission produce energy?
mass of the reactants is converted into energy, which is released.
Density is the?
mass per unit volume.
Photo has energy but no?
mass.
Everything around you—the air you breathe, the water you drink, and the mobile device in your hand—is defined as ___________
matter
Narrow strip located on both sides of the "stair step"
metalloids.
in the periodic table The green shading indicates the __________, which represent most of the periodic table
metals
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen that ?
microorganisms use up as they decompose organic waste found in water.
Any action undertaken with the purpose of permanently eliminating or reducing the long-term risks and hazards of climate change is called climate ______?
mitigation.
What is the correct term used to describe the species HF, in which electrons are shared between H and F.
molecule.
Ionic compounds are NOT composed of ___________
molecules.
London attraction forces occurs ____________ in all molecules when electron's become ____________ distrubuted over a molecule's surface.
momentarily, unevenly.
The greater the difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms, the ???
more polar the bond is.
Kinetic energy is the energy of ?
motion, which includes the movement of atoms and molecules, as well as our own activities such as walking, climbing, or running.
An electron has a mass ____ __________than that of a proton or neutron...
much smaller .
n-type semi conductor has __________ of electrons? P-type semicpnductors hace a ________ of electrons.
n = abundance. p= deficit.
Look at
natalie_dulaney4
the atom with the higher electronegativity will have a partial ____ charge and is marked with the symbol ____ , while the atom with the lower electronegativity will have a partial _____ charge and is marked with the symbol ______.
negative, δ−.. positive, δ+.
A neutral solution is ___________?; that is, it has equal concentrations of H+ and OH-. __________ __________ is a neutral solution.
neither acidic nor basic. Pure water.
The modern periodic table shown in lists the elements by _________
number.
The lowering of the ocean pH due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is called ___________ _________?
ocean acidification.
Electricity is basically the movement ?
of charge.
Chemical symbols are
one- or two-letter abbreviations for the elements.
weak acid; that is, an acid that dissociates ___________extent in aqueous solution.
only to a small .
Redox reactions are essential to the ?
operation of batteries.
cellulosic ethanol ethanol produces from any plant containing cellulose, typically cornstalks, switchgrass, wood chips, and .
other materials that are nonedible by humans.
When an electron is lost by an atom, the atom undergoes ___________?
oxidatidation.
A designated region in the stratosphere of maximum 03 concentration is called the what layer?
ozone layer.
Many European and a few U.S. cities use __________ to disinfect their water supplies.
ozone.
boron and gallium doped silicon semiconductors may function as ___________ type semiconductors.
p-type.
Sunlight (solar radiation) may be turned directly into electricity using ________ cells.
photovoltaic.
two or more atoms covalently bonded together that have an overall positive or negative charge are called ______________ ion?
polyatomic ion.
two or more atoms covalently bound together that have an overall positive or negative charge .
polyatomic ion.
protons are __________ charged particles.
positively
photons in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum have enough energy to remove electrons from neutral molecules, leaving them __________ charged.
positively charged.
a significant figure represents the _____________ with which an experimental quantitiy is known.
precision.
Reverse osmosis uses ___________ to force the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is ___________ concentrated to a solution that is ____________concentrated.
pressure. more concentrated to a solution that is less concentrated.
Double aarow means a reaction that ?
proceeds in both directions in which reactants form products, and products may re-form reactants.
The conjugate acid is formed by adding a ?
proton to a base.
neutralization reaction, a chemical reaction in which the __________from an acid combine with the __________ ions from a base to form ___________ molecules.
protons . hydroxide ions. water molecules.
The mass number refers to the number of _________ and _________ residing in the nucleus
protons and neutrons.
The nucleus of an atom contain?
protons and neutrons.
The mass number is given by the sum of the ______ and _________ in the nucleus. The mass number may vary between _______ of a particular element.
protons and neutrons. atoms.
The "lightest" fraction collected is the __________ gases?
refinery gases.
osmosis is the passage of water through a __________ _____________ from a solution that is _______ concentrated to a solution that is ______ concentrated
semipermeable membrane. less concentrated to a solution that is more concentrated
distillation, a ____________ process, in which a liquid solution is heated and the vapors are ___________ and ________. Impure water is heated; as the water vaporizes, it leaves behind most of its dissolved impurities
separation process. condensed and collected.
only molecules may feature a __________- type of atom.
single.
which type of radiation is the most intense?
the most intense radiation emitted by the subn is visible light with a wavelength of around 500nm (green visible light).
On the AQI, the number __________ represents the national standard for the pollutants being measured.
the number 100 represents the national standard for hte pollutants being measured.
Atoms are
the smallest building block that can exist as a stable, independent entity
noncrystalline silicon absorbs photons more efficiently than crystalline, allowing construction of semiconductor layers to be
thinner
Humans live in the ______________.
troposphere.
simply refers to the distance between successive peaks in a wave and is reported in units of length??
wavelength.
The molar mass of oxygen if 16. g/mol. This means that 1 mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of ______?
!6.00 G
The word atom comes from the Greek word for ________
"uncuttable."
What describes a photon?
- A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. .- Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon.
To help you predict if a molecule is polar, we offer two useful generalizations:
-A molecule that contains only nonpolar bonds must be nonpolar. For example, homonuclear diatomic elements such as O2, N2, Cl2, and H2 molecules are nonpolar. -A molecule that contains polar covalent bonds may or may not be polar. The polarity depends on the shape of the molecule. For example, the water molecule contains two polar bonds, and the molecule is polar. Each H atom carries a partial positive charge (δ+), and the oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge (δ-). With these two polar bonds and a bent geometry, the water molecule is polar.
Correctly describe forms of matter.
-Both mixture and pure substances are forms of matter. and. -Mixtures can consist of any four phases of matter.
carbon monoxide.
-CO. produced by incomplete combustion of fuels such as gasoline, diesel an propane. -sometimes called "the silent killer" this gas prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen in the blood stream. -is produced through natural processes on earth as well as by humans.
Which of the following options correctly describe the chemical symbols for elements?
-Chemical symbols are also called atomic symbols. -Chemical symbols are abbreviations for elements named for properties, places, planets, and people.
Disadvantages of using ozone to disinfect water supplies?
-Cost. -Ozone decomposes quickly. -Low dose of chlorine must be added to ozonated water.
Match each metal ion to the correct Roman numeral that would be used when naming and ionic compound when appropriate. Fe^3+? Cr^2+? Zn^2+ ? Cu^+?
-Fe^3+ would =Roman numeral->(III) *Iron is a transitional metal with more than one oxidation state. The Roman numeral(III) indicates a +3 charge. -Cr^2+ would = (II) * Chromium is a transition metal with more than one oxidation state. The Roman numeral (II) Indicates a +2 charge. -Zn^2+ would = none * Zinc only forms one cation and therefore Roman numerals should not be used. -Cu^+ would = (I) * Copper is a transition metal with more than one oxidation state. The Roman numeral (I) indicates a +1 charge.
possible negative consequences of ocean acidification?
-Loss of a variety of marine species. -damage to coastlines. -damage to coral reefs from storms.
Chemical steps involving ozone production. 1.) Nitrogen meets with __________. 2.) The sunlight then splits the _________. 3.) Oxygen atoms produceds can react with ____________? 4. ) ___________ Is produced.
1.) Nitrogen meets with sun. 2.) Sun splits the bonds in NO2. 3. ) Oxygen produced reacts with oxygen molecules. 4.) Ozone is produced.
In fuel cells, hydrogen is used as the fuel in conjunction with oxygen; the reduction half-reaction is (cathode):
1/2 O2 (g) + 2H^+(aq) + 2e^= ----> H2O(g)
Each pH unit indicates a _______ -fold concentration difference in H+.
10-fold.
Match each region of the atmosphere correctly with the abundance of ozone.
100 O3 - troposphere. 12,000 03 - stratosphere.
The bond angle for a tetrahedral molecule (such as CH4) is equal to.
109.5 degrees.
Which of the following reflects the correct procedure to calculate the molar mass of CH2Cl2?
12.0 + 2(1.0) + 2(35.5)= 85.0 g/mol.
The majority of new smartphones being released have displays that are at least 5 inches in size. What is this size in centimeters? (There are 2.54 cm in one inch.)
12.7 cm
How many cm are in 0.129 m?
12.9 cm
The molar mass of CH2Cl2 is 85.0 g/mol, wile the molar mass of carbon is 12.0 g/mol. The percent of carbon in this compound is correctly expressed as
12.o g C/ 85.o g CH2Cl2 (X) by 100%
The molar mass of CH2Cl2 is 85.0 g/mol, wile the molar mass of carbon is 12.0 g/mol. The percent of carbon in this compound is correctly expressed as?
12.o g C————- x 100% 85.o g CH2Cl2
What is the mass of nitrogen in this quantity of nitric acid?
13m tons
The danger of sunburn is greatest when the UV index is equal to _______?
15.
Which of the following statements correctly describe UV radiation?1) Visible light is a form of radiation greater in energy than UV radiation2) UV radiation can cause biological damage3) All forms of UV radiation can break chemical bonds4) Photons of UV radiation can displace electrons from neutral molecules creating positively charged species
2, 4
identify the coefficients required to balance the chemical equation SO2 (g) + O2 (g)---> SO3 (g)
2---SO2. 1----O2. 2---SO3.
When a chemical bond between two atoms is formed by sharing a pair of electrons, it is called a/ an ____________?
Covalent bond.
First law of Thermodynamics? Energy can neither be ___________ or ___________?
Created nor destroyed.
The rate of electron flow in a cell, measure in amps, is called the cell __________?
Current.
Match the reaction that occurs in a typical lead-acid battery. Discharging=? Charging =?
Discharging= Pb and PbO2 are converted to PbSO4. Charging= PbSO4 is converted to Pb and PbO2.
An electric current is the movement of charged particles such as?
Electrons or ions.
Find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O.
46.07 g/mol.
a mixture is a
physical combo of two or more species.
