Chemistry

In 1930:

Bothe and Becker found new particles.

CaCO3

Calcium Carbonate

CaO

Calcium Oxide

Examples of Isotopes?

Carbon (12,13,14), Magnesium (24,25,26), Boron (10,11), Lead (206,207,208), Silver (107,109), Iron (54,56,57),Silicon (28,29,30)

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

CO3

Carbonate

Cl2

Chloride

Cr2O7

Dichromate

Nobles Gases

Noble Gases have full outer shells and are therefore not reactive.

H2O

Water

Mass numbers (20)

1,4,7,9,11,12,14,16,19,20,23,24,27,28,31,32,35,40,39,40

What are the maximum shell counts?

2,8,18,32,50

Formula for shell filling:

= 2 x (nxn) In this n is the number of atoms.

Name the groups on the periodic table in order:

Alkalli metals, Alkaline earth metals, rare earth elements and actinide elements, 4-12 are metals, 13-16 are metals and nonmetals, halogens, noble gases.

NH4

Ammonium

Define 'Atoms'

Atoms are tiny particles, the basic building blocks of the universe. They cannot be divided into smaller particles (that have the same properties of that element). They are made of protons,neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus in the centre of the element/atom. The electrons are located in rings/shells orbiting the nucleus. The number of protons in atom determine what element it is. Elements are variations of atoms. Protons are positively charged while Electrons are negatively charged. However, Neutrons have no charge and are neutral.

Define 'Isotope'

Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but with a different number of neutrons.

First 20 elements symbols

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

Define 'Half life'

Half life is the time it takes for half the radioisotopes to decay. Carbon dating uses this in its technique.

HCl

Hydrochloric Acid

HCO3

Hydrogen Carbonate

HNO3

Hydrogen Nitrate

HSO4

Hydrogen Sulfate

The first 20 elements?

Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon potassium calcium

OH

Hydroxide

NaOH

Sodium Hydroxide

Anything ending in -ide is an __

Ion

In 1897:

J.J Thompson theorizes electrons

In 1932:

James Chadwick discovers Neutrons.

In 1803:

John Dalton theorised atoms.

Mn

Manganese

In 1903:

Marie Curie studies radioactivity

Hg

Mercury

N2

Nitrate

O2

Oxide

MnO4

Permanganate

PO4

Phosphate

PO3

Phosphite

Define 'Ion'

Positively or negatively charged atom

How do you calculate RAM?

RAM = (% x Mass number for isotope) x (% x Mass number for another isotope) ......

What is RAM?

RAM is the Relative Atomic Mass.

Define 'Radioactive elements'

Radioactive elements are unstable and break down/decay.

In 1911:

Rutherford, particles fired at gold foil. He theorised that atoms are mostly made up of empty space.

SO4

Sulfate

H2SO4

Sulfuric Acid

Alkali Metals

The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known as group IA), are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature.

Alkaline Earth Metals

The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature.

The Relative Atomic Mass of an element is....

The average mass of its atoms

Halogens

The halogens are located on the left of the noble gases on the periodic table. These five toxic, non-metallic elements make up Group 17 of the periodic table and consist of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Although astatine is radioactive and only has short-lived isotopes, it behaves similar to iodine and is often included in the halogen group. Because the halogen elements have seven valence electrons, they only require one additional electron to form a full octet. This characteristic makes them more reactive than other non-metal groups.

Define 'Mass Number'

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

Define 'atomic number'

The number of protons in each atom, defines what element it is, the first 20 are 1,2,3,4,5....,

Define 'Electron Configuration'

The way the electrons are arranged in shells outside the nucleus

NH3

ammonia

In a balanced atom the number of electrons equals the?

number of protons

Cations are ____ Anions are ______

positive, negative

When writing compounds always write the _____ at the front/first.

the metal at the front/first.