Chemistry Ch. 6

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what is apparent charge on the chlorine atom in the molecule HCl

+1

bond energy is the energy

change as atoms get closer together

the fact that metals are malleable and ionic crystals are brittle is best explained in terms of their

chemical bonds

dipole

created by equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short distance

if two covalently bonded atoms move closer than a distance of the bond length, the PE of the atoms

decreases

in general as you move from RIGHT to LEFT across any row of the periodic table, the strength of a metallic bond

decreases

you can estimate the degree to which a bond between two atoms is ionic or covalent by calculating

difference in the atoms' electronegativities

chemical bonding in metals is

different from ionic or covalent bonding

amount of energy required to boil a liquid is

directly related to the energy required to break the inter molecular bonds -bond break when going into gas into individual atoms from liquid form

the measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons is its

electronegativity

ionic bond

electrostatic attraction between anions and cations ex: Na-Cl

type of energy that is a measure of strength for a metallic bond

enthalpy of vaporization

compared with solid ionic compounds, solid molecular compounds generally

have lower melting points

atoms with a strong attraction for electrons they share with another atom exhibit

high electronegativity

in general, the strength of the metallic bond___ moving from left to right on any row of the periodic table

increases

the greater the electronegativity difference between two atoms bonded together the greater the bond's percentage of

ionic character

how to find a pair of elements that will most likely have the GREATEST ionic character

largest subtract smallest (3.0 - .8 = 2.2

type of energy that is a measure of strength for an ionic bond

lattice energy

which of the following is the result of visible light absorbed by a metal

light at frequency similar to the absorbed frequency is emitted

the shape of molecules that contain ONLY 2 atoms is

linear, 180

which are the intermolecular forces that can act between non-polar molecules

london dispersion forces

compared with the neutral atoms involved in the formation of an ionic compound, the crystal lattice that results in

lower PE

mobile electrons in the metallic bond are responsible for

luster, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity

the valence electrons in a metallic bond

move freely throughout the network of metal atoms

atoms that are bonded with an electronegativity difference of 0-0.3 are generally considered to be

nonpolar-covalent compounds

a chemical bond between atoms results from the attraction between the valence electrons and ____ of different atoms

nuclei

within a metal, the vacant orbitals in the atoms' outer energy levels

overlap

the VSEPR theory

predicts the shape of some molecules and assumes that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other

when an atom completely gives up its valence electrons to another atoms, they form a bond considered to be

purely ionic (atom that gives up valence electrons becomes a cation, the atom that gains the electrons becomes an anion, thus there is an ionic attraction between the two)

In metals, the valence electrons are considered to be

shared by all surrounding atoms

how to find a pair of elements that will most likely have the LEAST ionic character

take the two biggest, and subtract (3.5-3.0=.5)

which of these is responsible for the good electrical conductivity of metals

the ability of electrons to move freely about the crystal structure

nonpolar covalent bond

the electrons between two bonded atoms is equal, 0-0.3 -ex: H-H

polar covalent bond

the electrons between two bonded atoms is unequal, one atom is pulling harder on the atom that the other, hogging -ex: H-O-H

In a crystal of sodium chloride, how many oppositely-charged ions does each Na- and Cl- ion have clustered around it

6

a covalent bond consists of

a shared electron pair

as light strikes the surface of a metal, the electrons in the electron sea

absorb and re-emit light

in a crystal of an ionic compound, each cation is surrounded by a # of

anions (in order to be neutral)

atoms seldom exist as independent particles in nature because

atoms are more stable when they combine with other atoms

the lewis structure of which of the following compounds does not follow the octet rule

BF3

Strongest to weakest bonds

Covalent Ionic metallic Hydrogen dipole-dipole induced dipole London Dispersion

non polar covalent bond (EN)

EN= 0 -.3

polar covalent bond (EN)

EN= 0.3 - 1.7

Ionic bond (EN)

EN= > 1.7

dipole-dipole forces

attraction between polar molecules -like magnets -ex:I-Cl I-Cl ^ attraction between the S- and S+ sides

type of energy that is a measure of strength for a covalent bond

bond energy

to draw a lewis structure, it is not necessary to know

the length of the bonds

bond length between two bonded atoms is

the separation at which their PE is minimum

what is the relationship between the enthalpy of vaporization of a metal and the strength of the bonds that hold the metal together

the stronger the bond, the higher the heat/ energy required to vaporize the metal.

a single covalent bond involves the sharing of

two electrons

induced dipole

when a nonpolar molecule and polar molecule come together, the nonpolar molecule becomes polar for a bit


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