Chemistry Chapter 13 Test

1 mole nonelectrolyte solute is disolved in 1 kg of water, the freezing point of a solution is ____

-1.86 C

for any concentration of nonelectrolyte solute in water the degree of the freezing point can be estimated by using the value of

-1.86 C/m

the boiling point elevation of a 1 molal solution of any nonelectroluye solute in water

0.51 C

molal boiling point constant for water

0.51C/m

the freezing point of 1m solution of any nonelectrolye solute in water is found to be

1.86 C lower than freezing point of water

delta tf

C degrees

Kf

C/m

the boiling/freezing point of a solution differ from those of

a pure solvent

concentrated and dilute solutions differ in the

amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent

delta tb = kbm

boiling point elevation

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the prevailing atmospheric pressure

boiling point of a liquid

boiling point of a solution is higher than

boiling point of the pure solvent

changes in boiling point and freezing point depend of the concentration of solute and therefor are

colligative properties

because osmotic pressure is dependent on solute particles and not on the type of solute particles, it is a

colligative property

the difference between the boiling points of the pure solvent and a nonlectrolye solutions of that solvent, and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution

delta tb

freezing point depression equation

delta tf = Kfm

freezing and boiling point values are more accurate for

dilute solutions

the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolved

dissociation

CaCl2(s)--H2O-->Ca2+)aq)+2Cl-(aq)

dissociation of calcium chloride

NaCl(s)---H2O-->Na+(aq)+CL-(aq)

dissociation of sodium chloride

some molecular compounds form aqueous solutions that contain not only _____ but also some dissolved molecules that are not ionized

dissolved ions

substances that yields ions and conduct an electric current in solution

electrolyte

the difference between the freezing point of the pure solvent and a solution of a nonelectrolyte in that solvent, and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution

freezing point depression

like ions in a aqueous solution, the ions formed by a molecular solute are

hydrated

the energy released as heat during the ---- of the ions provides the energy needed to break the covalent bonds

hydration

many molecular compounds contain

hydrogen atom bonded by a polar covalent bond

H3O+

hydronium ion

compounds of very low solubility can be considered _______

insoluble

solubility: most carbonates, phosphates, and silicates (expect sodium potassium and ammonium)

insoluble

solubility: sulfides (except calcium, strontium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium)

insoluble

dissociation equations cannot be written for _____

insoluble compounds

in a ____ solid, a crystal structure is made up of charged particles help together by ionic attractions

ionic

ions are formed from solute molecules by the actions of the solvent in a process called (creation of ions when there were none)

ionization

when a compound that is made of ions dissolves in water, the ____ separate from one another

ions

when a molecular compound dissolves and ionizes in a polar solvent, ____ are formed where none existed in the undissolved compound

ions

because vapor pressure lowering depends on the concentraion of a nonelectrolye solute and is independent of solute identity, ___

it is a colligative property

lowering vapor pressure =

lowers freezing point and raises boiling point

m

mol solute/kg solvent

the freezing point depression of the solvent in a 1-molal solutions of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolye solute

molal freezing point constant (Kf)

in a ____ solid, molecules are composed of covalently bonded ions

molecular

some _____ can also form ions in solution (usually polar)

molecular compounds

includes only those compounds and ions that undergo a chemical change in a reaction in an aqueous solution

net ionic equation

reactions of ions in an aqueous solution are usually represented by _____ rather than formula equations

net ionic equations

____ of the same molality have the same concentration of particles

nonelectrolyte solutions

substances that do not yield ions and do not conduct an electric current in solution

nonelectrolytes

the vapor pressure of a solvent containing a _______ is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at the same temperature

nonvolatile solute

substance that has little tendency to become a gas under existing conditions

nonvolatile substance

occurs whenever two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane

osmosis

the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis

osmotic pressure

the movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher solute concentration

ososis

if the mixing results in a combination of ions that forms an insoluble compound, a double replacement reaction and _______ will occur

percipitation

occurs when the attraction between the ions is greater than the attraction between the ions and surrounding water molecules

percipitation

vapor pressure of a solution is less than the vapor pressure of

pure water

allows the passage of some particles while blocking the passage of others

semi permeable membrane

when an ionic compound dissolves, the ions that were already present ____ from one another

separate

to decide whether a precipitate can form, you must know the ____ of these two compounds

solubility

solubility: chlorides (not including silver, mercury (i), and lead)

soluble

solubility: nitrates, acetates, and chlorates

soluble

solubility: sulfates (execpt barium, strontium, lead, calcium, and mercury)

soluble

solubility: lead (ii) chloride

soluble in hot water

solubility: sodium, potassium, and ammonium compounds

soluble in water

ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in solution both before and after the reaction

spectator ions

any compound whose dilute aqueous solutions conduct electricity well; this is ue to the presence of all or almost all of the dissolved compoind in the form of ions

strong electolyte

acids, soluble ionic compounds

strong electrolytes

if the strength of the bond within the solute molecule is weaker than the attractive forces of the covalent molecules, ______

the covalent bond of the solute breaks and the molecule is separated into ions

strong and weak acids differ in

the degree of ionization of dissociation

the greater the concentration of a solution,

the greater the osmotic pressure of the solution

molal boiling point constant (kb)

the point point elevation of the solvent in a 1-molal solutions of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute

as the number of solte particles increases in a given volume of solutions

the proportion of solvent (water) molecules decreases

the extent to which a solute ionizes in a solution depends on

the strength of the bonds within the molecules of the solute and the strength of attraction between the solute and solvent molecules

the strength of which substances conduct an electric current is related to

their ability to form ions in solution

the changes in colligative properties caused by electrolytes will be proportional

to the total molality of all dissolved particles

any compound whose dilute aqueous solutions conduct electricity poorly; this is due to the presence of a small amount of the dissolved compound in the form of ions

weak electrolyte

distinguishing feature of strong electrolytes

whatever extend they dissolve in water, they yield only ions