Child Development 125 Quiz #1 Study Guide

Self-fulfilling propjecy

"Children will become what we expect them to become.

Temperaments

"Flexible, Fearful, Feisty" Easy, Slow to Warm Up, Difficult Thomas & Chess Implications Goodness of Fit

cephalocaudal

(head to toe)

Experimental

(of a new invention or product) based on untested ideas or techniques and not yet established or finalized.

Carol Gilligan "morality of care" in females: more nurturing, compassionate "morality of justice" in males Emphasize justice over compassion, judging right and wrong in absolute terms Social theorists: The importance of social environment People you are with can change your mind Learned behavior can be modified Movie: Kohlberg believes that why the decisions were made is more important then what the decisions was

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3rd Trimester 7-9 mos. Weight gain: starts at 2 lbs - 7 ½ lbs @ birth Sensory capacities of the fetus include: Motion: senses change in mother's posture Vision: only partial, a glow Sound: uterus a noisy place Fetal learning Heartbeat: in nursery Teddy bear/heart beat Other sounds on tape Research: reading by mothers to unborn child the last 6 weeks of pregnancy Article: Prenatal devices

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Steps of Scientific Method

1. Formulate a question-identify a problem 2. Develop a hypothesis What is a hypothesis? 3. Test the hypothesis - collect the data 4. Draw conclusions - analyze statistics 5. Make findings available - make public

Creativity & Cognitive Development

Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Closed ended activities Open-ended activities Product vs Process

Brain Development

75% of adult brain weight by 2 yrs. 90% by 5 yrs. Myelination: an insulating sheathing which speeds the transmission of nerve impulses Helps a child think and react faster Hemispheres: Left side controls the right side, Right side controls left Left hemisphere: logic, analysis, language (speech) Right hemisphere: emotional and creative (music and art) Corpus callosum: connects right/left hemispheres Lateralization: Each side specializes for certain functions Crossing the Midline

Correlational

A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.

Learning Disabilities Definition: failing in a cognitive skill Dyslexia: disability in reading, the most common Dyscalculia: math Dysgraphia: difficulty in printing and handwriting What causes learning disabilities? No simple answer

ADD: attention-deficit disorder ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Appears early in life See Appendix A-10 in text categories A-D 2/3 of time misdiagnosed For classification as ADHD must meet all 4 criteria and have 6 or more of the symptoms in the categories of: inattention, hyperactivity or impulsivity ADD or ADHD easily distractible Because many of these symptoms alone appear normal Cartoon

PKU

Abnormal digestion of protein Blood test: heel of newborn within 3 days (law) Without change in diet: mental retardation and hyperactivity Tay-Sachs

Injury Control/harm Reduction

Accident prevention Definition: anticipating, controlling and preventing dangerous activities Primary prevention Actions to prevent Secondary prevention Actions that avert Tertiary prevention Actions taken after Example: swimming pool

Injuries and Death

Accidents: the most common cause of childhood death Deadly poison: drinking, sniffing, ++vitamins Fire burns: more than 80% of body Falls: that shatter the skull Playground safety Choking-Small objects: "toilet roll rule" Drowning: toilets, bathtub, bucket of water leading cause of death 1-4yr in U.S./ swimming pools

Reaction formation

Acting the opposite of how you really feel

Cognitive Development Piaget: Formal Operations 12 yrs. on Differs from middle childhood (concrete operations) in 3 important ways: Abstract thought (think about possibilities) Form Hypothesis: use scientific reason Can hold several ideas in mind at once Can plan ahead but doesn't mean they do it Solve problems systematically i.e. 20 questions

Adolescent Ego Centrism Piaget calls it ego centrism of formal operations Believe others think the same way they do and are startled to discover others do not share some of their ideas May become self righteous or intolerant of opposing opinions

Sickle Cell

Affects more African American Can be fatal Treatable with drugs

More Teratogens

Alcohol: most commonly abused drug Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 3+ drinks daily or binge drinking of 5+ on one occasion Growth retardation, brain damage Facial abnormalities: thin top lip, flat nose, small head In previous years a little alcohol ok, now none is recommended Tobacco, cigarettes, nicotine Lowered birth weight In some cases spontaneous abortion or death in uterus Article re: fertility and passive smoke TV Commercials

Chorionic Villi Sampling: Done earlier, 10th week Sample of placental tissue that surrounds the fetus is analyzed Trans abdominally, or thru the vagina, cervix (take a snip) Advantage: get the sampling earlier Disadvantage: higher risk to have a spontaneous abortion, less accurate than an amniocentesis Sonogram/Ultrasound Scanning the uterus w/high frequency sound waves Replaced need for x-rays, no known risks Controversy: now a business in stores

Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay (screening) A sample of the mothers blood Looking for level of alpha-fetoprotein Useful for neural tube defects & Downs Syndrome Usually done 16-18 weeks for accuracy Some false positives and if so will do other tests Pre-implantation testing When conception occurs in vitro Sperm is added to the ova that has been surgically removed and at the 4-8 cell stage one cell can be removed from the zygote for testing If no defect found the remaining cells can be inserted into the uterus

Fine motor skills Hands and fingers Examples Factors that influence both motor skills Genetics Nutrition Experience And social pressure Preschool Obs. Pictures: Exercise on physical

Androgyny Definition: Both male and female psychological characteristics William's Doll

Erickson Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Anger and aggression Biting Physical Punishment Fears

Stressful birth

Anoxia Lack of oxygen in utero or birth canal Cerebral Palsy Results from brain damage to the brain's motor centers Genetic vulnerability worsened by teratogens Breech Birth Anything but head first

Common Teratogens

Antibiotics No damage to mother but to the child Tetracycline: effects bone tissue and enamel of teeth Thalidomide For "morning sickness" resulted in deformed limbs Alerted the medical field to the fact that the placenta didn't completely protect the fetus Other prescription and non prescription drugs: less clear evidence but have been linked to birth defects Aspirin, antacids, mega doses of Vitamin A (cleft palate) and Vitamin D (mental retardation)

Baby is Born!

Apgar: to assess the physical condition of the newborn Receive a score of 0-2 for each of 5 responses A Appearance Skin color P Pulse Heart rate G Grimace Reflex Irritability A Activity Muscle tone R Respiration Breathing

Ethical Issues

Articles: "Sperm left in dispute", "Baby making", "A patent on genes", "Testing for insurance" Surrogate parenthood Cloning Selective abortion Sex selection in vitro Donor sperm/eggs International adoption Embryo adoption Older mothers

Brain Development

At birth brain is 25% of adult weight At 2 yrs. it is 75% of adult weight Importance of stimulating children Windows of Opportunity Shaping Youngest Minds (video)

Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

Authoritarian Power kept by parent Over Permissiveness Power given away Authoritative Power shared Choices within parents limits Neglectful/Uninvolved They seem not to care

Bandura: Social learning (Modeling & Imitation)

Bandura: also a behaviorist Emphasis on modeling/imitation Observational learning Symbolic models: TV. books Modeling people we admire or are powerful Courtney: toilet training Del Mar example Pro-social behavior: sharing, cooperating, etc. Practice what you preach: if the adult shares so will the child Self efficacy: belief that one succeeds because of one's own ability

SES: social economic status

Based on income, education and occupation

Behavorist/Learning Theories: What are they interested in?

Behaviorists: not stage theories Interested in what people do, the observable Learning is caused by the environment Learning process is called conditioning Two basic ways conditioning occurs Classical: forming associations between 2 things: stimulus and response Operant: by reinforcing

3 domans of development biopsychosocial

Biosocial: the body Cognitive: the mind Psychosocial: emotions and social

Birthing centers

Birthing Centers Bradley Method - without anesthesia Hypnosis Midwives Gained experience thru apprenticeship Doula Woman helps w/birth and newborn care Different Positions Birthing chair Lying down, sitting up, squatting etc.

Bonding after Birth

Bonding not crucial the first moments as popularized With animals early contact is crucial Eye contact is the single most important thing for bonding What about children born blind?

Binocular vision Stereoscopic vision 3D Visual cliff Sensation and perception intermodal perception: the ability to coordinate the perceptions of 2 different activities

Bone Development Fontenelles Ossification Teeth

Nutrition

Breast feeding Benefits? How long? Bottle fed babies Baby bottle mouth

Other Benefits of Play

Catharsis Working through emotional problems physically Coping with their fears Principal fear is monsters Book: There's a nightmare in my closet And the dark

Infant Physical Development

Cephalo-caudal Proximo-distal Maturation Colic and colicky babies Average crying 90 min a day, w/colic: 3-4 hours

Birth

Cesarean Section: C-section Operation that cuts thru the uterus to extract the baby Controversy

Sensorimotor

Child learns through senses and motor abilities Object Permanence: 6-18 mos. Before 6 mos. out of sight, out of mind 6 -18mos. realizes something exists even when not seen Example: Peek a Boo Person Permanence: 6-18 mos. Baby cries when mother is out of sight or leaves

Genes: The basic unit for the transmission of heredity instructions DNA: Molecules containing genetic information Chromosomes: Carriers of genes that carry all our genetic instructions Humans have 46 or 23 pairs Half from our mother and half from our father Any given father and mother can form over 64 trillion genetically different offspring

Chromosomes: 46 or 23 pairs Of the 23 pairs 22 pairs are called autosomes 1 pair (23rd pair) which determines sex, the reproductive cells, are called gametes Ovum: female sex cell XX Ovaries contain all the eggs available before birth Sperm: male sex cell XY Sperm is produced in the testicles throughout life

Still more

Cocaine and Marijuana Can cause premature labor Newborns can be very nervous and irritable with crack maternal feeling disappear DES: given to prevent miscarriages in 1945-1970 Young adults whose mother had taken the drug developed abnormalities of the reproductive system -higher risk of uterine cancer and inability to have children Men: genital abnormalities, cancer of testes Birth Control Pills Stop taking prior to getting pregnant, allow about 3 months

Cohort-sequential designs

Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal

Concrete Operations

Concrete Operations 7-11 yrs. Able to think logically if concrete Need to work with hands on experiences

Information Processing Selective attention Styles of problem solving Impulsive Reflective Memory Skills/Storage Strategies Rehearsal: repeating information Organization: categories Elaboration: visual images or verbal reminder Mnemonic device

Concrete ways of learning: Examples: punctuation Memory: Short term Long term Retrieval strategies Recall Recognition

Continuity/discontinuity

Continuity: Seedling to tree Discontinuity: Caterpillar to butterfly

Critical & Sensitive Periods

Critical: Thalidomide Sensitive: Language

Level III Post Conventional Early adolescents, young adults or never Stage 5 Social Contract Rules exist to benefit all If rules are not right, I'll try and change it Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principles People do what they as individuals think is right in accordance with their internalized standards Exercise on Cheating!

Critics of Kohlberg say His methods are flawed Assumed moral development sequential when in fact people progress or regress His hierarchy is biased in favor to Western elites But cultural differences affect moral judgments Religious faith etc He ignores the moral development of women Used only boys in research

Language

Cry Cooing Babbling Expressive jargon

Child Maltreatment

Definition: intentional harm or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 yrs of age Child Neglect 2x as common as physical abuse What would you consider neglect? Law: maltreatment of child's health & welfare Shelter, clothing, food, education, medical

Infant Reflexes

Definition: predictable involuntary inborn responses to stimulus Critical for survival Critical for survival Breathing Feeding Body temperature Crying etc Importance of reflexes Studied to tell if newborn is neurologically healthy Other reflexes/handout/show on screen/or share In text page 117-118 except for tonic neck

Double-blind

Denoting a test or trial, especially of a drug, in which any information that may influence the behavior of the tester or the subject is withheld until after the test.

Trust vs Mistrust

Developing a trusting relationship

Difference/deficit-error

Difference: a point or way in which people or things are not the same. Deficit Error: the mistaked belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard

Cross-sectional

Different subjects of different ages at the same point in time

Causes of Obesity Inherited tendency and the environment Environment: Lack of exercise Articles: fitness, biking Poor food quality (First 5 TV commercial) TV (2 or more hours of TV a day) Cultural values: family celebrations around food

Dr Tim Lohman Obesity is developmental Both total fatness and distribution of fat are related to health, heart disease, diabetes and cancer Need for health and physical related fitness which emphasizes: Fun, Physical activity, Life time sports Non-competitiveness List ideas!

Play is the work of the child

Dramatic Play Try out and rehearse roles Fantasy Creativity, problem solving, pretend Super Heroes Why? Imaginary Friends: common age 3-7 yr. olds Normal: 15-20%

Infant StatesHow a baby spends its day

Drowsiness Active Sleep (REM: rapid eye movement) Quiet Sleep (non-REM) slow wave sleep Alert Wakefulness or Quiet Alert Most important time for learning Only 10% of day Fussiness Crying

Stage theory Stage theorists

Each level qualitatively different with a different focus of behavior The stages are orderly, sequential, predictable They don't skip but the rate may vary so we say "typically at this time/age" Freud is a stage theorist

What is Urie Bronfenbrnner's ecological-systems approach?

Ecological-systems approach

Limitations of thinking

Egocentrism: think the world revolves around them, unable to take another's point of view Centration: focus on only one aspect of an idea or situation Lack of Conservation Skills: The idea that an amount is unaffected by changes in its shape or placement Irreversibility of thought: can't run their memory in reverse Artificialism: everything in nature is man made Animism: giving life to inanimate objects Classification: putting objects in groups or categories by attributes Non-identical items Class inclusion: to compare a subject of objects with some large more inclusive set Dogs and cats are part of a set of pets or animals

Middle Childhood 7-11yrs Physical Development: Proportional changes: face Muscles stronger- throw a ball farther Lung capacity increases-run faster Height & Weight 6yrs:4ft 50lbs,10yrs: 41/2 ft 70lbs Vision: before, after 6 yrs. Brain: By 7 yrs. adult weight Reaction time: time it takes to respond to a stimulus Reason? Brain maturation and myelination

Elkind: Miseducation: Preschoolers at Risk Gymnastics, tap dancing, "Soccer" (article) What about organized sports? Benefits and drawbacks- Dodge Ball: article Cage Fighting Teeth: tooth decay, most widespread health problem Physical growth: nutrition, genetics, exercise Health Middle childhood is the healthiest Vaccinations/immunizations (articles)

Altruism Prosocial behavior Normative altruism: nice to you, nice to me Autonomous altruism: nice to be nice Sharing: learned behavior Emotional Regulation The limbic system matures from 2-6 yrs aiding emotional expression and control Internalizing and Externalizing problems

Empathy: ability to understand emotions of others Antipathy: feelings of dislike or hatred Dependency: Adult (typical 3's) and peer by 5 yrs old) Aggression Hostile or Reactive Instrumental aggression: a means to an end Physical aggression Verbal or Relational aggression Direct aggression or Bullying Indirect aggression

Locke: "tabula rasa"

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) State of Nature: Men are born "blank"; the

Erikson's Stages

Erikson (Psychosocial) Life Stages A particular challenge or developmental crisis Trust vs Mistrust birth-18 mos. infant Developing a trusting relationship Autonomy vs Shame/doubt 18 mos-3 yrs toddler I can do things by myself Initiative vs Guilt 3-6 yrs preschooler I have good ideas and I can act on them Industry vs Inferiority 6-11 yrs middle childhood I want to be good at something Identity vs Role Confusion 12-19yrs Who am I? puberty to young adult Intimacy vs Isolation 19-25 yrs young adult I can honestly share myself w/someone Generativity vs Stagnation 25-50yrs middle adult I have created something to pass on Integrity vs Despair 50+ late adulthood I have lived a productive and worthwhile life

Peer Groups Function of the peer group: protects against identity confusion Clique 3-7 people who hang around together Crowds 15-30, bigger group with same interests They become definitions in high school Activity: popular, academic, delinquent

Erikson: Intimacy vs Isolation 19-25 yrs Commitment to a particular person Sex without commitment Serial monogamy Love and sex with adolescents Males: interested in the erotic Females: interested in the romantic cartoon

Factors that appear to account for marked increases in memory performances between preschool and middle childhood Increase in memory capacity Have developed strategies for remembering An increase in knowledge base Metacognition: thinking about one's thoughts

Evaluating Individual Differences Achievement Tests Given routinely in schools, mandated in U.S. by federal law "No Child Left Behind" Tells what the child knows, mastered etc. Usually in reading and math Aptitude Tests To measure potential, capacity to learn Example: IQ test

Plasticity

Every individual and every trait with in each individual can be altered at any point in the life span. Change is possible but always connected to earlier growth

Right and Left Handedness Before 3yrs. use both hands, 5yrs. 90% established Genetic or learned? Advantages Academically gifted, musicians, U.S. Presidents Disadvantages: live in right-handed world More schizophrenia, dyslexic, accident prone Cultures Asian and African

Eyes Farsighted Ears Lots of ear infections Teeth Asynchronous growth

Tay-Sachs

Fatal brain damage 3-5 yrs Greater risk of Jewish ancestry Detection through blood test Now fewer Jewish infants and 5x as many non-Jewish

Visual Development

Focal distance Fixed focus Shape and pattern preference Colors Eye contact

Methods to ease delivery

Forceps "tongs" Vacuum Extractor Suction cup that fits over the top of babies head "mushroom" Epidural: Deadens the entire abdominal area Saddle Block: enters the cerebral spinal fluid Numbs navel to toes

Formal Operations

Formal Operations 11 yrs on Child can think in the abstract Child can do hypothetical reasoning Example: game of 20 questions

"Heredity sets the potential for human development, environment shapes that potential." What does that mean? Multiple Births Identical or monozygotic twins In 1/250 conceptions cells not only duplicate but can split completely apart, creating 2,4 or even 8 identical separate zygotes Usually occurs during the first day or so They have the same identical genetic makeup

Fraternal or dizygotic twins Genetically like brothers or sisters, 2 eggs, 2 sperms Result of extra egg releasing Twins: genetic or coincidence?

Psychosocial Development

Freud Oral Anal Toilet training

Physical Development The bio-social-behavioral shift Bio: biological changes of puberty Social: change in peer group focus Behavioral: relations with parent change Middle childhood: the calm before the storm G. Stanley Hall: Time of storm and stress

Freud: Genital Stage Sexuality expressed with contemporaries Reaction Formation: Puberty Period of rapid physical growth and sexual changes Children's bodies become adult-like Begins with signal from the hypothalamus Girls: 9 yrs old, Boys: 9 ½ yrs old Timing depends on Gender: girls about 2 yrs ahead of boys in height Genes: age of menarche mother/daughter correlates Weight: body fat hastens adolescence (obesity/earlier periods) Stress: may affect hormone production earlier Females: release of estrogen and progesterone which triggers the release of eggs Males: testosterone is released so manufacture of sperm Note: both males and females have testosterone Primary sex characteristics: That which makes sexual reproduction possible In females: ovaries enlarge, uterus grows, lining of vagina thickens In males: testes grow, penis lengthens, scrotum enlarges Females: Menarche (first menstrual period) average 12 ½ yrs Males: Spermarche (first ejaculation of sperm) average 13 yrs Nocturnal emissions Masturbation Sexual intercourse

Psychosocial Development

Freud: Psychosexual theory Phallic Stage 3-6 yrs Oedipal complex and Electra complex Identification with same sex parent by 5 or 6 yrs. Erikson: Psychosocial theory Initiative vs Guilt Parents role is: Temper inappropriate ideas and redirect Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Bullies/bullying Bullies: inflict harm on another child through physical, verbal or social attacks What's to be done? Boys: How do they bully? Yes, often above average in size Girls: How do they bully? Yes, above average in verbal assertiveness Bullies feel more powerful by bullying others Consider it a sign of strength Sometimes more popular but not happy What we all want is to be accepted and to belong

Games with Rules: By 7 and 8 roles and imaginary situations fade and games with rules come into prominence Rules are agreed on ahead of time by the participants To change without common consent is "cheating" Rule based games enable children to get along with other in the absence of adult authority and to help them develop an understand about the structure of social rules. Piaget: its permissible to change rules with the majority consent.

Cell Duplication- different processes Mitosis: duplication of all body cells Meiosis: duplication of sex cells Fertilization: Usually takes place in the Fallopian tube and usually occurs 48 hours after intercourse Fertilized egg now called a Zygote Only 1 sperm can fertilize the egg

Genotype: entire genetic make up Phenotype: observable characteristics, all the genetic traits including physical & behavioral tendencies expressed in a person Carrier: recessive gene as part of their genotype but it doesn't show up in the phenotype

Regression

Going back to an earlier stage

Motor Development

Gross motor: arms and legs Running Pumping at 5 yrs. Jumping Hopping Galloping Skipping Catching Throwing Examples: Pictures

Motor Development

Gross motor: legs and arms -milestones: roll over (2-4 mo.) sit up (5-7mo.) crawl (8-10 mo.) walk (12-14 mo.) Crawling and it's importance Fine Motor: hands and fingers examples

Asynchronous

Growth at varying rates

Early and Late maturation Early maturing females and late maturing males are the most likely to have problems Early maturing females Why? Late maturing males Why? What about early maturing males makes it a positive? Could there be a negative? Body Image: Traits most wanted by women Traits most wanted by men Implications for adults

Growth spurt, body image equals dangerous dieting and eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa - most serious Self starvation Bulimia: binging and purging Compulsive Overeating: binge-eating disorder More prevalent than anorexia or bulimia Exercise bulimia Obsessive life threatening level of exercise

Guided participation

Guided participation: a learning process Acquiring knowledge and capabilities valued by the culture

Learning

Habituation: simplest form of learning Affordances Gibson research

Skin Vernix caseosa Lanugo Touch Pain circumcision

Hearing Otis media Synchrony/interactional synchrony: infant moves to the voice of the caregiver Smell Taste

MOREEE

Heroin Babies born addicted Many die of withdrawal symptoms if don't receive drug, methadone Pregnant mother can't stop "cold turkey" If baby born with a positive tox screen there is an automatic referral to foster care until the parent is negative Cocaine: any use, the major concern is language development Marijuana With heavy use newborns have a high pitched cry denoting brain damage With light use no proven long term effects at this time They have identified 400 different carcinogens in one joint

Receptive Language Expressive language First Words About 12 months Label things

Holophrase Under extension Over extension Telegraphic Speech

Prevention Strategies

Hot Lines Respite Centers Parent Aides Parent Education

Code Switching Ability to change one's speech from one form to another (formal to informal) Formal-elaborated code Extensive vocabulary For professional and college work (classroom) Informal -restricted code Slang used with friends Both types of communication have their place because language is a tool for communication

How should children learn language Reading Phonics: sounding out the letters in a word Whole language: talking, listening, reading, writing Both have merit Math Traditionally by rote Learning a second language: best time early childhood Total immersion: put non-English in English only classes ESL: teacher and student talk only in English Reverse immersion: instruction in native language first then later in English Bi-lingual: use native language and English

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

I can do things by myself

Intimacy vs Isolation

I can honestly share myself w/someone

Initiative vs Guilt

I have good ideas and I can act on them

Industry vs Inferiority

I want to be good at something

Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget

I. Sensorimotor B-2 yrs. Scheme Assimilation Accommodation

Ages & Milestones of Piaget's Stages

I. Sensorimotor birth-2 yrs. Child learns through senses and motor abilities Object Permanence: 6-18 mos. Before 6 mos. out of sight, out of mind 6 -18mos. realizes something exists even when not seen Example: Peek a Boo Person Permanence: 6-18 mos. Baby cries when mother is out of sight or leaves II. Preoperational 2-6 yrs. Symbolic thinking Ability to pretend Examples: playdo=snake, legos=guns etc Language Big jump in vocabulary Letters start to have meaning III. Concrete Operations 7-11 yrs. Able to think logically if concrete Need to work with hands on experiences IV. Formal Operations 11 yrs on Child can think in the abstract Child can do hypothetical reasoning Example: game of 20 questions

I. Germinal Period: first 2 wks or 14 days Egg and sperm unite usually in the Fallopian tube and form zygote A time of rapid cell division Morula: a solid ball of cells Blastocyst: *differentiation of the cells Trophoblast: outer cells (placenta, amniotic sac, chorion, umbilical cord) Embryo: inner cells Implantation about the 7-10th day Timing is crucial 60% do not implant (70% don't implant in vitro)

II. Embryonic Period: 3-8 wks Formation of 3 layers of key body systems Ectoderm (outer layer) skin, lens of eye and central nervous system ( brain, spinal cord, nerves) Mesoderm (middle layer) muscles, bones, circulatory, Endoderm (inner layer) digestive and respiratory systems Critical period Most serious damage by teratogens All basic organs are formed except the sex organs Cartoon Extra support systems are also developing Placenta, chorion, umbilical cord, amniotic sac

IQ testing Controversy What test does tell us How well a child is likely to do in an academic setting Talent for school work Knowledge of vocabulary What test doesn't tell us Person's general ability Creativity Ability to diagnose a problem

IQ test To predict school achievement Diagnose learning problems Average IQ is 85-115 gifted above 130 Stanford Binet First used in the military to distinguish rank WISC: used with school children Sex Differences: boys and girls average the same but Boys score higher in spatial problems and math Girls score higher on words and language

Id Ego Superego

Id "me oriented" (unconscious drives) Ego "adult" (the conscious self) Superego "parent" (the moral ideal)

David Elkind Elkind: ego centrism, preoccupation with themselves Imaginary Audience Act as if playing to an imaginary audience Invincibility Fable Not subject to the limitations of ordinary mortals Personal Fable Destined for great fame and fortune and accomplishments To have a unique, heroic or legendary life

Identity Development of Identity Who am I? What am I comfortable with? How would you identify yourself? 15-22 yr. olds are searching for an identity If they don't work on their identity now they will in their 30's or 40's "Midlife Crisis" How would you identify yourself? Write down 3 words that describe yourself

ART: assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Sperm is injected into the cervix

In Vitro fertilization: fertilization done in a lab The egg is surgically removed, mixed w/sperm in the lab dish Viable zygotes are transferred into the uterus w/in 2-3 days. As many as 6 embryos are transferred 25-30% success Blastocyst transfer Same as above except after fertilization wait 4-5 days Only 1 or 2 embryos are transferred 50-60% success

More multifactorial Shyness Genetic yet outgoing parents can soften the effects How? Visual Acuity The environment can enhance, inhibit or alter the phenotypic expression of a person' heredity Summary: Most characteristics are polygenic Most disorders are recessive inheritance sex linked disorders mostly affect males

In studying humans we give particular attention to genetics and chromosomal abnormalities for 3 reasons: Gain appreciation of genetic interactions -the more we know the better we understand how to reduce or limit their harmful consequences -understanding those who inherit them limits misinformation and prejudice

Alcoholism: at least partially genetic

Inherit the biochemistry which makes person highly susceptible Environment plays a critical role What could prevent a highly susceptible person from becoming an alcoholic?

Spina Bifida - open spine, neural tube defect

Inherited potential, a folic acid deficiency

Secondary sex characteristics Females: pubic hair, enlargement of breasts, widening of hips, fat on hips and legs, Males: facial hair, voice lowers (Adam's apple changes) What's the same? Under arm hair, acne, oily skin and glands for body odor. Growth Spurt: period of rapid physical growth Weight precedes height, Limbs precede torso Distal proximal

Internal organs grow Lungs increase in size and capacity Heart doubles in size *Both these changes increase endurance Eyes: eyeballs elongate Making many adolescents near sighted and needing glasses Body rhythms Sleep/awake pattern changes due to hormonal shift So awake at midnight but half asleep all morning cartoon

People who go for genetic counseling Have a history of defect - could carry recessive gene Many miscarriages in past Age of mother: increase risk @ 35 Men over 44 with exposure to hazards Options avoid pregnancy (sterilization, adoption) prepare for a handicapped child abortion 90-95% of children are born w/out handicaps of the remaining 5% 20% heredity, 20% environment, 60% combination of both

Karyotyping A chromosomal portrait A cell is taken from person's body, usually inside of the mouth Grown in lab, chromosomes are magnified, photographed and arranged in pairs under a microscope Amniocentesis At least after the 14th week Hollow needle inserted into the uterus through abdominal wall and 1/2oz of amniotic fluid is removed Fluid contains loose cells discarded by the fetus Cells examined for defects: Downs, Tay Sachs, Sickle Cell etc Takes about a week to process: is cultured and analyzed Risk Factors: not done casually, but if over 35 1/400: miscarriage, infection, misleading results

Birth Methods

La Maze "mind over matter" Education on birth, medications, anesthesia Le Boyer "gentle birth": reduce trauma for baby Dim room, baby given warm bath etc. Water Birth Relaxing labor Risk if baby inhales water

Learning Styles Activity: How do you learn Visual/spatial: Auditory Kinesthetic Exercise with partners

Language in Middle Childhood Vocabulary School age children learn an average of 20 words per day School age children enjoy words Like to write poems Create secret languages Like to tell jokes Joke telling demands what skills?

Children with Special Needs Definition: a child of physical or mental disability that requires extra help in order to learn. Past Present Labeling Mainstreaming Teaching children with special needs with other children in the same classroom

Least restrictive environment Placed in special classes only when necessary Mainstreaming is a plus, starts in preschool Major regulations Free and appropriate public education Non-discriminating assessment IEP: individualized education program Due process to assure the rights of child and parent Inclusion: special needs child in regular classroom receiving specialized instruction from another teacher on 1:1 basis My experiences: Matt, JD, Christopher, Kelly etc. Show pictures

Level I Preconventional 4-10 yrs What's going to happen to me Stage 1 Punishment/Obedience Concerned with getting caught Obey because of fear of punishment Stage 2 Exchange/Reward Do good to get what you want Be nice to other people so they'll be nice to you

Level II Conventional 10-13 yrs or beyond Stage 3 Approval of others Opinions of their peers Very common in adult thinking Stage 4 Law and Order A shift from peers to society

Cognitive Development Piaget: Concrete Operational Thought 7-11yrs Think and reason logically Decenter 5-7 shift: transitional period Example: concept of death

Logical operation/principles: Identity Reversibility Classification Class inclusion Seriation Less ego centric: aware of others needs

Rationalization

Making up excuses rather than face mistakes

Reporting

Mandated reporters Who are they? They must call CPS immediately, file a report w/in 24 hours or $1,000 fine, 6 months in jail Confidentiality Why are people hesitant to report? My experiences: Hot Lines, Ride Along Reporting sexual abuse

Factors that influence intelligence

Maturation: unfolding of genetic potential Life experiences Beauty Shop Play Kit example Playdo example Social interaction Talking to others and learning from them Piaget: continually adapting to the environment by assimilation and accommodation

Performationism

Miniture Adults

Types of preschool speech

Monologue or "private speech" Collective monologue Socialized speech Pragmatics: adjusting conversation Critical factor in language development How adults listen and talk to children Differences in language development Gender differences

Emotional Development Fears of middle childhood Things that might happen and are real From fantasy to reality based things Examples

Moral Development Kohlberg His theory to explain and predict behaviors Believed all stages progress in predicable fashion All qualitatively different, can regress Before 4 yrs of age pretty non-existent

Cystic Fibrosis

Mucous obstruction in lungs and digestive system Some not diagnosed until 5 or 6 yrs old

Polygenic - the interaction of many genes ( most traits) examples: skin color and height

Multifactorial Traits are affected by genes and environment

Nature/nurture debate

Nature: Heredity Nurture: Environment

Repression

Not available to the conscious mind

Theories of Language Development

Nurture: Learning Theory Imitation and modeling Nature: LAD (language acquisition device) Chompsky Social Interaction The need to communicate fosters language learning Hybrid Model (new) Encompasses all 3: nurture, nature, social interaction

Environmental impact on fetus

Nutrition #1 in importance Calories are important especially during last months Folic acid helps prevent neurological defects: must be present during first few weeks after conception Foods to avoid Teratogens: agents and conditions that have a negative affect on the unborn child Including viruses, drugs, and chemicals Behavioral teratogens: agents or conditions that harm the prenatal brain affecting the child's intellectual and emotional functioning

Environmental influence

Nutrition Quality of Care giving Socioeconomic status Why does SES make a difference? Cultural context How a child is reared, environment of family Mothers and Fathers Studies in orphanages: "failure to thrive" Direct impact (accidents) Historical Differences: changes in American Family Birth order

Asthma: the most common medical problem that causes absences from school 5-20% of school age children Gene: can be identified viral infections: once protected against Article: asthma and TV What about their diet? Quality of diet has to do with quality of growth and may affect a child's performance in school as well as social and behavioral development Garrison story

Obesity Definition: more than 30% over normal weight for age, sex and body size Obesity causes serious physical, medical and psychological problems Mothers are role models Overweight mothers=overweight children Don't put overweight 8 yr olds on a diet

Observation, survery & case study

Observation: Measure variables but do not manipulate them Survey: Asking a group of people a series of the same questions. Case Study: Aim to provide detailed descriptions of the behavior of an individual, usually rare circumstances

Last one

Obstetrical Medications Currently don't have long term affects, but short term affects: Baby sluggishness, not very responsive Less sucking reflex for nursing

Color Blindness

Occurs when a gene that makes a pigment capable of sensing red or green is missing from the x chromosome Russell: traffic lights, clothes Garrison: tan car seen as green navy, brown, forest green all look alike; orange, red and yellow blend together; bright blue and black easy Camouflage: People who were colored blind were used in WW II Show picture of old Pacific Highway

Age Differences Divide into groups of only, oldest, middle, youngest If more than 6 yrs. apart tend to grow up like the oldest children or only children If second child is less than 18 mos. younger, the child is also the oldest. Within your group list the advantages and disadvantages of your birth order

Oldest Prevent the first born from dominating the second born Be more playful and flexible Middle Encourage them to achieve They need to be talked to and praised Youngest Encourage decision making and independence Protect them less

Skinner: Operant conditioning/reinforcers

Operant conditioning: reinforcing Rewards and punishment produce learning Types of reinforcement Primary: food, water, sleep Secondary: smile, praise, hug Extinction: if we don't reinforce Examples: temper tantrum

Freud's Stages

Oral birth-1 yr infant Focus on the mouth Anal 1-3 yrs toddler Focus on the bowel Phallic 3-6 yrs preschooler Focus on the genitals Oedipal complex Electra complex About 5-6 yrs. identifies with same sex parent Latency 6-11yrs middle childhood Interlude, not a stage, sexual feelings repressed Genital 12 on adolescent to adulthood Sexual feelings reappear and find a proper outlet.

Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

Oral birth-1 yr infant Focus on the mouth Anal 1-3 yrs toddler Focus on the bowel Phallic 3-6 yrs preschooler Focus on the genitals Oedipal complex Electra complex About 5-6 yrs. identifies with same sex parent Latency 6-11yrs middle childhood Interlude, not a stage, sexual feelings repressed Genital 12 on adolescent to adulthood Sexual feelings reappear and find a proper outlet.

Drug Use Gateway Drugs Alcohol: most widely used drug Tobacco: most physically addictive drug Marijuana: slows memory and abstract thinking Other Drugs Cocaine: education by peers so less use now Ecstasy: 2010 now on the rise Prescription Drugs: can't be detected as easily Overdose because mixing drugs

Other Concerns Juvenile Delinquency 4x more boys arrested as girls WHY? Suicide Boys succeed more than girls WHY? Warning signs Runaways Throwaways Choking Game Dust Off/Huffing household products Sexting Cyberbullying Additional concerns that are popular now

Adolescence is a replay of the 2-4 yr old autonomy Slam doors, shout obscenities Task of adolescence is to achieve autonomy Ambivalence: independence vs dependence cartoon Conflict with parents is an expected part of adolescence Dear Mom letter

Parent vs Peers Peers: hair color, room decoration, clothes Parents: values and moral decisions Implication: Generational Chauvinism My generation is the best! Argot Special language to distinguish from adults cartoons

Sex linked, X-linked

Passed mother to son but can occur in females X'Y: a faulty X and no other X to offset it 25% affected 50% normal 25% carriers Examples Hemophilia Defect in blood clotting "bleeders disease"

Pavlov & Watson: Classical Conditioning/Stimulus and Response

Pavlov Father of the learning theory Famous work on conditioned reflexes -experiment with dog Watson: First to study children Interest was conditioning of emotions 3 unlearned emotional reactions: fear, rage and love fear: sudden noise or loss of support

Controversy over skipping grades Pros and cons What about holding back? What about home schooling? Achievement Motivation Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation article

Personality factor called "locus of control" Internal locus of control: Children who believe they are responsible for their own success and failure Mastery oriented: work harder if difficulties come up External locus of control: children who believe they have little control over events, success or failure is due to luck or other people Learned helplessness

Child Abuse

Physical abuse Any non accidental unexplained injury Look for: bruises, burns etc. Sexual abuse Touching under the age of 14 anywhere for sexual gratification Look for sexual acting out, painful urination Emotional abuse What do you think?

Cognitive Development

Piaget Stage 2: Preoperational 2-6 yrs Thinking symbolically Using words, objects or actions to represent ideas Language The "magic years" Too young to distinguish reality from appearance or fantasy: dog w/cat mask Melanie and clowns

Piget: Schema Assimilation Accommodation

Piaget sees the human brain as a filing system Scheme/schema (idea) A pattern of action or thought Assimilation Information fits into a present scheme (idea) Accommodation Creating a new schema (idea) Equilibrium A balance between assimilation and accommodation

Language Development

Piaget: cognitive development precedes language Child must first understand a concept before they can use the words to describe it Vygotsky: talking to learn Private speech: talking to yourself Preschoolers do this out loud Adults to themselves usually in silence

Displacement

Placing anger on other than what made you angry

Kangaroo Care Mothers of LBW babies spend 1 hr per day holding infant between their breasts Why do you think this would help?

Post Partum Depression "baby blues" 60-70% of mothers, Lasts 1-2 weeks post partum depression 8-15% Lasts weeks to months "post partum psychosis" severe form

Trimesters:

Pregnancy is divided into trimesters of 3 mos. each We have just talked about the 1st trimester 2nd Trimester 4-6 months Eyebrows, hair, finger and toe nails, buds for teeth 5 mos. "quickening", mother feels movement Age of viability: the age the fetus can survive is 22 wks (has the potential) Articles

Bias

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

III. Fetal Period: 9th week till birth Refinement of organs: grow in size and mature in functioning Skeleton begins to harden, ossify, at 3 months External genital organs fully formed by 12th week Fetus becomes 10x larger 20x previous length Gains weight fat for warmth

Prenatal period

Preoperational

Preoperational 2-6 yrs. Symbolic thinking Ability to pretend Examples: playdo=snake, legos=guns etc Language Big jump in vocabulary Letters start to have meaning

Newborns at Risk

Preterm 3 or more weeks early SGA Small for dates Under 5 ½ lbs considered low birth weight

Physical Development

Proportional changes Bones: hardening but still some cartilage age: by wrist x-ray Growth prediction: 2x height at 2 ½ yrs 3yrs: 3 feet and 30 lbs 6 yrs: 46" and 46 lbs Irregularities in growth: day/night Springtime 3x faster than fall: light Doesn't happen to blind children nor those living near the equator Psychosocial dwarfism Failure to thrive Growth hormone released at night Influences on growth What are they?

Testing: now parents can get the results Is it important to know? When is it important to know? What about self fulfilling prophecy Examples Read: ScienceTest answers from children

Qualities required for school success Ability to concentrate despite distractions Motivation to do well Self confidence and self esteem Intelligence Other factors affecting achievement Home and family Activity: Smart Kids Proverbs

Environmetal hazards

Radiation X-rays cause fetal death, mental retardation genetic damage etc. Article on Japanese Testing Pollutants page 108 Lead Mercury, PCB's, etc Workplace

Environmenal hazards

RH incompatibility Problem if RH - mother and RH + child Rare now due to the drug Rhogam Rhogam: is RH- blood that already contains antibodies Given at 28 wks during pregnancy Must be injected within 72 hours of a birth or miscarriage Age of mother: at risk Teenagers and older women

Dominant-must have one parent with the disorder 50% affected 50% normal Examples Huntington's: a progressive degeneration of the nervous system Appears after 30 yrs old, fatal test now available: not everyone wants to know

Recessive- both parents carry the harmful gene 25% affected 25% normal 50% carriers Carrier: a person who has a gene in his/her genotype that is not evident in the phenotype

Denial

Refusing to believe something has occurred or is occurring

Freud Stage Latency: calm before the storm Focuses on building competencies and skills Erikson Industry vs Inferiority Capacity to do good work Needs to be good at something

Relationships w/other children Children between 6-12 spend 40% of waking hours with peers 2x the percentage spent with parents In middle childhood peer groups are same sex Between 8-12 take friends advice over their parents Functions of Peer group Provide approval and acceptance Helps them form values and attitudes Be a measure to judge their skills and competencies

Schizophrenia: genes affect personality and psychological traits

Relatives have a higher risk

Play

Review: Sensorimotor play Mastery play Rough and tumble play Piagets stages of play: Sensorimotor Symbolic play: pretend one thing is another Games with rules: appropriate in middle years Sociodramatic Play (not Piaget) Act out roles and create stories

Diseases

Rubella Virus know as German Measles Critical period before 3 months Blindness, brain damage, heart abnormalities Pediatric AIDS: Incurable, destroys immune system Lessen chances if: HIV positive women takes AZT starting at 14 wks after conception Gives birth by C section Newborn is given AZT Baby is not breast fed

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

SID'S Guidelines New Problems

Special Areas of Concern Adolescent Pregnancy Consequences? Trends: Kids keeping their babies In 2007 "prom babies" Sex Education "Information does not mean permission" Dr. Laura Berman Feelings/2 kids/Oprah: how long will you be together? Boy: 6 months to a yrs. Girl: forever How will you feel the next day? If he tells someone? "Baby Think It Over" Ideally the best sex educators are the parent.

STD'S or STI'S Bacterial Infections: can be cured Chlamydia (most common) Gonorrhea Syphilis (2007 outbreak @ SDSU) Viral infections: cannot be cured AIDS Genital Herpes: 1/5 adults has it (2008) Genital Warts Adolescents focus on immediate desires Testing is the key to prevention: every 6 mos or... Chart of STD'S

Diseases

STD's Syphilis: can be contacted at birth Cause brain damage Can be determined in a blood test Chlamydia Effects the baby during a vaginal delivery Tetracycline eradicates the infection but erythromycin should be given to pregnant women Toxoplasmosis Parasite infection from raw meat and cat feces No effects to adults, like a cold So: avoid.........

Longitudinal

Same child or group over a period of time

Historical context & Cohort

Same economic, political, technological, popular changes Cohort: people born with in few years of each other

Accidents: Leading cause of children's death at this age Development of Motor Skills: Tied to brain maturation What helps develop physical skills? Learning (see how to do it) Maturation (brain messages to muscles) Reaction time which increases with age Automatization Thoughts and actions repeated in sequence often become automatic

Sex differences: from 4-12 yrs gender differences are dramatic Boys leap forward in running, jumping, throwing Girls better in hand-eye coordination, balance, hopping, flexibility

Representative sample

Small quantity of something that accurately reflects the larger entity. An example is when a small number of people accurately reflect the members of an entire population.

Vygotsky: Sociocultural theory

Sociocultural Theory Definition: Human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society. Vygotsky Guided participation: a learning process Acquiring knowledge and capabilities valued by the culture Zone of proximal development: potential Knowledge that can be mastered with guidance

Stages of labor

Stage 1 Dilation Gradual opening and widening of the cervix "water broke" Need to dilate to 10 centimeters=4 inches Transition -fetal head descends from the uterus to birth canal Stage 2 Expulsion Passage of baby thru the birth canal to world "Crowning" Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta "after birth" Africa: Maasai Stage 4 Recovery

Sub Stages

Stage 1 Reflex activities birth-1 mo. Examples Stage 2 Primary Circular Reactions First Adaptations 1-4 mos. Examples

Stage 3 Secondary Circular Reactions Awareness of things 4-8 mos. Examples Stage 4 Coordinating Secondary Scheme New Adaptations/ Anticipation 8-12 mos. Examples: keys, Dr office Object Permanence Person Permanence Stranger Anxiety (stranger wariness) Separation Anxiety Goal Directed Behavior

Stage 5 Tertiary Circular Reactions Experimentation 12-18 mos. "Little Scientist" Examples Stage 6 Mental Representation Mental Combinations 18-24 mos. Deferred Imitation Pretending Examples

Rousseau: "Noble Savages"

State of Nature: Men are born naturally good; society/interaction with others is responsible for corruption.

Pregnancy

Symptoms Pregnancy Tests "Rabbit Test" Gestation: 38 weeks the norm or 40 weeks when14 days are added to last period Weight gain: 25-30 lbs recommended Used to be 10-15 lbs and put on a diet Africa: limit food at 4 months

Erikson, Identity vs Role Diffusion Identity Status: first highlighted by Erikson 4 areas : vocation, religion, politics, sex Marcia elaborated on 4 paths to identity Foreclosure: made a commitment w/o exploring Identify diffusion: don't grow up, just drifting Negative identity: defiance of parents or society Moratorium: period where no action is taken Then Identity achievement

The development of understanding about occupational choice: Fantasy Period They see no limits to what they can do Tentative Period Realize jobs require specific training and education is costly Realistic Period Consider all relevant factors

Validity

The quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency.

Reliability

The quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well.

Children's Theories

Theory-theory Children's attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories Examples: ghosts and Santa Claus stories Theory of Mind A person's theory at what other people might be thinking Hard for children to do before age 4

Determinants of risk

Timing of Exposure: critical period Some teratogens only cause harm during specific days or weeks Critical period is the time when a particular organ is susceptible to teratogenic damage Amount of exposure: Threshold effect: things harmless or beneficial in small amounts but teratogenic in large quantities i.e Vitamin A: too much = cleft palate Genetic vulnerability: Some individuals genes make them more susceptible to certain teratogens inadequate folic acid results in neural tube defects (spina bifida) Males are also at greater risk than females

Problems of pregnancy

Toxemia: can be fatal to mother & child Fluid in the ankles Protein in the urine Gestational Diabetes Can occur in non-diabetic person Have large babies Anemia "iron poor blood

Possible causes Genetic Prenatal damage Lead poisoning Diet: severe Vitamin B deficiency Family influence: stressed or too rigid Fluorescent lighting TV watching correlation: each hour 10% more risk

Treatment of ADHD: Medication: most frequent therapy Ritalin: stimulates adults but calms children Adderall Drugs are sometimes over or under used Psychological and cognitive therapy-behavior modification Diet: Feingold, no artificial substitutes etc Food dyes: colors and #'s yellow 5 etc

Autism: meaning self Inability to relate to others in ordinary way Extreme self absorption The fastest growing serious developmental disability in the U.S., 4x more males, 70% not diagnosed Appears before 3 yrs of age, 1 in 110 in U.S. Deficiency in 3 areas: Inability to communicate: mute or echolalia (repeat word for word) no babbling by 9 mos. Lack social skills, avoid interaction, no eye contact Lack imaginative play, instead engage in repetitive movements like spinning, rocking, hand flapping

Treatment of Autism Early intervention Some work on language Others stress attachment Others encourage social interaction New: all children should be screened by 18 mos. and at 24 mos. Asperger Syndrome Less severe symptoms of autism Fairly normal speech But severely impaired social interaction High functioning child is harder to diagnose Causes: don't know what causes it Hereditary, vaccine, environment?

Down Syndrome: extra 21st chromosome Mistake of nature or genetic Occurs most frequently in mothers under 18 or over 40 Physical characteristics: eyes, tongue, nose, stubby hands Suffer mental retardation, respiratory disorders, diabetes, heart malformations, eye problems Their mental retardation varies and is usually not enough to keep them from learning routine jobs They age faster than other adults, old age in middle adulthood, most develop Alzheimer's Early 1:1 care of family and medical makes a big difference Article: Welcome to Holland

Turners Syndrome X0 Only effects females Short stature 4-5 ft, ears lower than usual Don't develop secondary sexual characteristics, not able to have children Learning disabled in abilities related to math and science Average or above in verbal, intellectual skills Read article Klinefelter Syndrome XXY At least one extra sex chromosome Usually detected at puberty Phenotypically male but remains sterile

"Play is the work of the child"

Types of physical play: Sensorimotor play pictures Mastery Play Rough and Tumble Play "Play face"

Techniques

USE YOUR WORDS! Discipline is a synonym for education Time out is out! Goal is self discipline Use: logical consequences Redirection

Partens Sequence of Play

Unoccupied behavior 1. solitary play play along with toys different from those used by other kids in the same area 2. onlooker play watch what other kids do, but make no attempt to enter into the activity 3. parallel play play independently but among other children 4. associative play children play together in a similar or identical activity 5. cooperative play Organized, play in a group with other children in that they have mutual goals that have been decided on

Grammar

Vocabulary: 2 yrs 500 words, 6 yrs 10,000 words Why do they learn quickly? Developing brain Motivation to communicate Fast mapping: how children learn to understand new words SNORK exercise Over regularization: use past tense and plurals incorrectly Embedding: and....and.... Role of parents and teachers Do you correct? If not, how do you correct? Cartoon

Children as Learners

Vygotsky: learning is the result of the social interaction w/adults and peers Children as Apprentices: social interaction with adults and peers Guided participation: children learn from others Zone of proximal development: their potential Scaffolding: temporary support Numbers and counting Rote: stable order principle know words and sequence Rational: 1:1 correspondence Picture of kids setting the table Cardinal principle The last number indicates how many there are

Reasons for Abuse

What do you think are the reasons for abuse? SES Abused themselves Social isolation Little knowledge of child development High Stress Low self esteem "Stress + Isolation = Abuse"

Identity vs Roles Confusion

Who am I?

Zone of proximal development

Zone of proximal development: potential Knowledge that can be mastered with guidance

"Experience is the architect of the brain" At 2 yrs there are more neural connections than at any later age. After 20 yrs of age we lose 50,000 brain cells a day Brain is geared for survival Pruning: used get strong, not used, die. New connections can develop as long as new experiences continue. What about the brain and conversational skills?????

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Naming explosion At about 18 mos. Generalizations about language development Baby talk: Motherese/Parentease or child directed speech

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Scribbling 3yrs begin to recognize that lines can represent things Draw and label Stereotypical ways of depicting objects 4yrs Draw with an idea in mind "Tell me about it" Examples of children's drawings

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Preschool children are "picky eaters" Example of food production sheet cartoons Inner Cues What we are responsible for. What children are responsible for. Children will not starve themselves Obesity and overweight preschoolers Offer children a variety of foods At least 10 to 15 times to expose new foods

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Cultural differences regarding abuse? Once maltreatment is substantiated then: Foster Care Other than parent Kinship Care With a relative Adoption

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Proximodistal

near to far

Ethical Standards

rules and guidelines Informed consent Freedom to decline at anytime Protection from physical or mental harm Confidentiality Debriefing