Child Development 252 - Chapter 4

information processing approach

approach to understanding cognitive functioning that focuses on cognitive processes that exist at all ages, rather than on viewing cognitive development in terms of discontinuous stages

One reflection of the development of infants' short term memory is their improvement _____.

at the task of object permanence

object permanence

awareness that objects (including people) continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them

The average 12-month-old can say about ___________ words and can understand about ____________ words. a. 50; 200 b. 2; 50 c. 50; 2 d. 15; 15

b. 2; 50

Which of the following is the correct pairing of the lobe of the cerebral cortex and its function? a. Parietal lobes: processing visual information b. Temporal lobes: processing bodily sensations c. Frontal lobes: making decisions d. Occipital lobes: understanding spoken language

c. Frontal lobes: making decisions

Which statement is true about temperament? a. It has only been assessed using cross-sectional methods. b. It has been defined by the same dimensions and measured the same way by various researchers. c. It is considered to have a biological basis. d. It has only been a topic of study in the last decade; before this, psychologists thought that infants were similar in emotionality.

c. It is considered to have a biological basis.

what is the best way to obtain good high fat nutrition during infancy?

breast milk

overproduction/exuberance

burst in the production of dendritic connections between neurons

cognitive developmental approach

focus on how cognitive abilities change with age in stage sequence of development, pioneered by piaget and since taken up by other researchers

dishabituation

following habituation, the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented

habituation

gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations

describe major changes during infancy in gross and fine motor development

gross motor movements include rolling over, crawling, and standing. Reaching and grasping are two of the fine motor milestones of the first year

you and your brother are babysitting your infant cousin. Initially, he is very interested in a puppet that you were using, but seems to not be very interested in it after a few minutes. He is displaying _____.

habituation

Schaffer loves it when his mother puts a towel over her face and then quickly pulls it down. His big belly laugh at this game of peek a boo indicates that _____.

he has a limited understanding of object permanence

Researchers have proposed that the immaturity of the _____ at birth is why humans show infantile amnesia.

hippocampus

Which of the following is a critique of Piagets sensorimotor theory?

his tests of object permanence required motor activity

mental structure

in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the cognitive systems that organize thinking into coherent patterns so that all thinking takes place on the same level of cognitive functioning

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the first 2 years of cognitive development, which involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activites

when and how do infants develop depth perception and intermodal perception?

increased adeptness at binocular vision around 3 months of age enables infants to develop depth perception during the first year.

temperament

innate responses to the physical and social environment, including qualities of activity level, irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity, and sociability

intermodal perception

integration and coordination of information from the various senses

babbling ______. a. occurs only if the infant can hear b. is the stage immediately before cooing c. is the stage immediately before cooing d. is found only in infants from the Western Hemisphere

is universal

malnutrition in infancy is mainly due to

mother being or unwilling to breastfeed

the three main scales on the bayley-III are the cognitive scale, language scale, and the ______ scale.

motor

cerebral cortex

outer portion of the brain, containing four regions with distinct functions

axon

part of a neuron that transmits electric impulses and releases neurotransmitters

dendrite

part of the neuron that receives neurotransmitters

teething

period of discomfort and pain experienced by infants as their new teeth break through their gums

when is SIDS most common?

2-4 months

Troy is 12 months old and loves to eat goldfish crackers. While sitting in the kitchen he sees a bag of goldfish. When his actions become intentional and goal directed, and he actively moves, reaches for, and grasps the bag of crackers, it is clear that he is in the sensorimotor substage _____.

4: coordination of secondary schemes

when does the first tooth appear in infants?

5-9 months

Mahori was strapped to his mother's back for the first year of life. Which of the following is LEAST likely?

A. He will have some muscle atrophy that will cause him to be delayed in walking by a few years

Errol was adopted from a Romanian orphanage nine years ago. He was physically and emotionally deprived until a couple adopted him at age 2.5. It is most likely that Errol:

A. had more cognitive impairment than he would have had if he had been adopted before 6 months of age

Biruk is a 2 month old infant. He ____________.

A. needs more fat in his diet than at any other time of life

Kateri, an American infant who lives in the Northeast part of the US, has become used to eating pureed fruits, and just recently she began eating pureed meats. Her parents get excited to see her reactions to each new food they have introduced. She is probably _____ month(s) of age.

B. 4-5

Sharon is a pediatrician working in a developing country. She would likely use oral rehydration therapy to treat

B. diarrhea

widely used assessment of infant development from age 3 months to 3.5 years

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

When motor development of infants is compared among cultures, it is clear that environment has:

C. A relatively small effect on gross motor development

Research has shown that _____ is a risk factor for SIDS.

C. Sleeping on the stomach

without _____ babies would not have depth perception.

C. binocular vision

A typical 1 year old infant ____________.

C. can grasp a utensil to feel himself

Four month olds look longer at a video of a puppet jumping up and down in time with music than at the same puppet when the jumping does not match the music. This is evidence of _____.

C. intermodal perception

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures ________.

C. where cosleeping is the norm

It was discovered at birth that there was significant cell death in Brittany's _____. Her parents were worried that should would be born blind because of this part of brain processes visual information.

D. Occipital lobe

Atika's trunk and arms grow faster than his hands and fingers. This progression of motor development is called the _____.

D. Proximodistal principle

S. is from a traditional culture where medical remedies for infant illness are scarce. he wants to do anything possible to protect his infant son, so he would be LEAST LIKELY to:

D. adore the baby and give him a nickname such as "king"

You and your partner have a 5-month-old baby boy. Your partner is frustrated by the fact that your son puts everything in his mouth. What would you tell your partner about your son's reaching and grasping abilities? a. "You think it's bad now? At least he can only pick up big things. Just wait until he's 10 months old and he can pick up little things that he can choke on." b. "Don't worry, this is just a reflex. He'll lose this behavior in the next few months." c. "He's just trying to soothe his gums from teething. Once all his teeth come in, this behavior will stop." d. "Babies lose this behavior by 7 months old because it wasn't evolutionarily adaptive to stick everything in your mouth."

a. "You think it's bad now? At least he can only pick up big things. Just wait until he's 10 months old and he can pick up little things that he can choke on."

Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child? a. A slow-to-warm up baby whose parents are patient and understanding b. A "difficult" infant whose parents love their child, but respond with anger c. A shy and often fussy child whose parents try to overcome this by encouraging face-to-face interactions with others d. An irritable baby who is reared by parents who are rigid and intolerant

a. A slow-to-warm up baby whose parents are patient and understanding

Which of the following is true about social contexts of language development across cultures? a. Children in traditional cultures hear more language around them during the day, and thus are not any slower in language development than children in developed countries where parents often use ID speech. b. Children in traditional cultures speak earlier than children in developed countries because their mothers do not work outside the home and are able to talk with them during the day. c. Children in developed countries speak earlier than children in traditional cultures because their parents make an effort to speak directly to them. d. Children in traditional cultures and developed countries speak at about the same time because language is almost entirely innate in humans.

a. Children in traditional cultures hear more language around them during the day, and thus are not any slower in language development than children in developed countries where parents often use ID speech.

Ari is a typically developing 4-month-old. He is interacting with his mother when, all of a sudden, she stops smiling and showing emotion and has a still face. What is Ari's reaction, most likely? a. He will be distressed. b. He will laugh because his mother is making an unusual face. c. He will look at her face intently because it is something new. d. He will get bored and look at something else.

a. He will be distressed.

Across the world, what is similar about infants' first solid food? a. Most cultures give their babies soft mashed, pureed, or prechewed food as their first solid food. b. In most cultures, rice cereal is the baby's first solid food. c. Most cultures start feeding their babies solid food about the same age. d. In most cultures, the baby's first solid food is a light color so that cleanup is easier.

a. Most cultures give their babies soft mashed, pureed, or prechewed food as their first solid food.

Which of the following is NOT a measurement of temperament? a. Reliability b. Adaptability c. Sociability d. Activity level

a. Reliability

The Gusii of Kenya, similar to people in many traditional cultures, are in physical contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children? a. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. b. They speak to them much more than in Western cultures. c. They speak only to the upper caste infants. d. They speak to the male infants directly but hardly ever to the females.

a. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants.

What is true about the series of visual cliff experiments? a. Twelve-month-olds crossed or didn't cross the cliff based on their mother's facial expression on the other side. b. Three-month-olds' slowed heart rate showed that they understood the different depths and were thus hesitant to cross the visual cliff. c. Three-month-olds showed heart rate acceleration, which means they recognized the depths were different. d. Infants younger than 6 months do not have depth perception.

a. Twelve-month-olds crossed or didn't cross the cliff based on their mother's facial expression on the other side.

The number one cause of infant mortality, worldwide, is ___________, which can be cured with ________________. a. diarrhea; oral rehydration therapy (ORT) b. dysentery; oral rehydration therapy (ORT) c. diarrhea; vaccinations in the first 3 months of life d. malaria; insect repellant

a. diarrhea; oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

The most common classification for the babies in Thomas and Chess's original study was ______. a. easy b. moderate c. difficult d. slow-to-warm-up

a. easy

When Lola went back to the nursery after her mother had fed her, she started crying when she heard several of the other neonates crying. This is an example of ______________. a. emotional contagion b. a difficult temperament c. social referencing d. secondary emotions

a. emotional contagion

Across cultures ______________. a. fathers are usually remote or absent during the first year b. infants are cared for by their older brothers so that the mother can devote time and energy to her work c. infants are hardly ever carried out of concern that they may become spoiled d. infants are usually relatively isolated during the course of the day to decrease the chance of infection

a. fathers are usually remote or absent during the first year

According to the text, infants who score extremely low on the Bayley scales ______. a. may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention b. score above normal development milestones and tests of object permanence. c. are predicted to do poorly in school because of low motivation and boredom despite high IQ scores d. are predicted to do extremely well on an IQ test

a. may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention

Arman is showing intense fear of a large dog that is approaching his stroller. Fear is an example of a ______________. a. primary emotion b. sociomoral emotion c. tertiary emotion d. secondary emotion

a. primary emotion

While on a walk with her mother, Sofia comes across a dog. She notices that her mother is smiling at the dog, so Sofia also shows a positive reaction to it. Sofia's reaction illustrates ______________. a. social referencing b. emotional contagion c. habituation d. infant-directed emotion

a. social referencing

Baby Hibiki feels safe and secure with his mother and knows that she will feed him, keep him warm, and love him. Because of the solid emotional foundation he has at home, Hibiki will come to believe that he can count on others in his social world and that they too are worthy of love. Hibiki will successfully resolve what Erik Erikson called the ______________ crisis. a. trust vs mistrust b. ego integrity vs despair c. industry vs inferiority d. intimacy vs isolation

a. trust vs mistrust

binocular vision

ability to combine the images of the two eyes into one image

depth perception

ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment

Seena likes to such on a pacifer during naptime at her daycare. One day, her mother forgets to pack the pacifier, so her teachers offer her a plastic toy to suck on instead. In learning to suck on this toy, Seena relies heavily on ______.

accomodation

Tayro speaks Spanish and English. His wife, Noriko, speaks Japanese and English. They currently live in an English-speaking country and have a new baby, Kai. They would like him to speak all three languages and have asked for your advice. What would you tell them? a. Because he is learning three different languages at once, Kai will probably be significantly behind his monolingual peers on language milestones. b. As an infant, Kai can distinguish between sounds in all languages until 9 months old. He should be exposed to all three languages during this time. c. The best thing would be to hire a trilingual nanny who speaks English, Spanish, and Japanese because neither of his parents speaks all three languages. d. They should speak all three languages to him, but he is not able to hear the differences in languages until age 12, so there is no rush.

b. As an infant, Kai can distinguish between sounds in all languages until 9 months old. He should be exposed to all three languages during this time.

Your neighbor has a 2-month-old daughter. He is concerned that she's not reaching for toys as well as she used to when she was a newborn. What would you tell him? a. He shouldn't worry. Lots of babies have this issue around 2-4 months old. Doctors recommend tummy time to correct it. b. He shouldn't worry. Newborns have a prereaching reflex that disappears around 2 months old. By 3 months, his daughter should be developing more voluntary reaching skills. c. He should take her to a doctor. When babies lose a skill in the first 3 months of life, it is usually a sign of neurological damage. d. He should take her to a doctor because loss of skills is a sign of a developmental disorder.

b. He shouldn't worry. Newborns have a prereaching reflex that disappears around 2 months old. By 3 months, his daughter should be developing more voluntary reaching skills.

Combining what scholars have learned from observing infants in a variety of different cultures today, along with what other scholars have learned from studying human evolutionary history and the history of human societies, what is one of the things that infants' social worlds have in common across most cultures? a. Infants are put down in a quiet space for most of the day while the rest of the family goes about its daily routines. b. Infants are with their mothers almost constantly during the early months of life. c. Fathers are very hands on with infants, especially during the first year. d. Infants see few people other than their own mother for the first year.

b. Infants are with their mothers almost constantly during the early months of life.

Which of the following is true about the development of sadness in infants? a. Infants with depressed mothers are less likely to show sadness because they use social smiles to attempt to cheer up their mothers. b. Infants with depressed mothers show the same level of sadness as other infants because the development of emotions is largely innate. c. Infants with depressed mothers are less likely to show sadness because they use social smiles to attempt to cheer up their mothers. d. Infants with depressed mothers are more likely to show sadness because of a genetic predisposition to depression.

b. Infants with depressed mothers show the same level of sadness as other infants because the development of emotions is largely innate.

In much of the world, who cares for babies older than 6 months? a. Mothers b. Older girls c. Fathers d. Nannies

b. Older girls

Infants are shown pictures of dogs until they get bored and look away. Then, when they are shown a picture of a cat, they scrutinize it. Which part of this scenario is dishabituation? a. Getting bored b. Scrutinizing the picture of the cat c. Being shown a picture of a cat d. Looking away from the pictures of the dogs

b. Scrutinizing the picture of the cat

In Chess and Thomas's (1984) longitudinal study, they classified the infants into three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find? a. Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of the 35 percent who were not able to be classified into one of the three groups. b. Temperament in infancy predicted later development in some respects. c. It was impossible to predict later development from infant temperament. d. Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of middle- and high- socioeconomic status individuals.

b. Temperament in infancy predicted later development in some respects.

Which of the following research findings was not influential in Bowlby's development of his theory of attachment? a. Lorenz (1965) showed that newborn goslings bond to the first thing they see. b. Vygotsky (1972) found that children learn through social interaction with their parents. c. Spitz (1945) found that babies raised in institutions with proper physical care did not form attachments with nurses. d. Harlow (1958) found that infant monkeys preferred to spend time with a cloth "monkey mother" compared to a wire "monkey mother."

b. Vygotsky (1972) found that children learn through social interaction with their parents.

Social smiles first appear ______________. a. within the first 2 weeks after birth b. in the second or third month c. later in the first year d. after 18 months

b. in the second or third month

Cressida talks to her 5-month-old baby in a sweet, high-pitched, exaggerated manner and says things like, "Good girl, you ate your sweet potatoes! You're a good girl, yes you are!" This special way of speaking to infants is called ______________. a. speech praise b. infant-directed speech c. intimate speech d. simplified speech

b. infant-directed speech

If an infant has a __________ habituation time, it means he or she will have ________ efficient information-processing abilities and will probably have __________ IQ scores later in development, compared to other infants. a. longer; less; higher b. shorter; more; higher c. shorter; less; higher d. longer; more; higher

b. shorter; more; higher

During infancy, weight increases ____________ whereas height increases ____________. a. slowly; dramatically b. steadily; in spurts c. in spurts; steadily d. dramatically; slowly

b. steadily; in spurts

Both Erikson and Bowlby viewed ______________ as crucial to future emotional and social development. a. one's biological makeup b. the first attachment relationship c. an easy or slow-to-warm-up temperament d. language ability

b. the first attachment relationship

Your brother is concerned that your nephew is not going to be a very good student when he goes to school because whenever he shows him something new, your nephew only looks at it for a short time. According to the text, is your brother correct? a. Yes, infants who are short-lookers have a lower IQ and lower educational achievement later. b. No, infants who are short-lookers tend to have higher IQs in elementary school, but their scores decrease more later in development compared to long-lookers. c. No, infants who are short-lookers tend to have a higher IQ and higher educational achievement than long-lookers later. d. Yes, infants who are short-lookers have a lower IQ, but they work harder than long-lookers.

c. No, infants who are short-lookers tend to have a higher IQ and higher educational achievement than long-lookers later.

Ida is playing on her play mat one day when she accidentally rolls onto a toy that squeaks. She loves the sound so much that she keeps rolling so the sound continues. Which stage would Piaget say she was in? a. Simple relfexes b. Coordination of secondary schemes c. Secondary circular reactions d. Primary circular reactions

c. Secondary circular reactions

By age 2, there are approximately ____________ neurons in a child's brain as there were at birth. a. the same amount of b. three times as many c. half the number of d. twice as many

c. half the number of

Of the emotions listed following, ______________ is the emotion an infant would likely display later in development than the others. a. disgust b. fear c. shame d. anger

c. shame

Use of infant directed speech ______. a. has been shown to be less interesting to babies than normal speech; a reason why many parents do not use this "baby talk" b. involves speaking in a low tone that infants are better able to hear c. varies from culture to culture outside the West d. leads to slower development of language than the more sophisticated style of language typically spoken by adults

c. varies from culture to culture outside the West

neurotransmitter

chemical that enables neurons to communicate across synapses

assimilation

cognitive process of altering new information to fit an existing scheme

accommodation

cognitive process of changing a scheme to adapt to new information

schemes

cognitive structures for processing organizing, and interpreting information

which of the following best describes the piagetian term of "schemes"?

cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information

maturation

concept that an innate, biologically based program is the driving force behind development

cosleeping

cultural practice in which infants and sometimes older children sleep with one or both parents

Your sister has a 2-month-old baby and is worried about SIDS. What advice would you give her, based on what you know from your child development class? a. "When it's cold, be sure to put the baby in at least two layers of pajamas." b. "Make sure you never cosleep with your baby." c. "Make sure the baby is always on her back and that there are lots of pillows around her to prop her up." d. "Make sure the baby is always sleeping on her back and that there is no soft bedding where she sleeps."

d. "Make sure the baby is always sleeping on her back and that there is no soft bedding where she sleeps."

Based on research, if Ru Fong, an infant with a difficult temperament, were to be adopted by parents that show a lot of anger and frustration we might predict which of the following outcomes? a. An easy-going child who is good at self-regulating b. A child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability c. A child who is outgoing d. A child who is defiant and disobedient

d. A child who is defiant and disobedient

Which of the following is NOT true about the WIC (Nutrition for Women, Infants, and Children) program? a. It is associated with higher levels of breast feeding among women. b. Children who benefit from WIC programs show higher scores in IQ and school performance. c. It offers women vouchers for foods such as milk, cereal, canned beans, and eggs. d. It only provides supplements to women who are breast feeding their infants because studies show it is the most healthy way to feed infants.

d. It only provides supplements to women who are breast feeding their infants because studies show it is the most healthy way to feed infants.

Based on several research studies, what have scientists concluded about the harmful effects of television viewing on infant development? a. Television is actually beneficial for children but only if their mothers have high levels of education. b. Infants who watch more television have smaller vocabularies. c. Infants who watch more television have attention problems in childhood. d. Some studies show harmful effects and some show no effect.

d. Some studies show harmful effects and some show no effect.

Patrice is 6 months old and is quite talkative. She is now using repetitive consonant vowel combos and her favorite seems to be "babababa." Patrice has reached the ______________ milestone in language development. a. infant-directed speech b. cooing c. gurgling d. babbling

d. babbling

The origins of Bowlby's theory were in ______________ theory. a. Piagetian b. information processing c. behaviorist d. evolutionary

d. evolutionary

Infants in ________________ countries tend to cosleep less frequently than in _________________countries. a. developed; developing b. developing; developed c. collectivistic; individualistic d. individualistic; collectivistic

d. individualistic; collectivistic

Apps for tablets or other handheld devices ________. a. are not useful for infants because they can't use them b. are harmful for infants because they won't want to play with three-dimensional toys c. are not used by a majority of infants d. may be used by infants as young as 12 months old

d. may be used by infants as young as 12 months old

According to Piaget, infants about 12 months old pass simple _______________ tasks, but still fail _________________ tasks. a. A-not-B error; object permanence b. tertiary; secondary circular c. object permanence; secondary circular d. object permanence; A-not-B error

d. object permanence; A-not-B error

Until recent economic shifts, ____________ in children was associated with high academic achievement in China. a. cooperativeness b. friendliness c. competitiveness d. shyness

d. shyness

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

death within the first year of life due to unknown reasons, with no apparent illness or disorder

plasticicty

degree to which development can be influenced by environmental circumstances

gross motor development

development of motor abilities including balance and posture as well as whole body movements such as crawling

fine motor development

development of motor abilities involving finely turned movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects

most common source of INFANT mortality

diarrhea

marasmus

disease in which the body wastes away from lack of nutrients

custom complex

distinctive cultural pattern of behavior that reflects underlying cultural beliefs

You are watching your net door neighbor's 8 month old infant. You notice she is getting increasingly social. She directs most of her attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulation, but to what people around her are doing. She is _____.

engaging in joint attention

opposable thumb

position of thumb apart from the fingers unique to humans, that makes possible fine motor movements

proximodistal principle

principle of biological development that growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward

cephalocaudal principle

principle of biological development that growth tends to begin at the top, with the head, and then proceeds downward to the rest of the body

synaptic pruning

process in brain development in which dendritic connections that are used come stronger and faster and those that are unused whither away

myelination

process of growth of the myelin sheath around the axon of a neuron

cooing

sounds an infants starts making around 2 months old

babbling

sounds with repeated consonant vowel combos ba-ba-ba made by infants starting around 6 months

infant directed (ID) speech

special form of speech that adults in many cultures direct toward infants in which the pitch of the voice becomes higher than in normal speech, the intonation is exaggerated, and words and phrases are repeated

lateralization

specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the brain

which of the following is analogous to, and was the model for, the information processing approach?

the computer

oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

treatment for infant diarrhea that involves drinking a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water

describe how the infant's body changes in the first year?

tripling of weight and an inch per month growth in height

the timing of introduction of solid food

varies among cultures from first weeks of life to second half of first year