Child Development 252 - Chapter 6

Which of the following is TRUE regarding media use in early childhood? a. Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions. b. Most of the research on the effects of music has focused on very young children. c. Girls are more likely than boys to prefer violent video games because they are striving to achieve an independent and assertive identity. d. Boys and girls spend equal amounts of time playing electronic games.

a. Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions.

Which of the following is an example of hostile aggression? a. Erika, Noriko, and Chloe are playing in the sandbox. When Chloe accidentally knocks down Erika's tower, Erika yells, "I don't like you and you're not invited to my birthday party!" b. None of the choices listed c. Matthew is eating lunch with his friend Alan when he realizes Alan has more grapes than he does. Matthew twists Alan's arm until he gives him some of his grapes. d. Beatrice is playing dress-up with Edith. When Edith suggests a costume switch, Beatrice leaves and finds Edith's best friend, Mae and tells her, "You shouldn't be friends with Edith any more."

a. Erika, Noriko, and Chloe are playing in the sandbox. When Chloe accidentally knocks down Erika's tower, Erika yells, "I don't like you and you're not invited to my birthday party!"

Based on the research, which of the following is most likely true of Sebastian, a 4-year-old U.S. male? a. He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age. b. He is less likely to be physically aggressive than girls at this age. c. He is much more likely than female peers his age to use relational and verbal aggression. d. If he is especially physically aggressive at this time in development, he is unlikely to be more aggressive than his peers later on.

a. He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age.

Your nephew, Liam, sent you a picture he drew when he was about 3 years old. Now, you are visiting him for his 6th birthday and he has expressed interest in drawing you a new picture. How would you expect the two pictures to differ? a. His drawing at 6 years old contains recognizable shapes that Liam encounters in his daily life (e.g.: family members, houses, animals) whereas his 3-year-old drawing was mostly scribbles. b. At 3 years old, Liam drew pictures only of himself. Now he includes others in his drawing. c. At 6 years old, Liam is more interested in mixing colors together to make new colors. d. He uses more colors to make the drawing at 6 years old.

a. His drawing at 6 years old contains recognizable shapes that Liam encounters in his daily life (e.g.: family members, houses, animals) whereas his 3-year-old drawing was mostly scribbles.

Shweder (1990) found that 5-year-olds in India and the United States agreed on which moral view? a. It is wrong to inflict harm intentionally. b. It is okay for more of a father's inheritance to go to his son than his daughter. c. It is okay for a woman who is menstruating to cook food for her family. d. It is wrong to eat beef.

a. It is wrong to inflict harm intentionally.

Which two attention systems have been proposed as important in the development of executive function? a. Orienting system and executive system b. Orienting system and centration system c. Centration system and egocentrism system d. Executive system and egocentrism system

a. Orienting system and executive system

Which of the following about young children's drawings is TRUE? a. The way that young children depict certain situations may be related to the cultural setting where they live. b. When asked to draw a picture of their family, all children draw themselves next to their mothers. c. Young children's first drawings are pictorial representations of their thoughts. d. Young children are too shy to draw because they are not good at it.

a. The way that young children depict certain situations may be related to the cultural setting where they live.

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest quality experience. Which of the following should NOT be heavily weighted in your decision about which preschool to pick? a. Whether they make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practice numbers and letters b. Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other c. Whether there is a small class size d. Whether the teachers have been formally trained and have educational credentials

a. Whether they make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practice numbers and letters

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in the United States. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be ______________. a. calcium deficiency b. protein deficiency c. marasmus d. kwashiorkor

a. calcium deficiency

The synaptic pruning that was so prevalent in toddlerhood ________________. a. continues in early childhood b. occurs only in the frontal lobes after toddlerhood c. stops in early childhood d. occurs only in motor areas of the brain after toddlerhood

a. continues in early childhood

Accidental injury among young children ______________. a. is less of a danger than disease in developing countries b. happens at a greater rate in developed countries than in developing countries c. is extremely rare in the United States because of increased awareness and better technology; rates are under 5 percent d. is equally common among boys and girls

a. is less of a danger than disease in developing countries

The use of shame as a punishment ______________. a. is referred to as psychological control among U.S. researchers b. is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment c. is associated with high rates of behavior problems in Japanese children d. has been related to positive outcomes in both Western and traditional cultures

a. is referred to as psychological control among U.S. researchers

In developed countries, ___________ are the leading cause of injury and death in early childhood, whereas in developing countries, ___________ are the leading cause of injury and death in early childhood. a. motor vehicle accidents; diseases and illnesses b. diseases and illnesses; motor vehicle accidents c. drownings; motor vehicle accidents d. nutritional deficiencies; drownings

a. motor vehicle accidents; diseases and illnesses

While learning language, children who learn English and other Western languages have been shown to fast-map ______________ first. a. nouns b. verbs c. adjectives d. possessives

a. nouns

Your cousin has a 5-year-old son and a 3-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his ______________ is more fully developed than his sister's. a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. corpus callosum

a. reticular formation

Infantile amnesia is ______. a. the inability to remember events before age 2 b. a childish desire to suppress memories from childhood c. a regression to an earlier stage of thinking d. improved by coaching children to remember events

a. the inability to remember events before age 2

One can see a preference for the use of a particular hand, handedness, over another as early as ______________. a. the prenatal period b. toddlerhood c. infancy d. age 5

a. the prenatal period

Compared to a comparison group of children with low socioeconomic status who did not attend Head Start, those children who did ______________. a. were less likely to be placed in special education classes b. showed a boost in IQ and achievement from elementary school until the end of high school c. improved their academic performance but were still more likely to repeat at least one grade d. had higher grades but lower self-esteem because of the pressure to achieve

a. were less likely to be placed in special education classes

Which of the following is a 4-year-old most likely to say in regards to gender? a. "Even if that boy wears a dress and has a doll, he's still a boy." b. "I'm a girl and I love broccoli, so all girls must love broccoli." c. "I call my mom 'Mommy' but her students call her 'Dr. Smith.'" d. "My little sister was always a girl. She has never been a boy."

b. "I'm a girl and I love broccoli, so all girls must love broccoli."

Which of the following is NOT a reason why children in developing countries tend to be smaller than children of the same age in developed countries? a. Children in developed countries have greater access to nutritious foods. b. Children in developed countries are genetically predisposed to be larger. c. Children in developing countries have higher rates of childhood diseases. d. Children in developed countries have greater access to quality health care.

b. Children in developed countries are genetically predisposed to be larger.

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of China's "one-child policy"? a. Girls were afforded more education than before the policy. b. Children of this generation were raised to be "little emperors and empresses" who were overindulged and selfish. c. Girls were afforded more education than before the policy. d. Only children in China have higher cognitive skills than children with siblings.

b. Children of this generation were raised to be "little emperors and empresses" who were overindulged and selfish.

During early childhood, what four parts of the brain show increased mylenation? a. Cerebellum, reticular formation, hippocampus, pituitary gland b. Corpus callosum, cerebellum, reticular formation, hippocampus c. Amygdala, corpus callosum, cerebellum, hippocampus d. Corpus callosum, cerebral cortex, reticular formation, hippocampus

b. Corpus callosum, cerebellum, reticular formation, hippocampus

Eun lives in South Korea with parents who speak Korean to her. Charlotte lives in Australia with parents who speak English to her. Which of the following is true? a. Eun will learn names for animals first, but Charlotte will learn names of her family members first. b. Eun will learn more verbs than nouns at first, but Charlotte will learn more nouns than verbs at first. c. Eun will learn to speak earlier than Charlotte. d. Eun will learn more nouns than verbs at first, but Charlotte will learn more verbs than nouns at first.

b. Eun will learn more verbs than nouns at first, but Charlotte will learn more nouns than verbs at first.

Which of the following is an example of egocentrism in Piaget's preoperational stage? a. When her family goes on vacation, Mica leaves instructions for the neighbor detailing how to take care of her dog, which is a stuffed animal. b. Kimo is talking to his grandmother on the telephone (voice chat only) and is "showing" her his block tower he built by holding the phone up to the tower. c. Wyatt is looking at a field of flowers with his father. Most of the flowers are yellow, but some are purple. When his father asks, Wyatt indicates that there are more yellow flowers than flowers. d. When Kenzie's mom pours her juice from a short wide cup to a tall skinny glass, Kenzie says "Thanks for pouring me even more juice, Mom!"

b. Kimo is talking to his grandmother on the telephone (voice chat only) and is "showing" her his block tower he built by holding the phone up to the tower.

Imagine that you have just walked into a kindergarten classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see? a. Most of the children scribbling on a piece of paper b. Most of the children drawing something that is recognizable, such as a person or animal c. Most of the girls getting frustrated because they can't hold a crayon or paintbrush d. Most of the children showing depth and realistic detail in their artwork

b. Most of the children drawing something that is recognizable, such as a person or animal

Which of the following contexts is guided participation LEAST LIKELY to occur within? a. Going to the grocery store with young children b. Teaching young children the skills needed for jobs in a complex economy c. Teaching young Mayan children how to make tortillas in Guatemala d. Asking a young child how his or her day was at the dinner table

b. Teaching young children the skills needed for jobs in a complex economy

Which of the following is NOT a part of executive function? a. Working memory b. Theory of mind c. Controlling attention d. Problem solving

b. Theory of mind

Which of the following did the Whiting studies demonstrate about early childhood? a. The social world of the child is genetically driven. b. There are similarities in rates of increasing child independence across cultures. c. Little is expected of children this age around the world. d. There are large differences in rates of increasing child independence across cultures.

b. There are similarities in rates of increasing child independence across cultures.

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of ______________. a. centration b. animism c. reversibility d. sensorimotor thought

b. animism

If parents listen receptively to opinions from their children, their parenting style is considered to be ______________. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. autocratic d. child-centered

b. authoritative

The main cause of death in developing countries is ________. a. obesity b. illness c. left-handedness d. accidents

b. illness

During early childhood ______________. a. the amount of tooth decay is similar between children in developing and developed countries b. most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions c. girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys d. physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years

b. most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions

Overweight and obesity _________________________. a. are the same problem b. should be addressed by public health campaigns adapted to ethnic groups c. rates are highest in early childhood and then decline d. rates are highest among White children

b. should be addressed by public health campaigns adapted to ethnic groups

Research on parenting has found that ______________. a. children of permissive parents tend to do better in school than children of other parenting styles because they learn to think for themselves b. there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children c. the outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents d. the two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness

b. there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children

Compared to low-income children who did not participate in the High Scope Preschool Project, children who did ______________. a. were just as likely to be arrested and go to prison but to have shorter prison sentences b. were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27 c. had lower incomes at age 27 but were more likely to enjoy their work d. were just as likely to drop out of high school because of the need to help support their families

b. were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27

A child who is left-handed ______________. a. will always have a left-handed twin if he or she is one of a pair of monozygotic (MZ) twins b. will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States c. is often praised for his or her uniqueness in non-Western cultures d. is likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years

b. will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States

You are sharing a cookie with your two nieces, Delilah (age 4) and Nia (age 1). You break the cookie in half, and give Delilah her piece. Then you break Nia's piece into two pieces so it is easier for her to chew. Given that Delilah is in Piaget's preoperational stage, what might she say? a."Hooray! Nia and I have the same amount of cookie!" b. "I want a whole cookie next time!" c. "No fair! Nia got two pieces and I only got one!" d. "Hey! Why does she get the same amount as me if I'm older?"

c. "No fair! Nia got two pieces and I only got one!"

Your brother is telling you about the preschool his daughter Avary attends. He says that the school follows a Montessori model. What is he most likely to say next? a."Her teachers really focus on pre-academic skills such as learning how to read and simple math." b. "Her school does not have any computers, videos, or electronics; the kids spend lots of time outdoors in nature." c. "She uses toys called manipulatives that help her understand when she's solved the problem on her own." d. "Her teachers are really into documenting everything-- they are constantly photographing and video-recording the kids doing activities."

c. "She uses toys called manipulatives that help her understand when she's solved the problem on her own."

According to a 2011 national sample in the U.S., most children had watched TV by the time they were ________________. a. 2 weeks old b. 6 months old c. 9 months old d. 1 year old

c. 9 months old

Which of the following would you most likely to see 5-year-olds doing on a playground in a Western culture? a. Girls playing catch with the boys b. Children playing in mixed-age groups c. Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the farthest d. Boys engaging in cooperative, fantasy play

c. Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the farthest

In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes? a. Animism b. Physical stability c. Conversation d. Centration

c. Conversation

Which of the following is true about corporal punishment? a. It is very rare throughout the world. b. The American Psychological Association says corporal punishment is okay only under certain circumstances. c. In some contexts, corporal punishment has been shown to socialize children to be well-trained members of their culture. d. It has especially harmful outcomes when used in traditional cultures.

c. In some contexts, corporal punishment has been shown to socialize children to be well-trained members of their culture.

Scarlett grew up in the United States and Ai grew up in China. Based on research by Wang and colleagues, what might we expect if we asked them both to recall events from before they were 5 years old? a. Ai will remember more events from before 5 years old but Scarlett's earliest memory will be from an earlier age compared to each other. b. Ai will remember more events from before 5 years old and her earliest memory will be from an earlier age compared to Scarlett's memories. c. Scarlett will remember more events from before 5 years old and her earliest memory will be from an earlier age compared to Ai's memories. d. Scarlett will remember more events from before 5 years old but Ai's earliest memory will be from an earlier age compared to each other.

c. Scarlett will remember more events from before 5 years old and her earliest memory will be from an earlier age compared to Ai's memories.

Which of the following is TRUE about language development in early childhood? a. The average 3-year-old has a vocabulary of about 2,500 words. b. In this stage, children do not really understand grammar; they just mimic what they hear. c. The biggest change in vocabulary occurs during this stage. d. All of the choices listed.

c. The biggest change in vocabulary occurs during this stage.

Which of the following is true about the origins of handedness? a. Because there is a strong cultural history of viewing left-handedness as dangerous and evil, handedness most likely has strong environmental origins. b. Because siblings are highly likely to favor the same hand, handedness most likely has strong genetic origins. c. The evidence is mixed concerning genetic and environmental origins of handedness. d. Because children show a preference early on, handedness most likely has strong genetic origins.

c. The evidence is mixed concerning genetic and environmental origins of handedness.

Which of the following statements about parenting is the most accurate, based on existing research? a. Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety. b. Japanese mothers usually respond to their children's misbehavior with loud reprimands and physical punishment. c. Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behavior. d. Not all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehavior; some feel that children are inherently good and do not need discipline.

c. Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behavior.

Which of the following best illustrates young children's understanding of pragmatics? a. Children learn how to count without understanding that each number corresponds to an amount. b. Children learn that adding an "s" to words makes them plural. c. When playing, children adjust their language, using more commands in dominant roles (e.g., doctor) than in subordinate roles (e.g., patients). d. Children learn that other people can hold different beliefs and desires than they do.

c. When playing, children adjust their language, using more commands in dominant roles (e.g., doctor) than in subordinate roles (e.g., patients).

Children who have problems with undercontrol of emotions are at risk for _____________ problems later in life whereas children who have overcontrol of emotions are at risk for ______________ problems later in life. a. initiative; guilt b. depression; aggression c. externalizing; internalizing d. internalizing; externalizing

c. externalizing; internalizing

In early childhood (from ages 3-6) ______________. a. fine motor skills are refined, but gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood b. girls and boys are equally skilled at body-coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot c. gender differences in gross motor development appear d. children from high socioeconomic status tend to have better gross motor skills than their counterparts from lower socioeconomic backgrounds

c. gender differences in gross motor development appear

The way we organize and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as ______________. a. gender stereotyping b. self-socialization c. gender schemas d. gender constancy

c. gender schemas

In Berko's (1958) classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of a figure called a "wug" and then showed them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to the following question: "Now there are two ______________." Berko was measuring children's understanding of what? a. overextension b. possessives c. grammar d. pragmatics

c. grammar

Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably because of incomplete myelination of the ______________. a. Broca's area b. reticular formation c. hippocampus d. corpus callocum

c. hippocampus

In early childhood ______________. a. children have more difficulty with perspective taking than they did earlier in development because of their stronger sense of self b. children are not yet able to experience empathy c. moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children d. children from different cultures learn the same moral rules

c. moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children

Parents who are classified as ______________ are _________ in demandingness and ___________ in responsiveness. a. authoritative; low; high b. authoritarian; high; high c. permissive; low; high d. permissive; low; low

c. permissive; low; high

Across cultures, 4-year-olds are expected to be able to do many things. However, most cultures expect that 4-year-olds will still have considerable trouble with _________. a. basic manners b. performing minor chores c. reasoning d. toilet training

c. reasoning

Fast mapping is__________________. a. the ability to connect new grammatical forms to categories b. how children learn pragmatics c. the ability to connect a new word to a category d. how children learn grammar

c. the ability to connect a new word to a category

The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also known as ______________. a. psychological control b. setting limits c. warmth d. disengaged

c. warmth

What is one of the factors that make cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? a. Children in developed countries aren't interested in guided participation in daily activities the way children in traditional cultures are. b. Parents in developed countries believe that their children should learn independently. c. Parents in developed countries have assimilated into the culture and are not as interested in teaching their children skills or traditions as parents in traditional cultures are. d. Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

d. Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

Carlos is 3 years old and does not yet have theory of mind. In the Sally-Anne task, where does he predict Sally will look for her ball? a. In the basket, where Sally put it before she left the room b. In the box, because that's where balls belong c. In the box, because Sally was secretly spying on Anne while she moved it d. In the box, where Anne moved it while Sally was not looking

d. In the box, where Anne moved it while Sally was not looking

Which of the following is TRUE regarding theory of mind? a. It refers to the independence and stubbornness characteristic of toddlers as they develop a sense of self. b. It begins to develop around age 5. c. It develops the same way in all cultures with spoken language. d. It is measured with false-belief tasks.

d. It is measured with false-belief tasks.

Hyejin is an only child from China. Which of the following is most likely true? a. She has poorer social skills but is considered more assertive than her counterparts with siblings. b. She scores lower on likeability than her counterparts with siblings who have had to share and negotiate. c. She would be considered overindulged and selfish. d. She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings.

d. She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding emotional regulation? a. Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than in girls. b. The development of the temporal lobe promotes self-regulation. c. Different cultures have similar views about what the optimal level of control is. d. Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

d. Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

In the United States, the most common nutritional deficiency is ________. a. salt b. vitamin C c. iron d. calcium

d. calcium

Chris realized that even though the teacher dressed up like Justin Bieber for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris ______________. a. has not yet attained gender identity but knows the gender identity of the teacher b. is a 4-year-old boy c. uses gender schemas but does not yet understand gender constancy d. is a 7-year-old boy

d. is a 7-year-old boy

Anemia ____________. a. is not experienced until after age 5 b. is a deficiency of calcium c. causes hyperactivity d. is related to malnutrition or an unhealthy diet

d. is related to malnutrition or an unhealthy diet

The greater the __________________, the more long-term benefits a child gains from Head Start programs. a. family's income b. number of siblings in the home c. child's gender typicality d. mother's involvement in the program

d. mother's involvement in the program

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbor's new baby; this demonstrates ______________. a. fast mapping b. existence of the language acquisition device c. overregularization d. pragmatics

d. pragmatics

For the Japanese ______________. a. learning academic skills is the number one goal of having their children attend preschool b. the same top reasons for young children to attend preschool are listed by parents and preschool teachers as their counterparts in the United States c. individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage children to reach their full potential d. preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills and gaining experience being a member of a group

d. preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills and gaining experience being a member of a group

Gender identity ______________. a. includes an understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological b. develops around age 5 c. develops much more quickly in females than males d. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male and female

d. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male and female

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on ______________. a. repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts b. whole-language learning c. building skills for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) d. unstructured, hands-on experiences

d. unstructured, hands-on experiences