Child development 343 wvu exam 3

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A person is classified as underweight if their BMI is less than ________________.

18.5

1. Research support for the idea that early traits, behaviors and experiences are related to a number of adult outcomes comes from a. longitudinal studies. b. idiosyncratic studies. c. multi-method studies. d. experimental studies.

11. _____________ includes the experiences we have and the learning that occurs as we move through development. a. Nurture b. Nature c. Qualitative change d. Quantitative change

14. An important developmental event at 9 weeks gestational age is that the a. testes of a male embryo begin to produce androgens and that alters the development of the genitalia into a male reproductive system. b. ovaries of a female embryo begin to produce estrogen and that alters the development of the genitalia into a female reproductive system. c. conception implants in the lining of the uterus and establishes a connection with the maternal system. d. placenta begins to function and now brings nutrients and oxygen to the developing embryo.

14. Chromosomes are made up of __________, and they, in turn, are made up of __________. a. genes; DNA b. DNA molecules; RNA c. DNA molecules; genes d. genes; proteins

3. The Human Genome Project has the goal of a. mapping all of the human genes. b. eliminating recessive genes from the human gene pool. c. understanding the inner workings of human cells. d. finding ways to turn on or turn off genetic mechanisms.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between language and income?

A & C (A) Wealthier parents talk to their children more than poorer parents. C) Wealthier children have larger vocabularies than poorer children. )

Which of the following is true of bilingual development?

A, B & C ( A) Over half of the world's population is bilingual. B) Bilingualism is beneficial to children becasue it increases their ability to communicate with a wider variety of people. C) Bilingualism increases a child's ability to analyze and understand language. )

What do we know about Victor's language?

A, B & C ( A) Victor eventually learned to comprehend some language B) Victor had no language skills when he was first discovered C) He learned to distinguish various letters of the alphabet)

The majority of the motor cortex is used to control the a. fingers and toes. b. arms and legs. c. mouth and hands. d. heart and respiratory system.

A.B.C

A difference in how African-American and White parents use power assertion to discipline their children is that

African-American parents use it in the context of a warm, loving relationship while White parents combine it with love withdrawal.

either substantial, indicated, or unsubstantial

After a report of suspected child abuse or neglect is investigated

Authoritative parents

Are associated with children who display more psychosocial competence and who are warm, affectionate, altruistic, responsible, self-assured, creative, curious, successful in school and have good self-esteem

Most children who are very short

Are entirely healthy and normal

Type "A" (Avoidant attachment) insecure-avoidant infants often have parents who:

Are insensitive to the infant's cues, especially rejection of proximity seeking behavior

Type "D" (Disorganized attachment) Disorganized infants often have parents who:

Are neglectful or abusive

Type "C" (Ambivalent/resistant attachment) Insecure-resistant infants often have parents who:

Are unpredictable and inconsistent in meeting their needs

pick friends who are similar to her

As Jennifer enters first grade, her parents are concerned about the type of friendships she will develop. Research on friend selection/influence show that Jennifer will

48. A prematurity stereotype is a. beneficial to premature infants because we expect very little from them, and this is appropriate for their developmental level. b. a stereotypically negative view of a premature infant that results in parents or others lowering their expectations for the child. c. the belief that premature infants who survive are especially graced, and should be treated with deference and respect. d. the idea that premature infants need to be "toughened up" so you should demand even more from them than a full-term infant.

The coordination of attention and memory and the control of behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a goal are handled by the a. experience-expectant parts of the brain. b. experience-dependent parts of the brain. c. executive function of the brain. d. parietal lobe.

Type "B" (Securely attached) securely attached children generally have parents who

Could be generally characterized as responsive to their infants' needs

46. Understanding that depression may result from biological and genetic processes, but also from early traumatic experiences means that you understand the concept of _____. a. multifinality b. equifinality c. psychopathway d. convergence

47. Ecological system theory has made a particularly important impact in the area of a. sociobiology. b. social policy and action research. c. education. d. neurobiology.

Couvade is a. when the woman first feels the fetus moving in her womb. b. a sympathetic pregnancy a man might experience while his partner is pregnant. c. a prenatal genetic diagnostic test. d. a measure of the newborn's functioning.

Compared to longitudinal research, all of the following are weaknesses of cross-sectional studies EXCEPT:

Cross-sectional research is much more expensive than longitudinal research

A study that has several groups of different ages that are followed over time and which has an overlap in the ages of the groups is a a. multi-phasic study. b. longitudinal study. c. cohort study. d. cross-sequential study.

Among the five most common sexually-transmitted diseases, the highest prevalence is for a. gonorrhea. b. syphilis. c. chlamydia. d. the human papillomavirus.

An explanation for why students who study with distractions (for example, having the TV on, listening to music, or answering text messages) end up with a more superficial understanding of the information is that: a. the synapses run out of neurotransmitters to convey the information from one neuron to another. b. divided attention stimulates the frontal-striatal area of the brain. c. they cannot rely upon core knowledge to help them process the information. d. when we divide our attention in this way, we do not use the part of the brain designed for deep processing.

Applied developmental research is research that: a. has the primary purpose of adding to our theoretical understanding of the process of development. b. provides information that is interesting and important. c. uses the scientific method to try to reach valid conclusions. d. is intended to help us make changes that will improve the lives of children.

As we build our knowledge base on a particular topic, we find that a. it becomes increasingly difficult for us to add new information to that knowledge base. b. the new information that we encounter creates contradictions that we must resolve. c. it requires more and more processing capacity to maintain the base. d. it becomes easier to remember new information related to that topic.

At what age do boys typically end the adolescent growth spurt? a. 13 to 14 years of age b. 14 to 15 years of age c. 15 to 16 years of age d. 16 to 17 years of age

Based on the sociometric method, how are neglected children rated by their peers?

Few negative ratings and few positive ratings

Based on the sociometric method, how are rejected children rated by their peers?

Few positive ratings and many negative ratings

over regularities

Fiona often makes the mistake of saying "two foots" instead of "two feet". Such an error in early childhood is known as

Who said, "It is best to think of the child's mind as a tabula rasa, a blank slate, and whatever comes into the mind comes from the environment?"

Locke

Which of the following is true of John Locke?

Locke said that people are largely shaped by their social environments

What did Bandura learn from the Bobo doll experiments?

Most children would imitate aggressive behavior they saw on video

Brad hit his younger sister. His parents responded by taking away his allowance for two weeks. This is an example of:

Negative punishment

Research by Nucci & Turiel that examined age differences in adolescents' moral reasoning indicated that:

There is a "dip" in moral reasoning that occurs during early adolescence due to early adolescents' focus on individual rights when reasoning about issues

link

There is a _____________ between heavy use of media (including entertainment TV and video games) and school performance.

Professor Alsmith looks at changes in self-esteem across adolescence by measuring the self esteem of 11 year olds, 13 year olds, 15 year olds, and 17 year olds and comparing the results between the groups. This is an example of a

a cross sectional study.

A nuclear family consists of...

a husband and wife living with their biological and/or adopted children.

Schizophrenia has..

a large genetic component and may be related to problems in the prenatal environment

A neurological condition that interferes with an individual's ability to store, process, and produce information describes

a learning disability

One of the effects of part-time employment for teens over the age of 16 from low-income families is

a lower risk of dropping out of school.

Under which circumstance, does educational television appear to have a positive effect?

a positive effect on learning for children older than age 2

Educational television appears to have...

a positive effect on learning for children older than age 2.

Our current way of thinking about divorce is that it is

a process that involves a number of upheavals in a child's life

Having a natural mentor during adolescence has been associated with

a reduced risk of problem behaviors.

having a natural mentor during adolescence has been associated with...

a reduced risk of problem behaviors.

Looking at the quality of the relationship that a teen has with an important nonparental adult in their life, research has found that these relationships are

a unique sort of support, rather than a substitute for the teen's relationship with his or her parents.

According to Kochanska and her colleagues, the development of self-control and an internal conscience depends upon

a warm, mutually responsive relationship with a parent.

Which of the following does not increase the negative effect of insensitive mothers? a. involvement of the father b. poor quality non-maternal care c. spending more than 10 hours a week in child care d. multiple out of home care arrangements

a. involvement of the father

A child who has violent tendency may seek out and enjoy playing violent video games. In this case, we should describe the genes for this tendency as...

active

A child who very active and enjoys the challenge of competing with others will be more likely to join an athletic team at school than to join the chorus or the French Club. This is an example of

active niche-picking.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development portrays children as

actively constructing their knowledge based on the child's own interactions with the environment, and the use of language to express thought.

David Elkind proposed that because adolescents are often preoccupied with their own looks and behaviors, they believe that they are the center of attention for other people also. Elkind calls this

adolescent egocentrism.

One statement about adolescent development of executive function that is true is that..

adolescents are improving their ability to control their thoughts and behaviors but also have a greater tendency to respond impulsively in many situations

Unstructured time spent with friends during adolescence has been associated with...

an increased risk of criminal activity, sexual activity, and drug and alcohol use.

Which of the following help protect new mothers from experiencing stress and uncertainty when becoming a parent?

having extended family living in the home to help with the child (wrong) h

Infants and toddler learn more effectively from...

having real-life interactions with other people.

Of the below options, infants and toddlers learn most effectively from

having real-life interactions with other people.

When someone is ready to disclose that he is gay or she is lesbian, this disclosure..

is usually made first to a friend or sibling, and next to a mother rather than a father

Because a science is an organized body of knowledge

it changes over time as new and more accurate information is added to our understanding.

Critics of the use of ability grouping in schools have charged that

it damages the self-esteem of the students in the lower tracks and they receive poorer quality teaching.

One of the reasons why parents rely on spanking is that

it is effective at immediately stopping a behavior, even if it doesn't help children learn to control themselves in the long run.

One explanation for why Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences has been so widely accepted and implemented in the field of education is that

it seems more democratic than traditional intelligence tests because each child has a chance to find some area of strength.

When we encounter a new experience that does not fit into any of our cognitive schemes, Piaget would say that

it throws us into a state of disequilibrium which feels uncomfortable.

Harry Harlow's research with macaque monkeys raised with surrogate mothers led him to conclude that...

it was contact comfort that created the mother-infant attachment bond

From a scientific perspective, one of the main criticisms of Freud's theory of psychosexual stages was that...

it was not testable

One of Charles Darwin's contributions to the field of child development was to

keep a baby diary that described the emotional development of his son.

The risk of an adolescent being subjected to peer pressure to behave in antisocial ways is greater when an adolescent..

is part of an antisocial peer group

The quality of an adolescent's romantic relationship...

is related to the quality of the adolescent's relationship with his or her parents.

It is a good precaution for a pregnant woman to

limit her consumption of caffeine

One of the ways in which television can impact the self-esteem or self-concept of children or adolescents is by

limiting the options that are shown for a person's life.

One of the ways in which television impacts the self-esteem or self-concept of children or adolescents is by

limiting the options that are shown for a person's life.

When you find a positive correlation between two variables, it means that...

as the value of one variable goes up so does the value of the second variable

Denise Kandel's explanation for why friends are so similar says that first people seek out friendships with people who are similar to them and then

as they do things together they continue to influence each other.

The Strange Situation is a way to

assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother

The Strange Situation is a way to...

assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his/her mother

When a child encounters new information that does not fit with their existing knowledge, they must change their current knowledge. This is known as:

assimilation

In Piaget's theory, fitting new information into an existing cognitive scheme is the process of

assimilation.

centered on only one aspect of the situation (the length) and ignored other aspects (the height or diameter).

In Piaget's third stage of moral thought

children are aware of the rules and realize that they must adhere to them to maintain their interaction with others.

Conditions such as depression, alcoholism, or schizophrenia...

have some genetic basis, but each results from the interaction of many genes with environmental influences

If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that

morality is more state-like than trait-like because many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally.

operationalizing the concept

operationalizing the concept.

Two important things that parents can do to reduce the risk of an infant dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are to

put the infant to sleep on his back and make sure the mother does not to smoke while pregnant or after the baby is born.

Two important things that parents can do to reduce the risk of an infant dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are to...

put the infant to sleep on his/her back and make sure the mother does not smoke while pregnant or after the baby is born

In research that uses the false belief paradigm, the researcher

tests to see if a child understands that someone else may believe something that the child knows is untrue.

In class, you created scales to measure aggression on television, and watched a video clip. What did the results of this activity reveal?

that aggression is not easily defined and can be difficult to measure consistently.

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon

the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment.

An explanation for why cross-cultural research on moral development has not found that everyone reaches the highest stage of moral reasoning is that..

the measure of moral reasoning used in this research may be biased because it reflects Western and urban cultural values

One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that...

the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes

One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes.

The research on the association between television viewing and obesity has found that

the more time children spend watching television, the less time they have for physical activity.

The study on Facebook and self-esteem also looked at how people responded to the Facebook statuses of participants. One way they measured the responses was by looking at....

the number of likes the post received.

Just having the television on, even if children aren't watching it, can disrupt children's play.

true

Sexual abuse occurs in families from all ethnic and racial backgrounds and at all socioeconomic levels.

true

The best strategy for parents who want to have some control over media's impact on their children is to...

try to find a balance between being overly restrictive and having no restrictions at all.

The best strategy for parents who want to have some control over the impact of media on their children is to

try to find a balance between being overly restrictive and having no restrictions at all.

A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to

try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of time to adapt to changes.

Compared to older adolescents and adults, younger adolescents are more likely to

use elaboration rather than rehearsal as a memory strategy. (wrong) use both the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus when working on a memory task.

When a baby feels safe and secure in the presence of the caregiver to whom he/she is attached, he/she can...

use the caregiver as a secure base and begin exploring the environment

When we are trying to identify children who need special education, before we reach a decision we

use the results of multiple tests, along with observation of the child and consultation with people who know the child well.

If a stressful situation is one that is beyond your control and there aren't effective ways to change it, you can reduce some of your stress by..

using emotion-focused coping strategies

In Kohlberg's stage of conventional moral development, children base their moral judgments on

whether their behavior will be rewarded or punished. (wrong) a set of self-chosen moral principles. (wrong)

not multidimensional reversibility or decentration (MRD)

which of the following is not a characteristic of concrete thought

NOT companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, affection, or intimacy

which of the follwing is NOt one of the functions of friendship according to Gottman or Parker?

Most abused individuals:

Do not become abusers

Children do not develop the ability to think logically and abstractly until they reach the stage of

formal operations.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a transsexual individual?

"I am biologically a female, but currently taking testosterone to make the transition to become male."

Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a gender nonconforming individual?

"I do not identify with male or female."

The ability to think abstractly first appears during Piaget's stage of

formal operations.

Chromosomes are made up of _________, and they, in turn are made up of __________.

genes; DNA

Chromosomes are made up of __________, and they, in turn, are made up of __________.

genes; DNA

A person with an identification with a gender other than the natal gender is considered to be

transgender.

Experience-expectant brain development occurs

when we encounter experiences that occur as a normal part of development.

The typical healthy male has:

1 X and 1 Y chromosome

In the United States, __________ children will live in a stepfamily at some point during their childhood or adolescence.

1 out of every 3

Long-term and working memory reach peak capacity at age

15 or 16. (wrong)

The typical healthy female has:

2 X chromosomes

For 86% of individuals, the age of onset for eating disorders occurs by the age of _______________.

The current recommended weight gain during a pregnancy in the United States is

25 to 35 pounds.

On average, how many children in the United States die each day due to abuse or neglect?

In the United States, _________ of adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 report that they have had sex at least once.

42%

What percentage of children today live in a family with two married parents in their first marriage?

46%

How many children aged up to 14 were living with AIDS in West and Central Africa in 2005?

680,000

About __________ of children in the United States have at least one sibling

80%

15. Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory would suggest that the best way to help toddlers develop a sense of autonomy would be to: A. be patient and allow the child to do things on her own, even if she struggles a bit. B. allow the child to make his own decisions about what he wants to eat and when he wants to eat it. C. let the child learn by watching other children of her own age, rather than getting help from an adult. D. hold very high standards for the child and be critical of the child's performance when the child doesn't meet your expectations.

15. Stage theories describe a. qualitative changes. b. long-term changes. c. significant changes. d. physiological changes.

15. When we say that a child looks just like his father, we are referring to the child's a. phenotype. b. genotype. c. karotype. d. monotype.

17. The most common cause of miscarriage is a. genetic abnormalities. b. poor maternal diet. c. maternal smoking. d. maternal drinking.

18. Among children who suffer early deprivation, we see a variety of developmental outcomes. Some children do quite well, but others are more negatively affected. This is the principle of a. multifinality. b. constructivism. c. determinism. d. functionality.

19. In the process of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that: A. naturally evokes an unconditioned response. B. provokes a conditioned response. C. that has no meaning before the process begins. D. is quickly extinguished once the conditioning stops.

19. Infants who are born smaller than the average for their gestational age are a. more vulnerable to infections. b. more difficult for the mother to deliver. c. more likely to suffer from colic. d. more likely to have genetic abnormalities.

20. John Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to demonstrate: A. that infants could learn to salivate to the sound of a bell. B. how classical conditioning could create fear in a human infant. C. that reinforcement was more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment. D. how quickly responses can be learned and then unlearned.

21. One of the important modern applications of classical conditioning is to: A. develop effective treatments for phobias. B. treat eating disorders. C. understand the adaptive functions of behavior. D. design better teaching techniques to use in classrooms.

21. Research with primates has found that when maternal diets were inadequate for a sustained part of a pregnancy, the infants a. were more prone to later become obese when they were raised in an environment where food was abundant. B. tended to stay small and lighter throughout their lifetime. c. appeared to be unaffected, but their offspring tended to be weak and malnourished. d. still managed to get all the nutrients that they needed from their mothers.

22. A severely restricted diet during pregnancy can lower a woman's basal metabolic rate, later putting her child at risk of a. obesity. b. cardiac disorders. c. infections. d. vision problems or blindness.

22. Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of a. single gene disorders. b. multifactorial inheritance. c. chromosomal abnormalities. d. mutations.

22. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky described learning as: a. a collaborative process between the child and more experienced adults or peers. b. something that others impose upon the child through the use of rewards and punishments. c. the optimal fit between the characteristics of the child and the demands of the environment. d. a child-directed process that is motivated by the child's internal drives.

25. The effects of maternal drinking during a pregnancy a. are permanent and irreversible. b. reversible if the mother stops drinking at some point in the pregnancy. c. are reduced if the mother only drinks heavily during the early part of her pregnancy. d. are reduced if the mother only drinks beer or wine, but not hard liquor.

25. When we talk about the impact of culture or socioeconomic status on child development, we are looking at the _________ of development. a. contexts b. domains c. variables d. content

26. Conditions such as depression, alcoholism, or schizophrenia a. have some genetic basis, but each results from the interaction of many genes with environmental influences. b. are the result of dominant and recessive genes intermingling. c. are dominant gene disorders that are more common in men than in women. d. can be identified through prenatal genetic testing.

27. Most couples do not undergo genetic testing for each pregnancy because a. each testing increases the risk of a genetic problem for the next pregnancy. b. some religions prohibit genetic testing in most cases. c. the risk of having a child with a genetic disorder is so low (3%) that testing is not warranted. d. there are not yet enough genetic disorders that we can detect with these tests.

27. Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important context for development because: a. it is related to the amount of resources that a family has to support their children's development. b. it allows us to easily classify the families that we study. c. it is a family characteristic that is stable and does not change over time. d. it has different meanings depending upon the culture in which it occurs.

29. Increased impulsivity and hyperactivity, as well as difficulty with organizing and integrating information, has been reported in children born to women who heavily used marijuana during their pregnancy. This is likely because a. cannabis crosses through the placenta and alters the neurology in the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain that handles higher cognitive functioning. b. the newborns undergo a difficult period of withdrawal from the drug following their birth. c. the lungs of the newborn are underdeveloped and the brain does not receive an adequate supply of oxygen. d. cannabis restricts the blood flow to the developing fetal brain during the second trimester of the pregnancy.

3. As children grow, they become taller and heavier. This is a(n): A. quantitative change in development. B. qualitative change in development. C. accumulative change in development. D. transactive change in development.

30. It is recommended that women who are HIV-positive do not breastfeed their infants because a. the HIV virus is present in the mother's breast milk and can be passed to the infant this way. b. most HIV-positive women cannot produce enough milk to successfully breastfeed their infants. c. infants born to mothers with HIV are too weak to nurse and must be fed intravenously. d. women with HIV need to devote so much time to their own health needs that they do not have time necessary to breastfeed.

30. One technique of gene therapy that is currently being investigated and developed is to a. use genetically altered virus cells to "infect" disordered cells with healthy genes. b. use a long, thin needle to insert healthy genes into the amniotic sac during the woman's pregnancy. c. use gene transplants after the infant is born to replace the problematic genes. d. treat the mother with megadoses of vitamins during her pregnancy.

30. When children observed an adult treating a Bobo doll in an aggressive manner: A. they were more likely to treat the doll aggressively themselves when they had the chance to play with it. B. it aroused a great deal of anxiety in the children and the experiment needed to be discontinued. C. only children who were initially highly aggressive in their play were affected by what they saw. D. they exactly copied what they saw the adult do when they played with a smaller doll.

31. If a child is born with the recessive gene condition of phenylketonuria (PKU), the harmful effect of the condition can be eliminated if the a. child receives phenylalanine supplements as a part of the child's diet. b. child's diet is changed to eliminate foods that contain the protein phenylalanine. c. child's cells are "infected" with the healthy dominant gene for this condition. d. child's diet contains large amount of protein-rich foods such as milk, fish and eggs.

32. Canalization is the a. degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment. b. likelihood that a recessive gene will express itself in the phenotype. c. degree to which multiple genes work together to produce a trait. d. extent to which certain characteristics evoke specific responses from others.

32. Maternal stress during a pregnancy seems to have its greatest impact if it occurs a. early in the prenatal period. b. close to the time of delivery. c. from time to time, rather than being a continuous state. d. at a low but constant level throughout the pregnancy.

32. You can become a critical thinker about research in child development if you: a. seek out divergent opinions from credible sources on topics that interest you. b. rely upon your own life experiences because they are your best source of information. c. reject ideas that are new or different from the way we have thought about a topic in the past. d. agree with what most people think about a topic.

34. Research conducted with nurturing and non-nurturing mother rats has found that when a mother rat does not nurture and respond to her babies a. a specific gene was "turned off" and the babies became more fearful and stressed by future environmental events. b. a specific gene was "turned on" and the babies become more assertive in pursuing their mothers to get her attention. c. the babies try to find another mother rat who will care for them. d. we can give the mother rat hormones that will make her more responsive to her offspring.

34. What can you correctly conclude when you read that research has found that playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior in children? a. As a group, children who play violent video games are more likely to behave aggressively than children who don't play violent video games. b. Children should not be allowed to play violent video games. c. Boys should not be allowed to play violent video games. d. Children who play violent video games will behave aggressively.

35. One of the ways in which Vygotsky differs from Piaget in his view of how children learn is that Vygotsky: A. places more emphasis on the role of culture and the social world in cognitive development. B. portrays children as individual learners who are focused on mastering their world. C. believes that all learning is based upon the principles of classical and operant conditioning. D. sees children as imitators of what they see other people doing.

36. A parent who suffers from a mental disorder may also provide a dysfunctional family environment for his or her children. In this case we would describe the genes for the disorder as a. passive. b. active. c. reactive. d. evocative.

37. When dynamic assessment is used to determine a child's level of understanding, the instructor determines the child's current level of understanding and then: A. helps the child move to the next level of understanding. B. compares the child's performance to the performance of other children of the same age. C. re-assesses the child's understanding at a later date. D. determines what the child can do under a different set of testing conditions.

38. In the information processing model of human learning, the "software": A. is the storage device that holds information until we need to use it. B. are cognitive processes such as attention, organization, and retrieval strategies. C. is the intake of information from the environment through our senses. D. is the neural network that consists of concept nodes and links between them.

39. A concordance rate allows us to look at the a. similarity between an adopted child and the child's biological and adoptive parents. b. likelihood that a recessive gene will be expressed in a child's phenotype. c. degree to which the expression of genes is determined by a particular environment. d. transmission of genetic traits across multiple generations.

39. A recent study of the impact of drinking alcohol during pregnancy found that drinking throughout pregnancy raised the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome disorder a. 12 times. b. 25 times. c. 50 times. d. 65 times.

41. The understanding that newborn ducklings and goslings will imprint upon and follow their mothers immediately after birth came from early work in the field of: A. ethology. B. sociobiology. C. ecological theory. D. information processing.

Rehearsal becomes a more effective memory strategy when children learn to: a. simply repeat the information they want to remember. b. not overdo it, but rather to stop after a few repetitions. c. connect the information they are learning to other related information. d. retain information in sensory storage for a longer period of time.

41. Which of the following would be the most helpful resource for a student who is looking for information on careers working with children and families? a. Occupational Outlook Handbook prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics b. The Consumer Price Index prepared by the Department of Labor c. The Annual Report on the Well-Being of Children prepared by the Forum on Child and Family Statistics d. The Dynamics of the American Workforce Report prepared by the Department of Labor

42. Sociobiology is the study of: A. the behavior of members within their kinship groups. B. the differences between culture groups that have different biological inheritance. C. social behaviors that are determined by genes and which have evolved to promote adaption to the environment. D. the behavior of animals and humans in their natural environments.

43. According to the theory of sociobiology, you are more likely to protect, help, and give to relatives rather than to other people because: A. this helps to ensure that genes that you share in common will be passed on to future generations. B. you are more likely to live in closer proximity to your relatives. C. you are more likely to be closer in age to your relatives than you are to other people. D. you feel that your relatives understand you better than other people do.

44. The RAND Corporation, The Annie E. Casey Foundation, and The Future of Children are all: a. organizations that devote resources to informing legislators and the public about issues that affect children. b. multi-national corporations that raise funds to support worthy causes related to children. c. educational think tanks that work toward the implementation of educational reform. d. organizations that oversee the publication and dissemination of research conducted by independent researchers.

44. Which of the following statements about sudden infant syndrome (SIDS) is true? a. It is the leading cause of death in infants between 1 month and 1 year of age. b. The risk of an infant dying from SIDS increases the closer the infant gets to his or her first birthday. c. We have been able to do nothing to reduce the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in the last 20 years. d. Allowing infants to sleep on their tummies helps to reduce the risk of SIDS.

45. Which type of research is helpful in clarifying the interaction of genes and environment? a. Studies that incorporate an experimental design. b. Studies comparing identical and nonidentical twins. c. Studies comparing parents and their children. d. Studies involving ethnographic data collection.

46. In ecological theory, the macrosystem consists of all of a person's face-to-face interactions in their immediate settings. the interactions between various microsystems. the settings that are external to the child and which the child never enters. the cultural norms that guide the organizations and places that make up one's everyday life.

46. Today the survival rate for premature infants weighing less than 1500 grams is a. approximately 90%. b. less than 50%. c. decreasing, rather than increasing. d. the same as it was two decades ago.

46. Why do researchers want to discover which traits and behaviors are highly likely to develop from genetic input? a. Because this will aid in the search for the specific genes responsible. b. Because this will aid in the development of fertility treatments. c. Because this will determine treatments for chromosomal disorders. d. Because this will allow for the establishment of behavior genetics.

47. Understanding that children who are victims of abuse can have many different long-term outcomes that can include depression but also resiliency and healing means that you understand the concept of _____. a. multifinality b. equifinality c. psychopathway d. convergence

5. When we look at developmental theories in historical perspective, we find that: A. theories do not develop in a vacuum because each draws upon earlier ideas or concepts. B. over time theories have given more and more weight to the influence of early experiences on development. C. all of our current best ideas are really just old ideas that have been recycled. D. the oldest theories, such as psychoanalysis and classical conditioning, are really still the best ones.

51. What does developmental theory in non-Western cultures focus on? a. The role of the individual in the context of the social group. b. The primary role of the first three years of life for development. c. The role of active participation in the developmental process. d. The role of spirituality in developmental processes.

53. We continue to see sickle-cell anemia in certain populations because the presence of one recessive gene for sickle-cell anemia a. provides the individual with some level of protection from malaria. b. is associated with longevity so the individual is more likely to pass the gene to his or her children. c. also produces large amounts of human growth hormones (HGH), which is beneficial. d. makes the individual more resistant to the negative effects of stress.

55. Stage theories are also considered to be: a. qualitative theories. b. quantitative theories. c. intervention theories. d. incremental theories.

6. _______________ begins with the identification of particular genes and attempts to understand how those genes work within a cell to affect behavior, while _______________ begins with behavior and attempts to define the role genes play in producing that behavior. a. Molecular genetics; behavioral genetics b. Eugenics; behavioral genomics c. Behavioral genetics; molecular genetics d. Behavioral genomics; eugenics

8. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the basic drives, such as sex and hunger, are contained in the A. id. B. ego. C. unconscious. D. superego.

8. The physical, cognitive and social-emotional domains of development: a. continually interact with each other so that development in one domain impacts and influences development in the other domains. b. develop in ways that are largely independent of each other. c. are linked together in such a way that advances in one domain hold back development in other domains. d. are so co-mingled that we cannot talk about development in the different domains separately.

9. A fertilized human egg contains a. 23 matched pairs of chromosomes. b. 48 pairs of chromosomes. c. thousands of chromosomes. d. 46 chromosomes for females and 45 chromosomes for males.

A disadvantage of using physiological measures in research on infants and young children is that a. it requires expensive and sophisticated equipment. b. these measures cannot be used with children who are too young to understand and follow complicated instructions. c. the procedures are invasive and painful so parents don't want to consent to them. d. they can give us a static picture of brain structure, but not brain functioning.

A toddler sees his mother lying in bed because she doesn't feel well, so he gives her his favorite blanket because he knows that it always makes him feel better. This is an example of: a. egocentrism. b. animism. c. conservation. d. transductive reasoning.

Although the adolescent pregnancy rate has declined, the group that continues to be at great risk is adolescents who: a. are black or Hispanic. b. come from large families. c. live in families with more sisters than brothers. d. live in urban settings.

An advantage of being breastfed for an infant is that: a. breast milk contains antibodies from the mother that can help fight off infections. b. infants who are born to mothers who are HIV-positive can better fight off the disease. c. breastfeeding is associated with higher scores on intelligence tests in childhood. d. the infant gains more weight more quickly than bottle fed infants.

As an infant's brain continues to produce many synaptic connections: a. the connections that are not used will be pruned, deteriorate and disappear. b. the number of synapses will begin to catch up with the number of neurons. c. neurons will begin to die off and are replaced by new neurons. d. each neuron will add new synapses but will lose axons and dendrites.

At what age do girls typically begin the adolescent growth spurt? a. 9 to 10 years of age b. 10 to 11 years of age c. 11 to 12 years of age d. 12 to 13 years of age

Attrition is a problem for longitudinal studies because a. all participants are not at equal risk of being lost from the study over time. b. you cannot add new measures to the study as it goes on. c. all groups in the study must be as much the same as you can possibly make them. d. it creates a cohort effect among the participants.

Case studies are often used to study a. individuals who are exceptional in some way. b. large, representative groups of individuals. c. group differences. d. retrospective recall.

Children of mothers who are incarcerated are compared to children of mothers who reside with the children in their own homes on a number of cognitive outcomes. This is an example of a(n) a. natural or quasi-experiment. b. case study. c. randomized trial. d. archival study.

Executive function enables you to a. coordinate attention and control behavioral responses so you can attain a goal. b. recall specific memories, rather than just general, impressionistic memories. c. develop an organized and well-integrated knowledge base. d. employ various strategies to enhance your autobiographical memory.

In terms of the timing of puberty: a. early maturation is a disadvantage for boys. b. being a late maturing boy has advantages. c. early maturation has a number of advantages for boys. d. being early or late has very little impact on boys.

Infant massage has been shown to a. be ineffective in improving infant growth. b. improve conditions such as anxiety or HIV. c. improve vision. d. decrease blood flow.

Kara's mother is helping her with a 100-piece puzzle. Kara is only four-years-old and the puzzle is too difficult for her. Kara's mother tells her to find all the corner pieces, then the pieces with the flat sides, and then they group the rest of the pieces together by color. In order to help Kara complete the puzzle, her mother uses the concept of a. scaffolding. b. directed learning. c. centration. d. dialectical thinking.

One of the advantages of using physiological measures when conducting research is that a. they do not require that the participant be able to use language. b. you can utilize multiple methods to collect the data. c. data can be gathered quickly and efficiently. d. the interpretation of the data is always clear and straightforward.

One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that: a. the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes. b. a child's surprise when one of their expectations is violated is the best measure of their level of cognitive development. c. the strongest influence on the way we think about and understand the world is the social world in which we live. d. children must develop metacognitive functions before they can reason accurately about the world.

One of the disadvantages of using surveys to conduct research is that a. respondents may not be able to accurately recall and report on the behavior covered by the survey. b. it is a very expensive and time-intensive method of collecting data. c. the researcher must develop norms for the responses and update those norms periodically. d. the researcher must be sure that the groups of participants who answer the questions are comparable in as many ways as possible.

Professor Tyrone is interested in studying how the use of media (such as having the television on, answering text messages, or listening to an I-pod) affects students' ability to study for their courses. It would be better if she got permission to look up the students' grade point average than to simply ask the students to self-report their grade point average because a. they might not correctly report their grade point average in an attempt to make themselves look better to the researcher. b. students don't pay much attention to grades, so many may not have this information in their memory. c. grade point averages change so frequently that it is difficult for students to accurately recall what it is. d. it won't be clear to students what information Professor Taylor is looking for when she asks about their grade point average.

Rehearsal becomes a more effective memory strategy when children learn to a. simply repeat the information they want to remember. b. not overdo it, but rather to stop after a few repetitions. c. connect the information they are learning to other related information. d. retain information in sensory storage for a longer period of time.

Research on the effectiveness of the treatments used for children with ADHD has found that a. stimulants such as Ritalin are effective in increasing attention and reducing problem behaviors for many children. b. diet modification that eliminates sugar, food dyes, and additives is as effective, or more effective, than medications. c. teaching parents more effective parenting strategies is usually enough to rectify the child's behavioral problems. d. a combination of anti-depressants and anti-psychotic medication is the most effective approach.

Research on the theory of core knowledge has found that even before their first birthday, babies: a. are capable of showing an elementary understanding of the principles of logic. b. can remember and repeat a complicated series of actions that they have observed only once. c. understand core principles because of their social interactions with adults. d. are surprised when they see events that seem to defy nature, such as a seeing a block pushed beyond the edge of a table without falling.

Research that has measured the event-related potentials (ERPs) of infants found that infants paid more attention to a stimulus when their caregivers a. reacted to the stimulus in a negative way than in a positive way. b. appeared to be ignoring the stimulus. c. reacted to the stimulus in a positive way than in a negative way. d. reacted in a neutral way to the stimulus.

Synaptogenesis in the area of the brain responsible for __________ has greatly diminished by the time children enter early childhood. a. vision, hearing, and language b. coordination and balance c. future planning d. memory

The cause of cerebral palsy is: a. brain injury during prenatal development or during the birth process itself. b. a lack of stimulation during the early months of development. c. a massive overgrowth of brain synapses and the lack of synaptic pruning. d. a diet severely lacking in adequate amounts of protein

The differentiation between sounds begins a. in the womb. b. immediately after birth. c. at approximately two months of life. d. at approximately six months of life.

The first stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the a. sensorimotor stage. b. preoperational stage. c. operational stage. d. formal operations stage.

The frontal lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for: a. complex thoughts, movement, language, and self-control. b. the basic functions of the body, such as breathing, cardiac rhythm, and blood pressure. c. controlling balance and movement. d. the expression and experience of emotions, memories, and sensations.

The group of adolescents who typically have the most positive self-image, are the most confident, and have high social status among their peers is the: a. early maturing boys. b. late maturing boys. c. early maturing girls. d. late maturing girls.

The major cognitive accomplishment during the preoperational stage is: a. acquiring the ability to represent actions mentally rather than physically. b. developing object permanence. c. beginning to think logically. d. translating circular reactions into goal directed activity.

The most effective programs to prevent eating disorders are ones that: a. provide adolescents with a good deal of information about the harmful effects of eating disorders. b. target high-risk groups rather than the general adolescent population and focus on older rather than younger adolescents. c. identify adolescents who are genetically at risk of developing an eating disorder and provide intensive interventions for that group. d. target males rather than females, because the rate of eating disorders among males is increasing at a much faster rate than among females.

The norm for a standardized test represents a. the average or typical performance of a child of a given age on a specific test. b. the size of the sample that is used to develop the test items. c. other tests that measure the same or similar qualities or characteristics. d. the highest and lowest score that any child gets on the test.

The recommendation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is that: a. fruits and vegetables should comprise one-half of each plate of food we eat. b. meat and other proteins should comprise one-half of each plate of food we eat. c. children should not be given full-fat milk or dairy products. d. children should only be fed organic fruits and vegetables.

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected through the a. corpus callosum. b. cortex. c. cerebellum. d. brain stem.

There is a cohort effect in cross-sectional studies when a. the different groups in the study have had different life experiences. b. the researcher uses different measures for the different groups in the study. c. participants drop out of the study for various reasons over time. d. the measures that are being used in the study change over time.

Thinning hair, yellowing of the skin, the growth of fine hair on the face and arms, and cardiovascular problems or osteoporosis are all conditions associated with a. anorexia nervosa. b. bulimia. c. undernutrition. d. malnutrition.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory portrays cognitive development as: a. having many aspects that are innate and which build upon experiences. b. a process in which brain functioning is central and interacts with experiences. c. a continuous process that gives a very small role to innate knowledge. d. occurring in stages and depending upon physical maturation.

What area of the brain processes and stores memory? a. Amygdala b. Brain stem c. Parietal lobe d. Hippocampus

What part of the brain has been found to be enlarged in the brains of young children with ASD? a. Amygdala b. Cerebellum c. Brain stem d. Cerebrum

When an adolescent can solve a complex problem by first formulating hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses in a systematic and logical way, the adolescent is engaging in: a. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. b. transformative reasoning. c. reversible operations. d. dialectical thinking.

When an infant loses support and feels like she is falling, she will throw out her arms and legs because of the a. Moro reflex. b. Babinski reflex. c. Gallant reflex. d. Tonic neck reflex.

When conducting a case study, it is particularly important that the researcher a. gathers a representative sample for the study. b. remains objective in her observations and interpretation of them. c. carefully explains the purpose of the study to the subject. d. uses valid, standardized tests in the assessment process.

When infants look at faces, they are attracted to: a. the areas of highest contrast. b. the mouth because it moves. c. the top of the head. d. the jaw and chin.

When specific neurons are given extra stimulation through repeated motor practice (for example, by practicing piano for long hours on end): a. there is greater myelination of those neurons. b. the dendrites of those neurons grow longer. c. the corpus callosum begins to break down. d. the parietal lobe grows more rapidly than the rest of the brain.

When we encounter a new experience that does not fit into any of our cognitive schemes, Piaget would say that: a. it throws us into a state of disequilibrium which feels uncomfortable. b. we ignore the information until we can develop the cognitive ability to understand it. c. we observe how other people are reacting to the situation and copy their reactions. d. we use transductive reasoning to try to make sense of the experience.

When you find a positive correlation between two variables, it means that a. these variables have a beneficial effect on the child's development. b. changes in the first variable will cause a change in the second variable. c. as the value of one variable goes up so does the value of the second variable. d. these two variables can predict the value of a third variable.

Which of the following techniques have critics of Piaget's idea that object permanence needs time to develop used to support their case that infants are born with "persistence"? a. They have measured the amount of time that infants spend looking at an event that violates an expectation of object permanence. b. They have looked to see if an infant will search for an object that is hidden under a piece of cloth. c. They have measured the age at which infants first show signs of separation anxiety. d. They have looked at whether infants appear to have strategies for searching for lost objects.

You are interested in looking at the relationship between education and well-being. You decide that you will use the number of years of schooling completed as the way you will measure level of education. This step in the scientific method is called: a. operationalizing the concept. b. establishing the validity of your measure. c. determining if your measure is reliable. d. standardizing your measure.

What is a moral dilemma?

A & B ( A) A hypothetical story in which the individual must make a moral decision and evaluate their moral reasoning B) A means of assessment used by Kohlberg and others to evaluate an individual's level of moral reasoning )

Teen mothers:

A & B ( A) Are more likely to drop out of school B) Are more likley to work more hours for lower pay )

Why is friendship important in childhood?

A & B ( A) Children use friends as a secure base for adjusting and coping with new school experiences B) They provide emotional support and a forum for discussing feelings and problems )

Common long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse include:

A & B ( A) Dissociative disorders B) Post-traumatic stress disorder )

What is the importance of touch to babies?

A & B ( A) In preemies, massage causes faster growth, calmer babies and better development. B) Babies who are massaged daily develop movement earlier, sleep more soundly and have less colic. )

The individual with the Anal-Expulsive Personality:

A & B ( A) May be sloppy B) May be defiant )

Which of the following is true of child prostitutes?

A & B ( A) They are often runaways B) They are often beaten or victimized by pimps )

What is object permanence?

A & B (A) An important task of the sensorimotor period of development B) The awareness that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen)

Families from historically oppressed groups:

A & B (A) Have more often lived in extended families B) More often pool their resources and sacrificed individual goals for the good of the family )

How does TV impact adolescent girls' body image and self-concept?

A & B (A) The vast majority of girls want to look like a TV character B) Girls often try to change their appearance to look like a TV character )

Which of the following is true of Amala & Kamala's language?

A & B (A) The younger girl, Amala, made promising progress towards speech, babbling and cooing noises that mark the first stage in a normal child's learning to talk B) Kamala, the older girl, showed much slower progress in learning language )

What is a synapse?

A & B (A) A space between the axon of one nerve cell and the dendrite of another B) The place where neurotransmitters are released to carry information between cells)

When are gay youth first aware of their same sex attractions?

A & B (The average age of awareness of same sex attractions is 8 years; In Savin-Williams study, gay youth's first awareness of their same-sex attraction ranged from age 3 to 17)

Why is a low staff-to-child ratio important to quality child care?

A & C ( A) A low staff-to-child ratio leads to more sensitive child/adult interactions C) A low staff-to-child ratio is highly related to improved cognitive and language skills in children )

What was proven in the work of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel who studied the brain development of cats?

A & C ( A) If an eye on a normal kitten is sewn shut for at least the first 4 months after birth, the kitten will never be able to see normally in that eye when it is freed. C) Lack of stimulation during the critical period for sight prevented the appropriate development of connections between the visual cortex and the eye. )

Why do teenagers take risks?

A & C ( A) Teenagers are far more interested in novelty and risk than children or adults are because it makes them feel good. C) New experiences, especially those with a frisson of danger or the thrill of the new, tap into a teenager's so-called reward system. )

What is temperament?

A basic disposition; a child's inborn characteristics that impact how he or she interacts with the world and forms the beginnings of personality

What is egocentrism?

A characteristic of preoperational thought when a child is cognitively unable to take another's perspective

What is the single best predictor of adult adaptation and success?

A child's ability to get along with other children

An evocative gene-environment correlation describes a situation in which:

A children's genetic material causes them to act in ways that draw out certain responses from those around them or causes others to act differently toward the child

they are interconnected and what affects one of them reverberates with the others

A chronic illness suffered by a child affects everyone in the family because

Wraparound Program

A comprehensive set of services offered to families to strengthen them or reunite them.

they are more likely to use power assertion

A difference in how African-American and White parents use power assertion to discipline their children is that

Demandingness/Control

A dimension of parenting that measures the amount of restrictiveness and structure that parents place on their children.

Acceptance/Responsiveness

A dimension of parenting that measures the amount of warmth and affection in the parent-child relationship.

Power Assertion

A disciplinary technique that emphasizes control of the child's behavior through physical and nonphysical punishment.

Nuclear Family

A family consisting of a husband, a wife, and their biological and/or adopted children.

Extended Family

A family structure that includes nuclear family members and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Which of the following parent factors increase the likelihood of a parent abusing their child?

A lack of skills in soothing children

Natural mentor

A mentoring relationship between an adult and child that develops spontaneously rather than through a formal program.

Transactional Model

A model of parenting effects that assumes that influence moves from parent to child but also from child to parent in a reciprocal process.

Parent Effects Model

A model of parenting effects that assumes that parents cause the characteristics that we see in their children.

Child Effects Model

A model that assumes it is the characteristics of the child that determine the parenting style parents use.

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell; A brain cell that can transmit or receive messages to and from the organs and muscles

Love Withdrawal

A parenting technique in which parents threaten to withhold their love until a child conforms to the parents' expectations for his behavior.

Self-oriented Induction

A parenting technique in which the child is asked to think about the consequences that the child might experience as a result of his behavior.

Other-oriented Induction

A parenting technique in which the child thinks about consequences of the child's behavior for someone else.

Command strategy

A parenting technique in which the parent does not make any overt threats of punishment, but the child responds to the legitimate authority that the parent has to make a request of the child.

Relationship Maintenance

A parenting technique in which the parents try to create a positive relationship with their child so that they will have a greater influence on the child's behavior.

Inductive discipline

A parenting technique that involves setting clear limits for children and explaining the consequences for negative behavior, why the behavior was wrong, and what the child might do to fix the situation.

Racism

A pervasive system of advantage and disadvantage based on race.

Child development is generally considered:

A process consisting of both universal patterns and individual differences

still rely on behaviors ghat may make themselves feel better but don't improve the situation

A recent study of how adolescents cope found that many of them

dealing with negative assumptions of why she doesn't have custody of kids

A special challenge for non-custodial mothers is that

Mentor

A trusting relationship between a young person and a non parental adult who provides guidance intended to promote positive development.

includes services from justice system, health and mental care providers, and other human services

A wraparound program is one that

Initiative vs Guilt

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

centration

According to Piaget, preschoolers come to illogical conclusions because they can't think about several aspects of a situation at one time. This short coming in early childhood cognitive ability is called

zone of proximal development

According to Vygotsky, students learn the best by working on problems that are just barely beyond their current comprehension or memory. This is

lowest for asians and blacks; native americans

Adolescent rates of smoking are ________________ and highest for _________________.

Which of the following is the best example of a qualitative change in development?

Adolescents become more systematic in the way they go about solving problems.

Open Adoptions

Adoptions in which the children and their biological and adoptive families have access to each other.

Why are theories of development so important?

All of the above

Which of the following is true of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

All of the above (A) It bridges the gap between what is known and what can be known B) The point where true learning occurs C) The point at which a student can perform a task under adult or a more able peer's supervision)

Why is it important to study child development from a multicultural perspective?

All of the above ( A) "Minority" Americans will become the majority in this century as Anglo-Americans become a smaller group proportionally B) Different cultures have different belief systems, ways of interacting, and communication styles C) Nonwhite children are often not included or are misrepresented in developmental research )

What is race dissociation?

All of the above ( A) A common phenomenon in preschool minority children B) Ocurs when a minority child indicates preference for the majority culture or values C) Is due to the powerful influence of the dominant culture D) Does not mean a child has poor self-esteem or a negative view of their minority group )

Which of the following are examples of resiliency factors?

All of the above ( A) A secure attachment in infancy B) A good sense of humor C) A positive self-concept )

Which of the following is true of secure attachment?

All of the above ( A) About 70% of babies in the US are securely attached B) Secure infants will play happily with toys when their mother is present in the strange situation C) The infant will cry when the mother leaves during the strange situation D) When the mother returns (in the strange situation), the baby will hug or cling to the mother and quickly stop crying )

How can alcohol impact the developing fetus?

All of the above ( A) Alcohol passes very quickly through the placenta to the fetus, and the unborn baby feels a drink almost as fast as a pregnant woman B) It can lead to irreversible damage C) It can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) )

Which of the following is true of children and television?

All of the above ( A) American children spend more time watching television than engaging in any other activity except sleeping B) By the time the average American child is six, she will have spent more time watching TV than talking to her father in her lifetime C) Children living in poverty watch even more television than average )

Homeless children:

All of the above ( A) Are often malnourished and lack adequate medical care B) Often have poor school performance and absenteeism from school C) Experience more internalizing problems, such as depression, social withdrawal, and low self esteem, than do poor children who are not homeless D) Are more likely to have serious behavioral problems at school )

In comparison to children in American schools, children in Asian schools:

All of the above ( A) Attend school more days per year (and average of 240 vs. 180) B) Spend more time on math, as much as they do on reading and writing C) Spend more time attending to their schoolwork D) More often use concrete manipulable objects in their math instruction and problem-solving )

Children raised in gay families:

All of the above ( A) Be as popular and as socially skilled as children raised in other families B) Tend to be as emotionally well-adjusted as their peers C) Are no more likley to have abnormal gender-role development D) Are no more likely to themselves be gay than other children )

Which of the following is true of children's social groups?

All of the above ( A) Beginning at about age 3, children increasingly choose same-sex playmates B) From ages 4 to 12, children spend the majority of their free play time exclusively with members of their own sex C) Boys typically play in larger groups than girls )

Which of the following is true of teachers' treatment of children in the classroom?

All of the above ( A) Both experienced and new teachers give boys more attention, feedback, praise, and warnings than they gave girls B) Regardless of teaching experience or gender of the teacher, interactions with female students were different and less helpful than were teacher interactions with male students C) Early schooling consists of activities in which girls have more proficiency than boys, giving boys more training in the skills they lack, such as reading, while ignoring skills that girls lack, such as science investigation )

Which of the following is true of premature puberty?

All of the above ( A) Childhood obesity can lead to hormonal changes that cause premature puberty B) Certain chemical substances appear to play a role in the development of premature puberty C) Studies have found that girls who reach puberty earlier tend to have sex earlier, increase the risk of pregnancy, experience more psychological stress, poor mental health, more behavioral problems, are more likely to drink, smoke, have a lower IQ and commit suicide D) Premature puberty in boys can mean more aggressive, violent behavior, learning disabilities and more drug and alcohol abuse )

Which of the following is true of feral children?

All of the above ( A) Children found with animals that do not walk on two legs do not themselves walk upright on two legs B) Many of the children failed to grow and became ill once they rejoined human society C) Children found with carnivorous animals will eat only raw meat )

By the early school years (5 to 7)

All of the above ( A) Children's sexual play is common B) Concepts of love and affection begin to develop C) Children are interested in body parts and functions D) Both boys and girls begin to become sexually aroused by thinking about sexual events )

How can cocaine impact the developing fetus?

All of the above ( A) Cocaine easily crosses the placenta and constricts blood flow, leading to less blood flow to the fetus B) It has been associated with heart and brain defects, learning disabilities, stillbirth, prematurity and decreased growth C) Crack use has been shown to cause abruptio placentae and an increase in the number of miscarriages D) It increases the risk of crib death (SIDS) )

Why are we studying feral children?

All of the above ( A) Feral children can give us a good idea of what aspects of human behavior are caused by nature and what comes from nurture B) Feral children can help us understand critical periods C) The outcomes of feral children can provide a template for evaluating the various human development theories )

What do we know about critical or sensitive periods for language development?

All of the above ( A) Feral children have taught us that a child who is not exposed to language before puberty can never develop normal language later. B) In cases of damage to the left hemisphere by accident or illness before the age of about 10 the brain is usually able to recover and reorganize itself and speech can be regained. C) By about age four language is well established because the underlying brain mechanisms are more or less perfected by then and act synchronously. )

Children enrolled in low quality child care:

All of the above ( A) Have an increased risk of SIDS B) Are more likely to be socially rejected C) Show poorer academic progress than other children relative to their apparent ability D) Are rated as having more behavior problems )

Which of the following is a common symptom of pregnancy?

All of the above ( A) Headaches B) Frequent Urination C) Fatigue D) Heartburn )

What of the fllowing is true of myelin?

All of the above ( A) It is a fatty substance that coats the axons of nerve fibers and acts as an electrical insulator. B) It improves the speed and efficiency of transmission of electrical signals. C) It requires a high level of fat intake for development in early childhood. D) Poor myelination may contribute to seizures. )

What of the following is true of reactive attachment disorder (RAD)?

All of the above ( A) It is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts B) It is the diagnostic term for a severe disorder of attachment that can affect children C) It arises from a failure to form normal attachments to primary caregiving figures in early childhood D) It can result from severe early experiences of neglect, abuse, abrupt separation from caregivers between the ages of six months and three years, frequent change of caregivers, or a lack of caregiver responsiveness to a child's communicative efforts )

What is empathy?

All of the above ( A) It is the ability to recognize and understand another person's perceptions and feelings B) It is the root of moral behavior C) It is the key internal barrier to violence and leads to the development of a conscience )

What is the importance of BICS in second language acquisition?

All of the above ( A) It is the individual's ability to communicate basic needs and wants and carry on basic interpersonal conversations B) It develops within the fist 1 to 3 years of an individual's immersion ina new language C) It is insufficient for academic success which requires CALP )

What are some of the difficulties in providing high quality child care?

All of the above ( A) Most parents cannot afford high quality child care B) Most day care providers have very little education C) Staff turnover is generally very high )

Which of the following is true of Genie?

All of the above ( A) She was a severely maltreated child who had been isolated for years B) She had little language development when found and was never able to develop normal grammar skills for forming sentences C) She developed strong nonverbal communication skills )

Which of the following is true of television programming and gender?

All of the above ( A) Television portrayals of males and females tend to be highly stereotypical in terms of appearance, personal characteristics, occupations, and the nature of the roles they play B) Male television characters tend to be older and in more powerful roles C) Females televison characters tend to be young, attractive, and provocatively dressed D) Children who watch a lot of TV have more highly stereotypic beliefs about males and females and prefer gender-typed activities to a greater extent than do children who are less avid viewers )

According to Kohlberg, which of the following is true of individuals' moral development?

All of the above ( A) The individual must progress through the stages in order and cannot get to a higher stage without passing through the stage immediately preceding it B) Individuals cannot comprehend moral reasoing at a stage more than one stage beyond their own C) Individuals are cognitively attracted to reasoning at one level above their own present level D) Movement through the stages occur when a person's current level of moral reasoning is not capable of resolving or coping with a given moral situation )

Which of the following can cause Anoxia?

All of the above ( A) The umbilical cord can become tangled or squeezed during childbirth, cutting off the oxygen supply B) Before birth, sedatives given to the mother can cross the placental barrier and interfere with the baby's breathing or mucus ingested during childbirth can become lodged in the baby's throat, cutting off the oxygen supply C) Genetic incompatibility between an RH-positive fetus, who has a protein called RH factor in its blood, and an RH-negative mother can occur )

Which of the following is true of children with neglected sociometric status?

All of the above ( A) They are generally unnoticed by peers at school or in the community B) They are seldom picked as a work partner or playmate C) They may be shy or socially withdrawn D) Being neglected does not necessarily lead to long term negative outcomes )

Children are more likely to drop out of school when:

All of the above ( A) They go to schools with rigid rules B) Their school requires a competency exam C) They believe that school faculty have little interest in them D) They have frequently moved and changed schools )

Which of the following is true of preterm births?

All of the above ( A) They have increased in the US over the last 20 years B) In the developing world, these are usually due to the mother's overall health and nutrition C) Adolescents who are not fully physically mature have a higher liklihod of having a preterm baby D) They are more likely when a woman is under great stress )

Which of the following is true of externalizing problems?

All of the above ( A) They occur when a child has difficulties with emotional regulation B) They occur when the individual acts out his unpleasant feelings "against the world" C) The individual may act on his or her unpleasant feelings by injuring others, destroying property, or defying authority )

When Amala & Kamala were found:

All of the above ( A) They were living in a wolf den with a mother wolf that was killed B) They were found by Reverend Joseph Singh, a missionary in charge of an orphanage in Northern India C) The girls acted more like wolf cubs than human children )

Which of the following is true of feral children's language?

All of the above ( A) Those found a bit younger may learn to speak and develop a vocabulary but are unable to fully understand and utilize grammar B) Feral children often learn to mimic animal sounds, and especially the sounds of their host families C) Those found after puberty generally do not develop any meaningful language D) Those found in the preschool years make the best recovery of language )

Which of the following is true of Victor, the boy found in the forests near the city of Aveyron in 1799?

All of the above ( A) Victor seemingly felt neither the heat from a flame the cold of the snow B) Victor could not recognize himself in a mirror C) Victor failed to display the normal range of human emotions )

How does culture impact children's emotional development?

All of the above (A) An individual's culture may call for the free expression of an emotion or hiding that emotion B) The culture provides the structure for when it is considered appropriate or inappropriate to feel and express various emotions C) The culture shows the child how and when to express their feelings appropriately )

Teens who watch more TV:

All of the above (A) Are more likely to associate material items and wealth with happiness B) Teens who prefer to watch more MTV are more sexually active than their peers C) Males who watch more TV have a much higher rate of sexual activity D) Teen girls who watch more music videos are more worried about their weight and attractiveness )

Which of the following must be present for an individual to learn through modeling?

All of the above (A) Attention. The person must first pay attention to the model. B) Retention. The person must be able to remember the behavior. C) Motor reproduction. The person must have the ability to perform the behavior that the model has just demonstrated. D) Motivation. The person must want to demonstrate the behavior )

Until the middle ages, children in Western society were:

All of the above (A) Considered infants until age 6 or 7 B) Frequently died at birth or soon after C) Considered little adults after age 7 )

Adolescents have some difficulties due to the late development of

All of the above (A) Controlling impulses B) Inhibiting inappropriate behavior C) Organizing things D) Setting priorities )

Which of the following is true of children's ethnic identity development?

All of the above (A) Identification by sex comes earlier and more naturally to the young child than identification by color or by race. B) By age four, most children are able to identify themselves correctly and consistently using color labels. C) Black children seem to become aware of their race at a younger age than their white peers. D) Young preschoolers don't perceive skin color as a fact of their bodies and biology. Rather, they see it as something they themselves choose - and can change at will. )

Which of the following is true of infant attachment?

All of the above (A) It is a bidirectional process in which infants and caregivers form bonds with one another B) The vast majority of infants are attached to more than one adult by age 18 months C) In most 2 parent families, infants attach to their mother and father at about the same time )

Which of the following is true of Klinefelter Syndrome?

All of the above (A) It is a common chromosomal abnormality affecting males B) Males with this disorder tend to have a "pear like" body shape and most develop gynecomastia in puberty (male breasts) C) Individuals with this disorder have underdeveloped testes that cannot produce sufficient quantities of the male hormone testosterone and, as a result, they lack development of normal male secondary sexual characteristics (Lack of facial and body hair & normal male musculature) D) Individuals with this disorder often have less interest in sex than the typical male and generally do not produce enough sperm to allow them to become fathers )

Which of the following is true of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)?

All of the above (A) It may be related to sleep apnea B) It is less likely when an infant sleeps on his or her back C) It is the most common cause of death among US infants aged 1 to 6 months D) Exposure to cigarette smoke is a majr risk factor )

Which groups of children tend to particularly benefit from high quality child care?

All of the above (A) Poor children B) Children whose mothers are less educated C) Minority children )

Poor peer relationships can lead to:

All of the above (A) Poor mental health B) Dropping out of school C) School difficulties D) Poor employment history )

What are the long-term effects of children experiencing war?

All of the above (A) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder B) Depression C) Deterioration in parenting )

Which of the following are examples of risk factors?

All of the above (A) Prematurity B) Extreme passivity C) Aggression D) Witnessing domestic violence )

Which of the following statements are true of the Iraq War?

All of the above (A) The proportion of married US soldiers is higher today than in any previous war B) Of the Americans killed in Iraq through the end of November 2004, more than two in five were married C) Over 1,000 American kids have lost a parent in the Iraq War)

Which of the following is true of feral children's social and emotional development?

All of the above (A) They do not appear to want human company B) They display a lack of empathy C) Often they do not smile, laugh, or cry )

Why is increased television watching associated with more problems with attention?

All of the above (A) Watching television fosters development of brain circuits, or "habits of mind," that result in increased aggressiveness, lower tolerance levels and decreased attention span, in lieu of developing language circuits in the brain's left hemisphere B) Television-watching deprives children of hours that could be spent fostering creativity, self-reliance, learning and social interaction C) Television is a mentally passive activity)

Which of the following are characteristics of high quality child care?

All of the above (A) Low staff-to-child ratios B) Highly qualified staff C) Low staff turnover)

Which of the following is true of otitis media?

All of the above ( A) It is a bacterial infection of the middle ear, the most commonly diagnosed disease among infants and preschool children. B) It can cause a buld up of fluid that can produce a mild to moderate hearling loss lasting for months after the disease has been treated. C) Young children with recurring infections may have difficulties with speech and language development.)

Which of the following is true of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

All of the above ( A) It occurs when an XY fetus (genetically male) has a disorder in which the cells of the body cannot respond to male hormones (androgens) B) The individual with this disorder generally appears as a normal female and will continue to do so throughout development C) This is most commonly diagnosed in adolescence when there are concerns because menstruation does not begin, or afterwards, because pregnancy cannot occur)

What is the impact of a mother's smoking on her developing fetus?

All of the above ( A) Nicotine passes into the mother's bloodstream and then into the baby's B) Nicotine speeds up the fetal heart and interrupts the baby's respiratory movements C) Mothers who smoke bear babies who weigh less than mothers who do not smoke D) Smoking is also linked to long term language and learning difficulties)

What was the outcome of the Skeel's study?

All of the above (A) The girls reared in the orphanage lost intelligence and had much poorer long term outcomes B) The girls reared in an institution for the mentally handicapped by a mother surrogate became brighter and had much better long term outcomes C) Mental stimulation and emotional connection were found to result in IQ gains )

Which of the following is true of ability tracking in schools?

All of the above (Students with lower ability achieve less in lower track classes than in mixed ability classes; Students with higher ability do not achieve more in tracked classes than in mixed ability classes;Tracking students reduces opportunities to develop relationships among students from other racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups and has a negative effect on race relations; Placement decision concerning ability grouping is often made very early in a student's school career, is often based on questionable data, and is enduring

________ of American families eat dinner with the TV on.

Almost half

Indifferent or neglectful parents:

Are associated with children who are impulsive and who show delinquent behavior

Indulgent or permissive parents:

Are associated with children who are less mature, more irresponsible, conforming to peers and lacking in leadership

Authoritarian parents:

Are associated with children who are more dependent, passive, less socially adept, less self-assured and less intellectually curious

70% will not abuse their own children

Among parents who had been abused as children

All the following are disadvantages of unstructured time EXCEPT:

An increase in argumentative behaviors towards adults

ordinary magic

Anne Masten has described resiliency as the product of

Osteoporosis, brittle hair and nails, and dry skin are associated with which disorder?

Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following matches the eating disorder with the description of the typical weight of individuals with the disorder: Significantly underweight

Anorexia nervosa

What is the most common mental health disorder to co-occur with depression?

Anxiety disorder

Maltreatment

Any act committed by a part or caregiver that results in harm or potential harm to a child; includes abuse and neglect.

Family

Any two or more individuals living together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.

Stress

Anything that places excessive demands on our ability to cope.

stereotypical portrayal of characters and plots

As teens watch more television, their self-image becomes less complex and this is a problem because of the

In 2009, child poverty rates were above 30% for all of the following races/ethnicities EXCEPT

Asian

10. _____________ includes the influence of what we bring to development as a result of our genetic inheritance. a. Nurture b. Nature c. Qualitative change d. Quantitative change

11. Freud would say that an adult who smokes heavily or one who constantly bites her nails A. is trying to repress her aggressive urges. B. is fixated at the oral stages because these needs were not met in infancy. C. has not resolved his or her issues with the same-sex parent. D. is stuck in the latency stage of development.

11. The _____________________ stage of prenatal development lasts from about 2 weeks postconception to two months. a. germinal b. embryonic c. fetal d. placental

12. According to Freud, boys and girls develop what has been called "the family romance" during the ____________ stage of development. A. anal B. phallic C. latency D. genital

12. The reason why a woman's chance of having dizygotic twins increases as the woman gets older is that a. it becomes easier for a sperm to penetrate the outer shell of the ovum. b. as the woman's ovaries decline in their ability to release eggs, her production of hormones increases to counter this decline. c. the lining of the uterus becomes more receptive to implantation of the blastocyst. d. her risk of miscarrying an early pregnancy significantly decreases.

12. Throughout prenatal development, we see cephalocaudal development which means that development a. begins at the central line of the body and works outwards from there. b. proceeds from the head region down through the body. c. is very rapid at the beginning of the pregnancy, but then slows down. d. is very vulnerable to damage early in the pregnancy, but is more resistant later on.

13. The embryonic stage of prenatal development is considered a critical period for development because a. this is the stage when the gender of the conception is determined. b. all major organs and structures are undergoing rapid development, and damage done at this point can be both severe and irreversible. c. the conception may implant in the fallopian tubes rather than in the uterus. d. most of the genetic abnormalities that we see in infants happen during this stage of prenatal development.

13. The rapid increase in height that adolescents experience when they go through the adolescent growth spurt is an example of a(n) a. stage theory. b. quantitative change. c. qualitative change. d. equifinality.

14. In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the developmental challenge of infancy is the issue of: A.initiative versus guilt. B. trust versus mistrust. C. autonomy versus shame. D. intimacy versus isolation.

15. During prenatal development a. all the baby's senses become functional to some extent. b. the developing baby is protected from all sensory input from the environment. c. rudimentary senses develop, but most of this development does not occur until after birth. d. auditory and visual senses develop, but the remaining senses are not yet functional.

17. In order for a person to have sickle cell anemia, they have had to a. experienced a lack of folic acid in the maternal diet during pregnancy. b. receive two recessive genes. c. receive two dominant genes. d. receive the incorrect number of chromosomes.

19. The field of developmental psychopathology: a. searches for the genetic cause of the problems we see in development. b. sees behavioral and emotional disorders as distortions of normal development. c. identifies the source of problem behavior in children's early learning experiences. d. focuses on the consequences of maladaptive behavior.

21. Generalist genes are responsible for a. the most common human characteristics. b. dominant genetic characteristics. c. quantitative rather than qualitative difference in abilities. d. modifying the effect of dominant gene characteristics.

21. The theory of behaviorism views the child as: a. an active explorer of the environment who creates his or her own understanding of the world. b. a passive recipient of the attempts of others to control the child's behavior. c. an active participant in the process of producing his or her own development. d. a force that actively shapes the behavior of the adults in the child's life.

23. Most of the time, when an individual receives a recessive gene that codes for a recessive gene disorder a. that person will suffer from the condition, but will not be able to pass it to his or her children. b. the recessive gene is paired with a dominant gene that protects the individual from developing the disorder. c. other dominant genes in the genotype will counteract the effect of that particular recessive gene. d. the gene will be "silent" in that generation, but is likely to affect future generations.

24. Abnormal facial features, small stature, a small head, cognitive deficits, and trouble controlling behavior and emotions are all characteristics associated with a. maternal rubella during a pregnancy. b. fetal alcohol syndrome. c. a poor maternal diet. d. use of prescription drugs while pregnant.

25. A female who has a missing X chromosome in the 23rd position will have a. cystic fibrosis. b. Turner syndrome. c. Kleinfelter syndrome. d. Tay-Sachs disease.

29. The importance of the peer review process is that: a. everyone has an equal chance of getting their research published in a journal. b. the research has been reviewed by professionals who are knowledgeable about the topic before the research is published. c. research findings are published in multiple journals so that the results are widely disseminated. d. only well-established ideas will appear in the research literature.

29. Which of the following correctly describes the steps in imitation according to social cognitive theory? A. motoric response - attention - memory - motivation B. attention - memory - motoric response - motivation C. motivation - attention - memory - motoric response D. motivation - memory - attention - motoric response

29. ________________ is a prenatal test in which a small sample of cells from the outer layer of the embryonic sac is obtained and tested for genetic abnormalities. a. Amniocentesis b. Chorionic villus sampling c. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis d. In vitro sampling

31. According to Piaget, when you encounter new information and it fits into an existing scheme, you can ____________ the new information. A. transform B. assimilate C. accommodate D. encode

31. It is important that scientific findings can be replicated. This means that: a. other scientists must review the research and agree that it was correctly done and that the conclusions are warranted. b. others have been able to repeat the research with the same or similar results. c. the results have been able published in a well-respected research journal. d. the conclusions can be generalized to a large group of people.

33. During the phase of labor called transition a. contractions are relatively light and are not painful so the woman can continue light activities. b. contractions come rapidly with little or no break in them and the amniotic sac ruptures. c. the baby moves down into the birth canal and the woman has a strong urge to push. d. the uterus contracts following the birth of the baby and the placenta is expelled.

34. Piaget's research has affected the world of education by: A. stressing the importance of rote learning in early education. B. promoting strategies that allow the child to construct their own learning C. emphasizing the importance of group work and collaboration in learning projects. D. making us realize the young children need a great deal of adult supervision and oversight in order to learn effectively.

35. Research that has been conducted with boys who have a gene that produces lower levels of MAO-A (which has been associated with aggression) found that these boys have a. higher levels of aggression as adults, regardless of the circumstances in which they are raised. b. higher levels of aggression as adults, but only if they had experienced abuse during their childhood. c. typical levels of aggression as adults, but higher levels of anxiety about their aggressiveness. d. lower levels of aggression, regardless of the circumstances in which they were raised.

35. We tend to notice things that we expect to see and to disregard things that we aren't expecting. This tendency is called: a. a generalization fallacy. b. a perceptual bias. c. niche picking. d. sample bias.

36. Data on pain control during labor and delivery show that in the United States a. about three-quarters of women have an epidural or spinal analgesic to provide pain relief during their labor. b. most women do not need any medication to provide pain relief while they are in labor. c. most women find that controlled breathing techniques are all that they need to manage their discomfort during labor. d. three-quarters of women use an epidural during labor, but most report that it was ineffective in controlling their pain.

37. A child who has violent tendency may seek out and enjoy playing violent videogames. In this case we would describe the genes for this tendency as a. passive. b. active. c. evocative. d. reactive.

38. One of the types of studies that has been used by behavioral genetics to determine the relative influence of genes and the environment is a. gene mapping. b. comparisons of identical and fraternal twins. c. dominant and recessive gene interactions. d. multifactorial inheritance analysis.

39. Child therapy and family therapy are two ways to try to: a. prevent problems from developing. b. address existing problems. c. develop social policies that support children and families. d. identify problems before they become serious.

40. A study that Williams and Umberson (1999) conducted with expectant couples found that a. the expectant father and the expectant mother felt differently about the medical technologies (such as sonograms or fetal monitoring) that were used. b. the information gained from medical technologies helped the woman adopt a more experience-oriented approach to childbirth. c. the use of an epidural injection to reduce the mother's pain had relatively little effect on either the mother's or the father's experience. d. most couples said that they wished there was even more technology available to assist them.

40. Once a problem that is having a negative effect on a child's development is identified, help often comes in the form of a(n): a. associate's program. b. intervention program. c. educational program. d. self-actualization program.

40. The research conducted on alcoholism in identical and fraternal twins has found that a. there was no difference between identical and fraternal twins in the age at which they began drinking, how much they drank, and whether or not they became problem drinkers. b. there was no difference between identical and fraternal twins in the age at which they began drinking, but identical twins were more similar in the amount they drank and the risk of becoming a problem drinker. c. identical twins began drinking on average at a younger age than fraternal twins, but there was no difference between identical and fraternal twins in the amount they eventually drank or their risk of becoming problem drinkers. d. identical twins began drinking at a younger age than fraternal twins, drank more and were more likely to eventually develop a problem with drinking.

41. One of the criticisms that has been leveled at research that examines the similarity between twins separated at birth is that a. there are so few cases of separated twins that this research cannot really tell us very much about the relative influence of genetics and environment. b. in many cases the twins were not really separated because they were adopted by relatives or lived close to each other while growing up. c. we do not yet have statistical techniques that allow us to separate the effect of genetics from the effect of the environment. d. many of the reports of great similarity between separated twins has been exaggerated and these reports are not supported by data.

42. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that a. parents and infants sleep in the same bed because it ensure a close emotional bond. b. infants sleep close to their parents, but that they do not sleep in the same bed. c. infants sleep in a separate room because this helps them develop emotional control and regulation. d. infants be kept awake until it is time for the parents to go to bed so everyone gets a good night's sleep.

43. Which statement is an accurate description of monozygotic twins? a. Monozygotic twins are two separate eggs fertilized by the same sperm. b. Monozygotic twins are two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm. c. Monozygotic twins does not run in families. d. Monozygotic twins occurs by chance.

45. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program is an example of: a. Development in context b. Social policy in action c. Development intervention d. Anti-bias programming

45. Two important things that parents can do to reduce the risk of an infant dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are to a. eliminate gluten from the infant's diet and only use bottled water when making the baby's formula. b. put the infant to sleep on his back and make sure the mother does not to smoke while pregnant or after the baby is born. c. not allow the baby to sleep for more than 3 hours at a time and to not feed the baby after 6 p.m. d. allow the baby to co-sleep in the parents' bed and keep the bedroom temperature above 80 degrees.

46. One of the ways that we provide an appropriate amount of stimulation to a premature infant is to a. regularly bathe them in warm water. b. use kangaroo care so the infant has skin-to-skin contact with the parent. c. pipe in music and hang mobiles over their incubators. d. place 3 or 4 premature infants together in the same incubator.

48. Joseph (2001) criticized the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, and suggested that a. studying twins reared apart is not as useful to behavior genetics as studying children adopted before the age of one and children adopted after the age of one. b. the twins' level of similarity should be compared to the similarity between pairs of unrelated strangers with similar characteristics. c. the twins' level of similarity is more likely a result of cultural variation than genetic inheritance. d. studying dizygotic twins raised apart and together is a better measure of genetic similarity than studying monozygotic twins.

48. The reason that each chapter in this text starts with a True/False quiz is that: a. most important questions in the field of child development have very simple answers. b. information about child development changes so rapidly that textbooks cannot keep up with the changes. c. many of the findings in the field of child development are not what people might intuitively believe. d. if you do very well on the quiz, you know that you don't need to read the chapter.

49. The idea that desirable traits can be bred into human beings and undesirable ones can be bred out is known as a. molecular biology. b. eugenics. c. neurobiology. d. DNA analysis.

5. A gene contains a chemical set of instructions that tell the cell how to a. produce a variety of chromosomes. b. make a specific protein. c. develop into a male or a female body. d. produce various hormones.

5. The emotional bond that develops between an infant and the infant's caregivers during the first year of life is called a. affective regulation. b. attachment. c. active niche picking. d. scaffolding.

50. The Active Learning features in this book are intended to help you: a. develop a better understanding of how theory relates to practice. b. correct any mistaken preconceptions you bring with you to the course. c. engage with the material and relate it to your life experiences. d. use the scientific method to test your own ideas about development.

52. Which of the statements reflect the focus that African culture has on the development of the child? a. The goal is for a child to develop an individual and unique identity. b. The goal is for the child to become competent in the social world. c. The goal is for the child to excel in areas important for the success in adulthood. d. The goal is for the child to foster independence and a sense of purpose.

56. Epigenetics is the term used to describe the system by which a. dominant genes overpower recessive genes and do not allow them to be expressed. b. genes can be turned on or silenced by different environmental experiences. c. we use gene therapy to modify genes that are potentially harmful. d. genes that were not deeply canalized become deeply canalized.

60. In order to optimally support prenatal growth, a mother should consume _____ extra calories a day. a. 100 b. 300 c. 500 d. 1000

7. The human genome contains a. between 8,000 and 10,000 individual genes. b. 25,000 to 30,000 genes. c. over a million genes. d. more genes than we have been able to count.

7. The outer ring of cells in the blastocyst will go on to become the a. support system for the pregnancy. b. trophoblast. c. chorion. d. embryo.

8. A couple is considered to have a problem with fertility if they a. miscarry more than two conceptions. b. fail to conceive within 1 year of frequent, unprotected sex. c. do not respond to infertility treatments, such as hormonal supplements. d. are both are over the age of 35 years.

9. The part of the personality in Freudian psychoanalytic theory that negotiates between the demands of the real world and the drive to satisfy basic drives is the: A.id. B. ego. C. superego. D. latency principle.

9. The way that children can process information changes as they get older. This is a a. quantitative change in development. b. qualitative change in development. c. accumulative change in development. d. transactive change in development.

A characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development is egocentrism which means that children in this stage: a. are selfish and cannot be taught how to share with others. b. cannot understand things from someone else's perspective. c. believe that they are the best at doing everything they try to do. d. think that others should listen to what they have to say or what they want.

As adolescents become able to think about broad abstract concepts, it may: a. make them more self-centered and egocentric. b. make them idealistic as they think about the way that things could be. c. begin to help them be able to reverse operations. d. enable them to bring together and analyze contradictory thoughts.

As children with ADHD get older, their symptoms: a. tend to lessen in severity, until they are undetectable in adulthood. b. may change or lessen as they move into adulthood, but ADHD cannot be cured. c. get worse over time, and are usually associated with a number of behavioral problems. d. continue, but in adulthood they are called bi-polar disorder rather than ADHD.

As part of research study, a researcher decides that she will use the number of pieces of junk mail that a family receives each week as an indicator of how wealthy the family is. If we do not have a good reason to believe that these two things are related, her measure of family wealth is a. unreliable. b. not valid. c. unstandardized. d. multidimensional.

Because the participants who drop out of a longitudinal study are likely to be different in some ways from those who remain until the end of the study a. the conclusions drawn from longitudinal studies are seldom reliable. b. the sample that is initially representative becomes increasingly biased over time. c. there will be a cohort effect upon the final results. d. attrition will make the sample more representative over time.

Children can begin to think logically once they reach Piaget's stage of a. concrete operations. b. formal operations. c. postformal operations. d. preoperational operations.

Connections between nerve cells are called a. neurotransmitters. b. neurons. c. dendrites. d. synapses.

Eleanor Gibson's research on infants and the visual cliff found that infants: a. cannot perceive depth so they show no fear of the visual cliff. b. can perceive depth, but do not show fear of the "drop off" until they can crawl. c. from the very earliest ages tested all show substantial fear of the "drop off". d. show fear of the visual cliff until they can crawl, and then they lose the fear.

False memories for events that did not really happen are a. fairly easy to create in young children. b. extremely difficult to create in young children. c. impossible to create in either young or older children. d. very unstable once they are created.

For a child to be able to understand that the amount of water in a tall, thin glass is still the same amount that was it was when it was in a short, fat glass, the child must be able to: a. classify the liquid as a substance that can be found in both a tall, thin glass and a short, fat glass. b. use hypothetico-deductive reasoning to solve the problem. c. decenter on the height of the liquid in the glass and pay attention to both the width of the container and the height of the liquid. d. understand that knowledge is not absolute but relative, so they can resolve contradictory information.

Ideas taken from information processing theory have guided research that has looked at: a. how children learn from their interactions with other people. b. the basic cognitive processes that underlie cognitive growth. c. how systematic use of rewards and punishments shape behavior. d. how children actively explore their environment as they learn.

If you ask a child to watch you as you take one of two identical balls of clay and roll that ball into a clay snake, and the child then thinks there is more clay in the snake because it is longer than the other ball, the child has: a. used transductive reasoning to frame their answer. b. centered on only one aspect of the situation (the length) and ignored other aspects (the height or diameter). c. attributed a characteristic of a living organism to the clay snake. d. failed to store the image of the identical balls of clay in their memory.

In Vygotsky's theory, private speech is: a. what a skilled helper tells the child to do. b. the way that a child elaborates upon what others tell her. c. how a child turns interactions with others into internal thought. d. the maximum amount of help that someone else can give a child.

In Vygotsky's theory, the cognitive abilities that are in the process of forming and which a child can demonstrate with a little help is called the: a. scaffolding zone. b. zone of proximal development. c. zone of knowledge. d. cognitive zone.

In a natural experiment conducted in India that compared children of the same age who had different number of years of schooling, the researchers concluded that a. schooling made a smaller impact on the children's competence than did the children's everyday experiences. b. competence increased in direct relationship to the number of years of school the child had attended. c. there was no difference for children in elementary school, but schooling became more important for older children. d. the structure of the children's families had a bigger impact than did the number of years they had attended school.

In a research study on the effects of television as a distractor to carrying out the task of doing homework, individuals who had the television on in the background: a. remembered and understood less when they were tested on the material. b. were able to effectively multitask and could recall information from both the television program and the homework content equally. c. were able to shut out the television and did equally as well as those without television on in the background. d. were not able to focus on the homework and were not able to complete the work.

In older infants a. their ability to habituate to familiar things takes longer. b. sustained attention increases when they are shown more complex stimuli. c. selective attention increases, but sustained attention decreases. d. they are more interested in looking at familiar things than at novel things.

In the United States a. malnutrition is most serious food-related problem facing American children. b. undernutrition is a much greater threat than malnutrition for American children. c. the number of children who are considered obese has declined substantially in recent years. d. food insecurity helps families maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet.

In the United States, ________ of all high school students report that they have had sexual intercourse at least once. a. 25% b. 41% c. 65% d. 83%

Infantile amnesia refers to the fact the a. infants younger than 6 months cannot remember things that they learned when they were younger. b. most people cannot recall memories of their life before the age of 2. c. when people are asked to recall their early childhood, they recall false memories. d. infants have not yet developed metamemory.

Long-term and working memory reach peak capacity at age a. 11 or 12. b. 9 or 10. c. 15 or 16. d. 5 or 6.

Messages are sent by a neuron through the _____________ and are received by the ____________. a. capillaries; synapses b. axons; dendrites c. axons; capillaries d. dendrites; axons

One important reason why a researcher might choose to collect data using observations is that a. the data are easier to interpret than data collected using other research methods. b. observations can capture behavior as it naturally occurs. c. the conclusions can be more easily generalized to other groups of children. d. we can draw causal inferences from our observations.

One of the advantages of doing research by using observations is that we can a. determine the causes of behavior. b. observe behavior as it naturally occurs. c. compare a single individual to an entire group of individuals. d. generalize our results to most populations.

One of the challenges with doing a cross-sectional study is that a. you must have groups that cover the entire age range from infancy through adolescence. b. you must be certain that the different age groups you use are as similar to each other as you possibly can make them. c. it will be hard to get the statistical tools that you need to adequately analyze your data. d. your findings may no longer be relevant by the time your study is completed.

Piaget would say that the stages in his theory: a. are only general descriptions of how cognitive development occurs and do not apply to every child. b. typically happen in the order he describes, but can occur out of order for children who are very bright. c. always occur in the order he describes, but the ages at which they occur are only approximations. d. are based upon the typical social experiences that children have at different ages.

Research has shown that infants and toddlers can remember something they have learned for weeks but a. 6 weeks is about the longest time they can remember earlier experiences. b. they are more likely to remember something when they are in the same circumstances as when they first encountered it. c. it is the youngest infants, not the toddlers, who have the longest memories for information they have learned. d. this memory depends upon whether or not the infant is enjoying the experience they have.

Research that has the primary goal of satisfying our curiosity and increasing our understanding of the world we live in is called: a. fundamental research. b. basic research. c. scientific research. d. primary research.

Researchers who have been critical of the ages that Piaget attached to each of the stages in his theory of cognitive development have claimed that: a. children can show abilities that Piaget said they did not have if you simplify the task that is being used to test for that ability. b. early development may proceed in stages, but the later stages of cognitive development occur in a series of small, incremental steps. c. Piaget made the tasks too easy because the abilities he describes do not appear in development until later than he said. d. no real cognitive advancement occurs until children are old enough to engage in social interactions with other people.

The DSM-5 recognizes a condition called __________ in which delays in reaching motor milestones interfere with daily living and/or academic performance. a. proprioceptor disorder b. developmental coordination disorder c. motor skill interference disorder d. proximodistalitis

The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT) program are used by many colleges as part of the admissions process because a. they are free from bias and give every student an equal chance of being admitted. b. when taken together with high school grade point average (GPA) they predict college GPA better than high school GPA alone. c. they are designed to give an advantage to traditionally underrepresented groups of students. d. these tests are able to detect differences in inherent ability or aptitude between students.

The ability to think abstractly first appears during Piaget's stage of: a. concrete operations. b. formal operations. c. postformal operations. d. dialectical operations.

The age at which girls experience menarche is related to: a. their diet, health status, body type, and ethnicity. b. the amount of physical activity that the girl engages in. c. exposure to adult sexual role models in the media. d. the girl's birth order in her family.

The brain is divided down the middle, from front to back, into two: a. lobes. b. hemispheres. c. cortexes. d. cerebellums.

The concept from information processing theory that assumes that our capacity to process information is limited in childhood relates to Piaget's concept of a. scaffolding. b. cognitive flexibility. c. centration. d. object permanence.

The condition of cerebral palsy involves: a. difficulties establishing and maintaining social interactions. b. difficulties with coordination, movement, muscle tone, and speech. c. a rapid deterioration of muscle tissue, eventually leading to death. d. a condition in which fatty substances are not broken down properly and collect in the nerve cells in the brain.

The reason that a child who has only heard English since birth loses the ability to distinguish sounds in the Arabic language, is because: a. they have not generated neurons associated with the Arabic language in the language centers of the brain. b. the synapses associated with the sounds in the Arabic language were not used and therefore pruned away. c. neurons associated with certain languages are tied to genetic components based on heritage, and therefore, not present in their brain. d. they have not developed the capacity to learn other languages, and will not until adolescence.

The recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics is that infants be exclusively breastfed until they are: a. two months old. b. 6 months old. c. a year old. d. two years old.

The theory of core knowledge is based on the idea that infants: a. construct their understanding of the world through their social interactions. b. are born with an innate understanding of some aspects of the world. c. construct their understanding of the world through active experimentation. d. learn about the world as they are reinforced for their experiences.

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that: a. Piaget's theory portrays children's cognitive development as occurring much more rapidly. b. Vygotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others. c. Piaget saw children as being dependent upon others for the learning that occurs. d. Vygotsky portrays children's cognitive development as developing in a single predictable way.

We know that infants can hear the voice of their mother before they are born because: a. they wiggle and squirm in the womb whenever their mother talks. b. newborns will suck on a pacifier to hear a recording of a story their mother read out loud during her pregnancy. c. newborns will respond to any woman's voice that they hear after they are born. d. prenatal recordings show activity in the auditory area of the fetal brain when a mother speaks.

What is the sense called that involves feedback from receptors in our joints, muscles, and ligaments traveling to the part of the brain that controls movement to give us a sense of where the different parts of our body are in space without our needing to look at them? a. Neurogenesis b. Proprioception c. Coordination d. Proximodistal

When a young child grasps a toy, it is part of his experience and is real to him, but when he is not holding the toy, it doesn't exist for him anymore. Piaget says this is because young children do not have: a. a circular reaction for objects. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. dialectic thinking.

When children develop classification skills, they become better at games such as "20 Questions", demonstrated by how they: a. begin by asking questions from the smallest category possible to narrow out all the potential answers. b. continue to work their way down from larger to smaller categories when asking questions. c. use knowledge from past experience to answer questions. d. focus on one aspect and continue to ask questions along that dimension.

When we use observations to conduct research a. we are able to identify the causes of the behavior we observe. b. we can be certain that we are seeing behavior as it naturally occurs. c. it does not tell us directly about the causes of the behaviors we see. d. they cannot help us to formulate new hypotheses that we can later test.

Which lobe of the brain processes vision? a. Temporal lobe b. Occipital lobe c. Frontal lobe d. Parietal lobe

Which of the following correlations is the strongest? a. +.25 b. -.82 c. +.63 d. -.11

Which of the following is not an ability associated with executive function? a. Cognitive flexibility b. Scaffolding c. Planning d. Inhibitory control

Which of the following objects would an infant prefer to look at? a. A pastel circle b. His/her mother's face c. A picture of an animal d. A bullseye pattern

____________ are involuntary patterned motor responses that are hardwired in the infant. a. Experience-expectant responses b. Reflexes c. Gross motor skills d. Fine motor skills

____________ is a memory strategy that helps us to remember what to do or say in different familiar situations. a. Metacognition b. A script c. A knowledge base d. Elaboration

Which of the following is true of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

B & C ( B) Most folks never reach level 6, the highest level of moral development; Only about 25% get to this stage. C) A person can be physically mature and not morally mature. )

24. When incarcerated parents took part in the The Family Nurturing Program, a parent education program, they showed all of the following benefits except which of the following? a. They spent more time with their infants upon release from prison. b. They became more empathic. c. They became less punitive. d. They developed more realistic expectations for their children.

B, C, D

Where does sexual orientation come from?

Based on genetic and twin studies, heredity appears to play a role

an understanding of false beliefs

Beatrice understands that people have beliefs that aren't true. Beatrice has developed

gender stereotyping

Ben is three. When he sees a man carrying a purse. Benny believes that person is a woman. What is his best explanation for this

What percentage of conceptions fail to implant and do not survive?

Between 30% and 50%

Which of the following matches the eating disorder with the description of the typical weight of individuals with the disorder: Overweight or obese

Binge-eating disorder

a girl because she has long hair

Blanch is 4. What would Blanche most likely say if you asked her to describe who she is

What changes occur in body fat throughout childhood?

Both boys and girls lose fat and gain muscle during early childhood.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding gender differences?

Boys and girls are different from each other with regards to activity level and vulnerability to stress

Which of the following matches the eating disorder with the description of the typical weight of individuals with the disorder: Weight varies; usually normal weight or overweight

Bulimia nervosa

sustained attention

By five or six, most children know that it is easier to remember things that you are familiar with and that a short list of items is easier to rememberer than a long list. This is an example of

1. A basic set of principles that help us organize our observations in order to understand and predict human development is called a(n) a. hypothesis. b. operationalization. c. theory. d. dynamic system.

1. The process of a sperm uniting with an egg is called a. meiosis. b. implantation. c. fertilization. d. ovulation.

10. A conception that has one X and one Y chromosome in the 23rd position will become an individual who a. has Down syndrome. b. is a female. c. is a male. d. will be cognitively impaired.

10. The superego is the part of the personality that: A. contains the basic biological drives, such as sex and hunger. B. deal with the demands of the real world and the demands of the id. C. constitutes the conscience or sense of right and wrong. D. contains the growing sense of autonomy as the child develops.

10. ____________________ is an infertility treatment in which eggs are surgically removed from the woman and mixed with sperm to create an embryo that is then placed in her uterus. a. Artificial insemination b. Gamete intrafallopian transfer c. In vitro fertilization d. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

11. As a woman gets older, she becomes more likely to have a. monozygotic twins. b. male twins. c. dizygotic twins. d. female twins.

13. The driving force for development in Erik Erikson's theory is the: A. use of rewards and punishment to shape the child's behavior. B. need to understand and make sense of the child's experiences. C. social experiences that are typical at each stage of development. D. need to adapt to the changing demands of the environment.

16. Characteristics such as anxiety, shyness, and aggression tend to be: a. unstable over time, but often find the same form of expression. b. stable over time, as reflected in the same expression of these traits. c. stable over time, but how these characteristics are expressed changes. d. unstable over time, and often takes different forms of expression.

just as much time

Children in single-mother households spend ___________________ as children in two-parent households spend with their mother and father.

16. If two parents have brown eyes, but each of them also has a recessive gene for blue eyes in their genotype, a. none of their children will have blue eyes. b. there is a 1-in-4 chance that one of their children will have blue eyes. c. there is a fifty-fifty chance one of their children will have blue eyes. d. we cannot predict what color eyes their children will have.

16. The major modern application of psychoanalytic theory has been in the area of: A. neuroscience. B. ethnography. C. developmental psychopathology. D. information processing.

17. If we say that there is no one right way to raise a child, we are endorsing the principle of a. multilinearity. b. longitudinality. c. equifinality. d. constructivism.

18. Sickle-cell anemia is a condition in which a. the child's body does not produce the enzyme that is necessary to digest certain types of protein in the human diet. b. the nerves of the body undergo deterioration that eventually leads to paralysis and death. c. the shape of the red blood cells is distorted so they cannot transport an adequate amount of oxygen through the body. d. the individual suffers varying degrees of mental retardation and learning disabilities.

18. The current recommended weight gain during a pregnancy in the United States is a. 15 to 18 pounds. b. 18 to 23 pounds. c. 25 to 35 pounds. d. Any amount of weight gain is acceptable.

18. Watson believed that our personality, abilities and other qualities are primarily determined by: biological maturation. neural impulses. the environment. internal drives.

19. Because most human characteristics are complex, many genes act together to determine a trait. This is called a. a pleiotropic effect. b. multiphasic inheritance. c. polygenic inheritance. d. a mutation.

20. It is a good precaution for a pregnant woman to a. limit her exposure to the sun during her pregnancy. b. stop exercising while she is pregnant. c. limit her consumption of caffeine. d. limit her intake of foods high in folic acid.

20. When we consider how a child's characteristics, such as their age, gender, or ethnicity, impact on their development, we are: a. searching for universal patterns of behavior. b. examining the resiliency that children bring to their development. c. looking at how individual differences modify general patterns of development. d. identifying the predictable stages of development that children move through.

22. Through the use of virtual reality, deconditioning has been used to help returning soldiers overcome their debilitating fear reactions. This therapeutic approach is based upon: A. dynamic systems theory. B. principles of operant conditioning. C. principles of classical conditioning. D. social cognitive theory.

23. In operant conditioning: A. involuntary responses are either reinforced or punished by the environment. B. an unconditioned stimulus will always lead to an unconditioned response. C. a reinforcement that follows a behavior causes that behavior to occur again. D. a fixed response produces behaviors that are the most resistant to extinction.

24. If you wanted to encourage a child to eat a healthier diet, at first you might smile or nod when the child was willing to take a small bite of a healthy food item on her plate. Then you might only smile and nod when the child took a full bite of the food. Then you might only respond when the child ate several bites, and finally only when the child finished the serving on her plate. You are changing this child's behavior through the process of: A. classical conditioning. B. negative reinforcement. C. shaping. D. assimilation.

24. Males are more vulnerable to recessive gene disorders carried on the X chromosome in the 23rd position because a. the female chromosome is dominant over the male chromosome in most cases. b. mutations are more likely to occur in the Y chromosome than in the X chromosome. c. the smaller Y chromosome does not contain enough genes to match each of the genes on the X chromosome so recessive genes on the X chromosome show up. d. recessive genes that pair up with dominant genes on the X chromosome will be expressed in the male.

25. If a professor wanted his students to study at a steady pace throughout the semester, this would be more likely to happen if the quizzes in his class happened: A. each time the class finished covering 100 pages in the textbook. B. every other week. C. as "pop quizzes" that occurred from time to time without warning. D. only at the middle and then again at the end of the semester.

26. One of the reasons why babies born to women who smoke during their pregnancy show growth retardation (that is, they are small and lighter than average for their gestational age) is that nicotine a. destroys many of the nutrients in the woman's blood. b. slows down the rate of cell division in the developing fetus. c. constricts the blood vessels and limits the flow of oxygen and nutrients through the placenta. d. makes the fetus more active and this additional activity reduces the size of the fetus.

27. You can extinguish an undesired behavior by: A. delivering an unpleasant consequence following the behavior. B. slowly escalating the amount of punishment for the continued undesired behavior. C. not responding to the behavior. D. only intermittently punishing the behavior.

28. You can have confidence in information that you find in scientific journals because: a. all of the information is new. b. a lot of people believe the information. c. articles typically go through a peer review process before they are published. d. the people who write scientific articles have university degrees.

3. At conception a. there are twice as many females conceptions are male conceptions. b. between 107 and 170 males are conceived for every 100 females. c. there are as many females conceptions as there are male conceptions. d. there are 130 females conceptions for every 100 male conceptions.

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a teenage parent? a. Teen parents are less likely to talk to their infants. b. Teen parents are less likely to use physical punishment to discipline their children. c. Teen parents are more likely to have unrealistic expectations regarding their child's development. d. Teen parents are more likely play with their infants.

Emotion-focused strategies

Coping strategies designed to reduce or manage emotional distress.

31. If a woman has an active case of genital herpes at the time she is ready to deliver her baby a. the doctor will swab her birth canal with an antibiotic during the second stage of labor. b. the doctor will induce labor in the eighth month of the pregnancy. c. the baby is usually delivered by c section rather than through a vaginal delivery. d. it is unlikely that the infant will survive the delivery.

32. If new information cannot fit into an existing scheme, it throws us into a state of cognitive disequilibrium and we will: A. transform the new information into a form we can understand. B. encode the information in a new way that will allow it to be assimilated. C. need to create a new scheme to accommodate the information. D. level the information so that it can make sense to us.

33. When we say that a trait is deeply canalized, we mean that a. the gene that controls this trait can be expected to produce a wide range of possible developmental outcomes. b. this trait will always be passed along to a person's children and appear in their phenotype. c. we will see the expected developmental outcome from that gene under all but the most extreme conditions. d. the trait is very easily influenced by environmental conditions and life circumstances.

35. A birth may be assisted by a doula who is a(n) a. physician's assistant. b. certified midwife. c. trained companion who is present at the birth to support the woman. d. employee of the hospital who supervises the labor and delivery.

36. Most of your life you have heard people say that you can't teach an old dog new tricks. When you hear this you should remember that a. you shouldn't expect too much from older people. b. there are enough anecdotal stories to support this statement so we can believe it. c. this is a bit of folk wisdom that needs to be tested scientifically before we accept it. d. people would only say this if the idea had been supported by a substantial amount of scientific evidence.

37. Teen parents are particularly able to benefit from intervention programs that provide information on child development because they: a. are more open and receptive to new ideas than older parents. b. usually have larger families than older parents. c. are less likely to know what to expect of children than older parents. d. are more impressionable than older parents.

38. The Apgar Scale is used a. by the mother to describe the amount of pain she is experiencing during labor. b. by the doctor to assess the ease or difficulty of the delivery. c. to assess the overall condition of a newborn at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. d. by the parents to describe the quality of their transition to parenthood.

39. When information comes in through our senses, according to the stores model of memory it is held for a very brief period of time in raw form in A. working memory. B. encoding memory. C. short-term memory. D. sensory memory.

4. Identifying how a particular gene works inside a cell is the primary goal of a. eugenics. b. neurobiology. c. behavioral genomics d. molecular genetics.

4. Which of the following statements reflects the opinion expressed by the neuroscientist Charles Nelson about the importance of the early stages of development? a. A person's character traits are pretty much fixed and determined by the age of 6. b. While early childhood is relatively important, it is adolescence that is the most important developmental stage. c. The first 3 years of life are important but it is the ongoing circumstances of children's lives that affect how they develop. d. Each stage of development is more important than the ones that preceded it.

40. In the connectionist/network model of memory, memory consists of: A. stores of information that are linked by encoding processes. B. memory traces that strength with use or degrade with inactivity. C. concept nodes that are linked together into a neural network. D. the free associations that we make between ideas and concepts.

42. _________________ twins are formed when a mother's ovary releases two eggs during a menstrual cycle, and each is fertilized by a different sperm. a. Identical b. Monozygotic c. Fraternal d. Indeterminate

43. In a comparison of infant mortality rates, in 2006 the United States a. had one of the lowest rates of infant deaths in the world. b. improved its position from number 6 to number 3 in a decade. c. slipped from having the lowest rate to being number 2. d. ranked near the bottom on a list of industrialized nations.

43. Research conducted by Dr. Walter Gilliam resulted in an increase in the number of mental health consultants available to work with preschool children. Dr. Gilliam's research had this impact because: a. it used a large, representative sample of preschool children. b. his research was published in a well-respected scientific journal. c. his research convinced legislators to create social policy that provided these services. d. everyone recognizes that early childhood is the most important period in development.

44. An explanation for why girls growing up in families that are conflictual, dysfunctional, or in which the father is absent go through puberty at an earlier age has come from the field of A. psychopathology. B. ecological systems theory. C. evolutionary developmental psychology. D. ethology.

44. Which statement is accurate regarding multiple births? a. Triplets can only be identical or monozygotic. b. Triplets can only be fraternal or dizygoticl. c. Triplets can be a set of identical twins with a fraternal sibling. d. Triplets only happen as a result of fertility drugs.

45. Bronfenbrenner would say that it is important that we understand the individual: A. as an autonomous individual who has the free will to make independent choices. B. as someone who primarily responds to biological processes that he can't control. C. not on her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development. D. as a member of a specific culture that dictates the person's attitudes, values and beliefs.

48. A new understanding that has emerged from the research in neuropsychology is that: a. genes largely determine our behavior. b. experience is powerful enough to override almost all genetic effects. c. biology impacts on behavior, but the environment also affects biological functioning. d. the effects of biology and behavior is so complex that we are not yet able to disentangle the two.

49. As a result of our growing understanding of how both the brain and genes function, we now recognize that a. biology has an impact on behavior, but the environment also affects our biological functioning. b. all of the different aspects of development interact and affect each other over time. c. the "close in" environments have a great impact on development than the more distal environments. d. dominant genes are a more powerful influence on brain development than recessive genes.

49. In this textbook, the feature that is designed to help you learn about how our understanding of how children grow and develop has changed over time is the a. true/false questions. b. Journey of Research feature. c. Active Learning feature. d. chapter summaries.

49. When parents watched videos of infants who they were told were either premature or full-term (even though all of the videotapes were of full-term infants), the parents rated the behavior of the infants who had been labeled "premature" as a. more calm, more controlled, and more responsive than infants labeled "full-term". b. indistinguishable from the infants labeled "full-term" on measures of physical and behavior maturity, but less cognitively competent. c. less physically mature in appearance, less cognitively competent, and less behaviorally mature than infants labeled "full-term". d. more angry, more aggressive and less cooperative than infants labeled "full-term".

5. There are many more male conceptions than female conceptions because a. the intrauterine environment is more hostile to female conceptions. b. sperm containing the smaller Y chromosome are lighter so they can swim faster and reach the egg first. c. there are fewer sperm that contain an X chromosome than contain a Y chromosome. d. more eggs contain Y chromosomes than X chromosomes.

50. Behavioral genetics involves research designed to a. identify genetic abnormalities before birth. b. study genes at the molecular level. c. describe the genetic basis for behaviors. d. map the genes in the human genome.

50. The idea that biological maturation operates in interaction with the environment and the experiences it provides to children comes from ethology. sociobiology. dynamic systems theory. behavioral genomics.

50. When new mothers receive conflicting advice about how to care for their newborn, they frequently say they a. do whatever their best friend has recommended. b. follow the advice that they receive from their own mother. c. rely upon their own instincts or experience, or use the baby's cues to guide them. d. prefer using advice they find on the Internet over advice they receive from friends and family.

52. All of a person's genes comprise the person's ____________ and how these genes are expressed in the person's appearance or characteristics is the person's _____________. a. phenotype; karotype b. karotype; genotype c. genotype; phenotype d. recessive type; dominant type

52. Some research that has been conducted on the experience of fathers who participate in the birth of their children has found that a. father are less and less likely to participate in each succeeding birth in his family. b. the rate of fathers participating in the birth experience of their children is steadily declining in industrialized countries. c. many feel coerced into participating and their most outstanding memory of the event is the pain their partner endured. d. most fathers felt that it was better when fathers were prohibited from taking part in the birth experience.

53. Italian parents are more likely to describe their child in which of the developmental competencies? a. Descriptions focusing on cognitive competence. b. Descriptions focusing on individual identity. c. Descriptions focusing on social and emotional competence. d. Descriptions focusing on language and international competence.

54. A male who has an extra X chromosome in the 23rd position will have a. cystic fibrosis. b. Turner syndrome. c. Kleinfelter syndrome. d. Tay-Sachs disease.

54. The study of the interaction of genes and behavior is called: a. neuropsychology. b. dynamic systems. c. behavioral genomics. d. biopsychology.

57. What percentage of conceptions fail to implant and do not survive? a. Between 10% and 20% b. Between 25% and 35% c. Between 30% and 50% d. Between 50% and 65%

6. Freud believed that the key to healthy psychological functioning involved: A. children directly confronting their parents about their perceived mistreatment while they were young. B. releasing inhibitions and given free reign to the demands of the id. C. uncovering the thoughts in the unconscious mind that were associated with the psychological symptoms of the person's problem. D. slowly being desensitized to stimuli that are provoking anxiety.

6. The first stage of prenatal development is the a. embryonic stage. b. fetal stage. c. germinal stage. d. conceptual stage.

7. The conclusion drawn from the most recent longitudinal research on attachment conducted by Sroufe and his colleagues was that: a. there is a straight line in development from early attachment relationships to the nature of adult relationships. b. there is a straight line in development from adolescent romantic relationships to adult relationships. c. the nature of adult relationships was related to early attachment as well as the nature of early peer relationships. d. there is no strong reliable relationship between early attachment and later social relationships.

9. When infertility is a problem for a couple a. it is usually a problem with the viability of the sperm. b. it is usually a problem with the woman's production of viable eggs. c. one-third of the cases have to do with female factors, one-third are due to male factors, and the remaining cases are mutual or can't be determined. d. in 70% of the cases the problem is related to female factors, and in the remaining 30% of the cases it is related to male factors.

A controversy surrounding the use of intelligence tests by the U.S. Army during World War I and World War II centered around whether a. the achievement items were better predictors of abilities than the performance items. b. a larger number of items would improve the accuracy of the tests in placing recruits in specific jobs. c. group differences in scores reflected inherent differences in mental abilities or were biased against members of certain groups. d. the tests were useful for assessing individuals who were older than their mid-twenties.

A critical level of body fat in adolescence is necessary for girls because: a. their long bones will not complete their development without it. b. it enables girls to maintain regular menstrual cycles. c. the pubertal growth spurt will not begin without it. d. it keeps their periods from being unusually heavy.

A difference between a sexually transmitted bacterial infection such as Chlamydia or gonorrhea and a viral infection such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis is that: a. bacterial infections cannot be treat or cured, but viral infections can. b. bacterial infections can be treated but not cured, but viral infections can be cured. c. these bacterial infections can be treat and cured, but the viral infections are not curable. d. viral infections can be treated and cured in the early stages, but bacterial infections can be treated and cured at any stage.

A reduced ability to sustain attention has been found among 5-year-olds who a. have attended preschool. b. come from large families. c. come from low-income families. d. no longer take naps.

A researcher who is conducting observations to test her own hypothesis may see or pay more attention to behavior that tends to support that hypothesis, so she must guard against a. premature interpretation. b. causal references. c. observer bias. d. sampling bias.

Because myelination of motor neurons occurs in a cephalocaudal direction, infants: a. gain control over their torso before they gain control of their arms and hands. b. develop fine motor skills before they develop gross motor skills. c. gain control over their head and neck before they gain control over their shoulders and arms. d. must crawl before they start to walk to avoid developing learning problems.

Breast development in females, deepening of the voice in males, and the growth of pubic hair in both genders are examples of: a. peripheral sex characteristics. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d.tertiary sex characteristics.

Changes that occur in the sample in a longitudinal study over time that make it less representative than it was at the start of the study create a. a cohort effect. b. perceptual bias. c. sample bias. d. generalization deficits.

Children do not develop the ability to think logically and abstractly until they reach the stage of: a. conventional operations. b. concrete operations. c. formal operations. d. postformal operations.

Children typically lose their first baby tooth at the age of: a. four. b. five. c. six. d. seven.

Children who begin to go through pubertal development as ages as young as 6 or 7 years of age are experiencing: a. hyperthyroidism. b. congenital maturation. c. precocious puberty. d. pubertal dysfunction.

Colostrum, the thick, yellowish substance initially produced when a woman begins breastfeeding, is beneficial because: a. it prepares the newborn's digestive system to accept the breastmilk. b. is high in brown fat, a type of fat necessary for prevention of weight loss after birth. c. it is rich in nutrients to fuel the newborn's early growth and antibodies to help protect from infection. d. it is high in sugar, a sweet taste infants prefer, and promotes their latching on behavior.

During adolescence, the belief known as the ________________ can place the young person at risk because it has been associated with a willingness to take risks. a. imaginary audience b. animism myth c. personal fable d. reversibility ideation

Elbert et al. found that the area of the right side of the brain that controls the left hand has many more synaptic connections than the same area of the left side of the brain in violinists (because they constantly use the fingers of the left hand). What type of brain development explains why this occurs? a. Experience-expectant brain development b. Synaptogenesis brain development c. Experience-dependent brain development d. Myelination of the brain

Experience-expectant brain development occurs: a. in responses to specific learning experiences that can be unique from one individual to another. b. after a period of extensive pruning of unused synapses. c. when we encounter experiences that occur as a normal part of development. d. when the body begins to lay down the myelin sheath on the central nervous system.

Gender differences in level of body fat are: a. small in infancy and childhood, but becomes larger in adolescence with girls accumulating more body fat than boys. b. large in childhood when girls accumulate more body fat than boys, but these differences dissipate by early adolescence. c. relatively small throughout childhood and adolescence, with girls always having slightly more body fat than boys throughout. d. large in childhood with boys having more body fat than girls, but these differences disapppear by early adolescence.

How many inches do children grow each year in middle childhood? a. One-half an inch b. One inch c. Two inches d. Three inches

How quickly we can take in information is our a. sustained attention. b. automaticity. c. processing capacity. d. processing speed.

If a child younger than the age of about 4 or 5 were to have a large portion of their brain removed in a necessary surgery: a. they would lose all motor function in their body. b. they would lose the ability to use language. c. their bodies would generate enough new neurons to replace the missing cells. d. their brains are plastic enough that cells intended to serve one function could be turned into cells that serve another function.

If you read that a correlational study has found that children who participate in more extracurricular activities have higher self esteem, you could conclude that a. participating in extracurricular activities makes children feel good about themselves. b. getting children to participate in more extracurricular activities will lead to increases in self esteem. c. participation in extracurricular activities is associated with higher self esteem. d. high self-esteem drives children to seek out activities at which they can excel.

The cerebellum in the brain is primarily responsible for: a. complex thoughts, movement, language, and self-control. b. the basic functions of the body, such as breathing, cardiac rhythm, and blood pressure. c. controlling balance and movement. d. the expression and experience of emotions, memories, and sensations.

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in order to solve conservation problems, you must be able to: a. focus on one aspect of a situation and fail to notice changes in other aspects. b. bring together and analyze contradictory thoughts or actions. c. understand that the amount, volume or mass of objects remains the same even if their appearance changes. d. organize concepts into a series of hierarchical categories.

In Piaget's theory, a schema is: a. an understanding of memory, how it works, and how to use it effectively. b. a memory strategy for increasing the number of associations that ties individual pieces of information together. c. a cognitive framework that allows us to place concepts, objects, and experiences into categories or groups. d. a way to coordinate attention and memory and control behavioral responses in order to attain a goal.

In Piaget's theory, fitting new information into an existing cognitive scheme is the process of: a. information processing. b. centration. c. assimilation. d. accommodation.

In an experiment, the difference between the experimental group and the control group is that a. the experimental group is always larger than the control group. b. the control group knows what is being tested in the experiment, but the experimental group is "blind" to the purpose of it. c. the experimental group gets the special treatment that the researcher is studying and the control group doesn't. d. the control group is always tested before the experimental group is.

In one experiment with 4-month-old infants, babies saw a toy placed behind a screen and then the screen tipped backwards. Some infants saw the screen stop when it hit the toy (as they would expect), but other saw the screen tip all the way backwards as though the screen was going right through the toy. These infants: a. appeared distressed by the event and cried because the toy wasn't there. b. turned away from the event and refused to look at the screen again. c. looked considerably longer at the event than infants who saw the screen tip backwards but the toy stopped the fall of the screen. d. tried to get out of their seats so they could explore the screen and the toy.

In recent years: a. the rate of adolescent pregnancy in the United States has increased substantially. b. the largest increase in adolescent pregnancies has been among girls 14 years of age or younger. c. adolescents in the United States are waiting longer to become sexually active. d. many more adolescents are taking a virginity pledge and not becoming sexually active.

Inter-rater reliability is established when: a. many researchers have used the same measure in their research. b. a measure has been used with a variety of different samples. c. more than one observer looks at the same behavior and gets the same results. d. a sample has the same characteristics as the population from which it is drawn.

Intuitive thought is a type of reasoning in which children a. cannot see the world from another's point of view. b. begin with a general case, and reason down to a specific instance. c. begin to put together logical explanations but are still influenced more by what they perceive than by logical reasoning. d. begin with a set of specific instances and reason up to a general conclusion.

Metacognition is a. the ability to stay on task and ignore distractions. b. an understanding of memory, how it works, and how to make it more efficient. c. an ability to think about and monitor one's own thoughts. d. the ability to switch focus as needed in order to complete a task.

Participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group in an experiment a. to ensure that there will be an equal number of males and females in the experimental group and the control group. b. so that the participants will not be able to figure out what is being tested in the experiment. c. to help ensure that the two groups are not systemically different from each other at the start of the experiment. d. so that the researcher will not know which group is being given the independent variable.

Physiological tests (such as EEGs and ERPs) are particularly useful in research on a. infants because their central nervous system is more responsive than the central nervous system of older children. b. adolescents because they often are not aware of their true feelings and can't report on them. c. infants and young children who are not yet speaking and therefore cannot answer questions or follow complex instructions. d. adolescents because their hormones make their central nervous system more reactive to physical stimuli than to words.

Primary sex characteristics include: a. the appearance of breasts in females and the appearance of facial hair in males. b. the different physical changes that occur as an adolescent goes through puberty. c. changes that occur in the organs that are necessary for reproduction. d. changes in the proportions of fat and lean muscle mass in the adolescent.

Recent cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory has found that: a. children in non-Western cultures move through the stages at a much slower rate than children in Western cultures. b. Piaget's tasks cannot be adapted in ways that make them culturally relevant for cross-cultural research. c. the stages that Piaget describes appear in the same order in other cultures, but the rate at which children move through the stages can differ. d. contrary to earlier findings, children from non-Western cultures usually perform better on Piagetian tasks than children from Western cultures.

Recent research on cerebral palsy is investigating: a. gene therapy that allows dominant genes to be injected directly into the brain. b. oxygen replacement therapy to stimulate neuron development. c. a drug that allows the regrowth of the myelin coating on nerve cells in the brain. d. a drug that blocks the development of the myelin sheath on neurons.

The ability of the brain to coordinate attention and memory and control behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a certain goal is called a. habituation. b. cognitive flexibility. c. executive function. d. elaboration.

The average infant ____________ by 5 months of age, and __________ by her first birthday. a. increases her birth weight by 50%; doubles her length b. triples her birth weight; doubles her length c. doubles her birth weight; triples her length d. doubles her birth weight; increases her length by 50%

Problem-focused strategies

Coping strategies that focus on changing or improving a stressful situation.

The language centers of the brain: a. are located on both sides of the brain. b. for producing speech are located on the right side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech are located on the left side. c. for producing speech are located on the left side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech are located on the right side. d. are located largely on the left side of the brain for right-handed people and on either or both sides for lefties.

The task Piaget created to determine whether a child is egocentric is called: a. the centration task. b. the A-not-B task. c. the three mountains task. d. transductive reasoning task.

There is a proliferation of synaptic connections: a. at around the time that children typically enter kindergarten. b. in the first year of life and again at the beginning of puberty. c. in late adolescence, as the young person becomes an adult. d. during the period between ages 5 and 9 years of age.

What changes occur in body fat throughout childhood? a. Children continue to gain in fat percentage as they move through childhood. b. Boys have slightly more fat than girls around the age of five. c. Both boys and girls lose fat and gain muscle during early childhood. d. Children will have the most amount of fat around the age of five.

When Piaget was conducting his research, he might present a story and then ask children questions about it. There were some questions he asked every child, but there also were questions that were specifically tied to the child's initial response. Piaget was using a ____________ to conduct his research. a. standardized interview b. a modified interview c. clinical interview d. flexible interview

When a young infant repeats a reflexive action because the results are pleasurable, Piaget called this motor pattern a: a. sensory scheme. b. motoric pattern. c. circular reaction. d. reflex conservation.

When we have a negative correlation a. there is no relationship between the two variables being studied. b. the effect of the manipulation has a detrimental effect on the children. c. the value of one variable increases as the value of the other variable decreases. d. the strength of the correlation is minimal.

With regard to bodily proportions: a. an infant's arms are longer in relation to the length of their torso than older children. b. the torso grows first, and later the arms and legs catch up in proportion. c. a baby's head is very large in proportion to the rest of his body. d. the proportion of an infant are very similar to those of an adult, which is why we find babies to be so cute.

_____________ is a condition in which the person has difficulty with social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and compulsive behavior or interests. a. Duchenne muscular dystrophy b. Cerebral palsy c. Autism d. Schizophrenia

Carol Gilligan suggested that women base their moral judgment on the principle of __________, whereas men base their moral judgment on ____________.

Care, justice

Kochanska and her colleagues found evidence for the role of _________ on the association between parenting and moral development among children.

Child age (wrong) Child fearfulness

What is the meaning of Dominant Inheritance?

Child inherits a genetic disease when one parent (who has the disease) passes along a single faulty gene

Pediatric Psychologists

Child psychologists who provide therapeutic interventions for children with medical disorders.

grow it themselves

Children are more likely to choose and enjoy health foods if they

Adults often engage young children in discussions about past events. Which one of the following is least likely to result from such discussions?

Children become increasingly able to recall verbatim what the adults have said about the events.

What are the long term negative efects for children enrolled in high quality child care?

Children enrolled in high quality child care have no long-term negative effects

In Kohlberg's stages of gender development, what happens in the first stage?

Children think that if a girl wears a tie, she might become a boy.

Which of the following are characteristics of effective schools?

Clear school mission

Two evidence-based therapies for eating disorders are:

Cognitive and dialectical behavior therapy

The changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the world describes which domain of development?

Cognitive development

Developmental assets

Common sense positive experiences and qualities that help young people become caring, responsible adults.

Stereotypes

Conclusions made about someone based solely on the group with which he or she is identified.

Coping

Conscious effort made to master, tolerate, or reduce stress.

The physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains of development:

Continually interact with each other so that development in one domain impacts and influences development in the other domains

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5Cs of positive youth development?

Cooperative

1. We know that both nature and nurture play a role in development, but today we are most interested in understanding a. whether nature or nurture is more important. b. how much of our development can be attributed to nature and how much to nurture. c. whether nature or nurture comes first in development. d. how genes are expressed through the constant interaction with the environment.

12. The quality of the caregiving that you received while growing up is an example of __________ and your potential ability to learn how to use language is an example of __________. a. nature; nature b. nurture; nurture c. nature; nurture d. nurture; nature

13. If a fertilized egg begins to divide and multiple, and early in the process the ball of cells splits into two, the woman will have a. dizygotic twins. b. twins with missing arms or legs. c. twins with Down syndrome. d. monozygotic twins.

14. Which of the following is the best example of a qualitative change in development? a. Children grow taller but also become heavier as they get older. b. Older children have larger vocabularies than younger children. c. Children can run faster and farther as they get older. d. Adolescents become more systematic in the way they go about solving problems.

17. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on: A. conscious motivation. B.adaptive biological mechanisms. C.biological maturation. D. observable behavior.

2. During a woman's monthly menstrual cycle, her ovary releases an egg in the process of a. meiosis. b. implantation. c. fertilization. d. ovulation.

2. The connection that Lewis Terman found between the characteristic of conscientiousness or social dependability in childhood and the reduced likelihood of an individual dying in any given year during adulthood can be partially explained by the a. type of parenting style that the children's parents used. b. fact that these children tended to come from smaller families. c. children's ability to delay gratification. d. fact that these individuals were less likely to smoke and drink to excess.

2. The scientific process: A. is the best way to prove or disprove a theory. B. provides us with hypotheses, but does not provide the methodology to test them. C. has changed over time so that there now is little agreement on the best way to conduct the process. D.cannot prove a theory beyond a shadow of a doubt, but can provide evidence that supports or opposes the ideas in it.

2. We first understood the exact process that underlies genetic transmission when a. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the secrets of genetic structure and function. b. Ivan Pavlov described the principles of classical conditioning. c. Gregor Mendel published a paper on the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. d. Francis Galton expanded upon Darwin's theory of evolution.

20. A pleiotropic effect refers to the fact that a. complex characteristics are the product of many genes working together. b. genes can mutate and then they will not have the expected effect on development. c. different genes can produce the same effect on the phenotype. d. a single gene can have many different influences.

23. A child who is very active and enjoys the challenge of competing with others will be more likely to join an athletic team at school than to join the chorus or the French Club. This is an example of a. scaffolding. b. cultural transmission. c. multifinality. d. active niche-picking.

23. The effect of a woman contracting rubella (or German measles) during her pregnancy a. is universally devastating, and almost always ends the pregnancy. b. results in significant problems in 90% of the cases. c. results in significant problems in only about 10% of the cases. d. results in congenital problems in 90% of the cases if the woman is infected early in her pregnancy, but only about 20% of the cases if she is infected late in her pregnancy.

26. After you eat dinner at your favorite restaurant five times, they give you a free dessert. This is an example of a ________________ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

26. Cross-cultural research: a. has shown that there is nothing in development that is truly universal. b. finds that stage theories apply equally well in any culture that we study. c. has shown that early development is very similar across cultures, but that later development shows great diversity. d. finds both universal processes that apply across cultures as well as important cultural differences.

27. Which of the following statements about maternal smoking is true? a. The effect on the functioning of the child's brain is stronger for girls than it is for boys. b. Fortunately the rate of smoking has decreased the most among women ages 19 to 29 in recent years. c. Stopping to smoke during a pregnancy will have no effect on the outcome of that pregnancy. d. Maternal smoking has been associated with attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, and learning disabilities.

28. Bandura's social cognitive theory added a third learning principle to classical and operant conditioning, which was that: A. reinforcement is more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment. B. only involuntary responses can be classically conditioned. C. shaping is an effective way to learn a new behavior. D. people also can learn through imitation of behaviors they observe.

30. Because a science is an organized body of knowledge: a. there must be consensus about the accuracy of new information before it can be added to that body of knowledge. b. we should only trust new information that comes from people who have a great deal of experience in the field. c. all information that enters that body of knowledge must apply across the board to everyone. d. it changes over time as new and more accurate information is added to our understanding.

33. We should not generalize the findings from a study to the general population unless: a. the research agrees with your personal experiences. b. the findings apply to every individual who was in the study. c. longitudinal research has tracked the individuals over time. d. the sample is representative of the group we want to understand.

multitasking

Doing several different activities at the same time (often involving several different types of media) is known as

33. Which of the following is how Piaget would describe children? A. They are like little sponges that absorb any new information they encounter. B.They are little computers who take in information and spit it out again. C. They are like little teachers who want to tell everyone what they know. D. They are like little scientists who actively experiment on their world.

34. Which of the following statements about birthing options is true? a. If a woman wanted full access to medical procedures and medications during her delivery, she would choose a birthing center. b. Birthing centers are reserved for women who are having very low risk pregnancies. c. In the United States today, about 10% of pregnancy women choose to have a home birth. d. Home births represent less than 1% of U.S. births, and are reserved for low risk pregnancies.

36. The help that a more knowledgeable person offers to a child to help the child move beyond his current level of understanding is called: A.collaborative learning. B. prompting. C. assimilation. D. scaffolding.

37. Babies are able to handle going through the birth process because a. the baby's sense of touch and pain are not functional until after the baby is born. b. the anesthetic that is given to the mother during her labor is transferred to the baby and desensitizes the baby to pain. c. the baby's cardiac and respiratory functions cease when labor begins. d. the uterine contractions and oxygen deprivation that the baby experiences release stress hormones that prepare the baby to survive.

38. Teens are more likely than older parents to have a baby: a. to prove that they can take care of themselves without anyone else's help. b. so they can pass along cultural traditions and values. c. as a way to establishing their financial independence. d. because they are looking for someone who will love them unconditionally.

4. During prenatal development a. male conceptions are more vulnerable than female conceptions and therefore are less likely to survive. b. the last trimester is the most risky period of development. c. more females are conceived, but they are also less likely to survive. d. there are more male conceptions, but male conceptions are less likely to successfully implant in the uterus.

4. The force that drives development: A. is biological processes in early development, but environmental processes later on. B. alternates between biological process and environmental processes throughout development C. cannot be quantified so we cannot say what this force might be. D. can be biological processes, environmental events, or a combination of both.

41. It is normal for a newborn to a. sleep 10 to 12 hours a day, with almost all of the sleep time spent in REM sleep. b. wake every 6 to 8 hours to be fed and to sleep through the night by 3 months of age. c. spend most of their sleep time in deep sleep, with little or no REM sleep. d. sleep 16 to 18 hours out of each day and to wake to eat every 3 to 4 hours.

42. In the Occupational Outlook Handbook, you can find all of the following information about careers EXCEPT a. The training and qualifications need for a particular career b. Information on average earnings c. Information on other related careers d. Where you can apply for jobs

47. Infants who are born prematurely a. have less than a 20% chance of surviving their first month of life. b. inevitably go on to have a severe range of disabilities later in life. c. will have some degree of mental retardation, usually at the severe end. d. have a wide range of developmental outcomes, from mild to severe

47. What do we know about the similarities and differences regarding identical twins from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? a. Identical twins reared apart are different on aspects of personality, interest, and personality when compared to both identical twins reared together and fraternal twins reared together. b. Identical twins reared apart are about as similar to each other on aspects of their personality as identical twins reared together, but very different on aspects of social attitudes. c. Identical twins reared apart are about as similar to each other on aspects of their personality, interests, and social attitudes as fraternal twins reared apart. d. Identical twins reared apart are about as similar to each other on aspects of their personality, interests, and social attitudes as identical twins reared together.

51. Dizygotic (or fraternal) twins are a. no more genetically similar than any pair of siblings. b. the result of a single fertilized egg dividing into two early in development. c. always the same gender. d. the result of two sperm fertilizing the same egg.

55. An advantage that chorionic villus sampling has over amniocentesis as a method of prenatal testing for genetic disorders is that a. the risk of a miscarriage as a result of the procedure is much lower for chorionic villus sampling. b. the results from a chorionic villus sampling procedure is far more accurate than the results from amniocentesis. c. it is an easier and less invasive procedure to use. d. chorionic villus sampling can be done earlier in the pregnancy so the parents get the test results sooner.

6. As researchers continued to study the children who were part of the Minnesota Parent-Child Project as they entered adulthood, the researchers realized that: a. they already had all the information that they needed to predict adult adjustment by the time the children were age 6. b. to their surprise early attachment had little or no effect on children's later social development. c. attachment predicted early social relationships, but was not related to any of the other development outcomes they studied. d. attachment set the initial conditions for peer relationships, but other experiences played an important role in how the children developed.

7. The psychoanalytic technique of free association is intended to: A. uncover thoughts that are in the unconscious mind. B. repress thoughts that create anxiety and stress for the person. C. engage the reality principle so people can deal with their problems. D. move people through the psychosexual stages of development.

8. A fertilized egg is called a(n) a. ovum. b. chromosome. c. genome. d. zygote.

A cohort effect is the biggest problem for a. longitudinal studies. b. experimental research. c. observational research. d. cross-sectional studies.

Children who have been the victims of child maltreatment are followed from early childhood through adolescence with their psychological and emotional well being assessed every 3 years during this time. This is an example of a a. an archival study. b. longitudinal study. c. a correlational study. d. a cross sectional study.

Compared to older adolescents and adults, younger adolescents are more likely to a. use elaboration rather than rehearsal as a memory strategy. b. have a more integrated knowledge base. c. create intuitive, automatic memories rather than specific, verbatim memories. d. use both the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus when working on a memory task.

David Elkind proposed that because adolescents are often preoccupied with their own looks and behaviors, they believe that they are the center of attention for other people also. Elkind calls this a. centrifugal attention. b. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. c. adolescent reversibility. d. adolescent egocentrism.

Food insecurity is a situation in which a. people are uncertain whether the diet they are consuming has an adequate amount of calories or nutrients. b. individuals consume more calories than they need but they still refuse to admit that they are overweight. c. there is a deficiency of calories or one or more nutrients in a family diet. d. food is not consistently available, so the people overeat when it is.

If we conduct a research study using a sample of 14- to 16-year old adolescents attending school in ethnically-diverse middle class communities, we could correctly generalize our results to a. all adolescents between the ages of 14 to 16. b. all middle class adolescents. c. all middle class adolescents between the ages of 14 to 16. d. adolescents who have characteristics similar to those of the sample.

If you showed a 7-year-old child six blue wooden blocks and 4 white wooden block and asked the child "Are there more blue blocks or more wooden blocks?" you would be testing the child's ability to: a. classify objects into larger categories. b. conserve number. c. perform seriation. d. use transductive reasoning.

If you were interested in studying what causes disagreements among friends in middle school and how those disagreements are resolved, an appropriate technique to use to study this topic would be a. a time sample. b. a case study. c. a path analysis. d. an event sample.

In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of: a. decentration. b. scaffolding. c. assimilation. d. accommodation.

In Vygotsky's theory, the amount and type of help that a skilled adult or peer provides to a child is called: a. knowledge building. b. social speech. c. a cognitive scheme. d. scaffolding.

Infants develop a preference for the taste of their local food because a. this information is passed genetically from mother to infant. b. smell is the most highly developed sense in a newborn infant. c. all infants prefer sweet flavors, which are the predominant taste in most cuisines. d. mother's milk and amniotic fluid take of some of the flavor of foods the mother eats.

One of the major challenges with conducting longitudinal research is that a. it is very difficult to construct matched groups of subjects for your sample. b. the groups of participants you are studying have had different life experiences. c. you need to continually update the tests and measures that you are using. d. it takes a great deal of time and money to conduct such research.

Paying attention to certain things while tuning out others is the process of _____________ and maintaining focus over time is the process of ______________. a. sustained attention; focused attention b. selective attention; habituation c. habituation; sustained attention d. selective attention; sustained attention

Piaget's theory of cognitive development portrays children as: a. passive recipients of knowledge for whom language shapes thought. b. actively constructing their knowledge within a social, cultural and historical setting. c. passive recipients of knowledge because basic information is present from birth. d. actively constructing their knowledge based on the child's own interactions with the environment, and the use of language to express thought.

Professor Alsmith looks at changes in self-esteem across adolescence by measuring the self-esteem of 11 year olds, 13 year olds, 15 year olds, and 17 year olds and comparing the results between the groups. This is an example of a(n) a. archival study. b. longitudinal study. c. correlational study. d. cross sectional study.

The A-not-B task was used by Piaget to test for a. egocentrism. b. dialectic thinking. c. conservation. d. object permanence.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that ADHD in younger children or in children with mild symptoms be treated: a. aggressively with medications to keep the condition from getting worse. b. by removing the child from a regular classroom and placing the child in a special needs class. c. with behavioral interventions. d. with stimulants such as Ritalin.

The __________ variable is the one that the researcher controls or manipulates in the experiment and the _________ variable is the outcome that is measured at the end of the experiment. a. dependent; independent b. independent; control c. dependent; concluding d. independent; dependent

The ___________________ controls our basic functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. a. frontal lobe. b. cerebellum. c. corpus callosum. d. brain stem.

The ability to analyze and try to bring together contradictory thoughts and emotions does not appear until the stage of: a. concrete operations. b. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. c. formal operations. d. postformal or dialectical thinking.

The best research evidence today supports the idea that autism: a. is caused by a cold, rejecting mother. b. can be improved, if not cured, by diet modification. c. is triggered by an environmental toxin. d. has a genetic component and/or structural differences in the brain.

What was the outcome of the Kellogg Experiment?

Donald, the human child, was more influenced by the ape and was better at chimpanzee than human speech

The difficulty in estimating the number of cases of HIV/AIDS among adolescents is that: a. most infected adolescents do not seek treatment so they are never counted. b. some adolescents who initially show symptoms do not go on to develop the disease. c. HIV/AIDS is often mistaken for another bacterial infection among young people. d. the infection takes about 10 years to develop so an infected adolescent may not show symptoms until he or she is in their 20s.

The memory strategy that involves creating extra connections that tie the information together is called a. rehearsal. b. repetition. c. eidetic memory. d. elaboration.

The most effective treatment approach for children with ADHD is a. the use of traditional psychotherapy. b. the use of anti-depressant medications. c. the use of various dietary modifications. d. a comprehensive approach that brings together several different types of interventions.

The normal pruning that occurs in the prefrontal cortex (the portion of the brain that has to do with judgment and impulse control) is not complete until: a. age 6 b. the child is 8 to 10 years old. c. early adolescence. d. well into adolescence or early adulthood.

The unique advantage of experimental research is that it a. can be used with large, diverse groups of participants. b. relies on norms to determine what is typical or average. c. can produce data that periodically is updated. d. can identify the causes of behavior.

We cannot determine the causes of behavior from a correlation because a. a negative correlation means that the two variables are not related to each other. b. the relationship may not hold for the control group. c. we need more than two variables before we can determine the causes of behavior. d. we do not have control over other variables that may affect the correlation.

What percentage of childhood allergies are caused by six common foods: milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, and wheat? a. 25% b. 40% c. 75% d. 90%

When a researcher conducts a clinical interview, the interviewer a. asks everyone the same set of questions in the same order. b. asks questions from a standard set of questions, but in random order from one respondent to another. c. talks to a third party who is familiar with the experiences of the person who is the subject of the interview. d. can ask additional questions based on the respondent's answers or ask the respondent to expand on an answer.

When we are interpreting the results of a study, it is important to remember that a. we must have practical significance, whether or not we have statistical significance. b. most studies have only limited application to real world situations. c. the conclusions are generalizations that apply to groups of people, not to every single individual. d. a good study should confirm the null hypothesis of the study.

When we use our observations to make a detailed record of everything that occurs in a stream of behavior, we can a. carefully control and manipulate the variables we are interested in. b. infer the causes of the behaviors that we are observing. c. generalize our results to other children in similar circumstances. d. use it to generate new hypotheses for future research.

Which of the following describes the proximodistal direction of myelination of motor neurons? a. Head, neck, shoulders, arms b. Crawl, stand, walk, run c. Hands, feet, arms, legs d. Torso, arms, hands, fingers

Which of the senses is least developed at birth? a. Hearing b. Smell c. Touch d. Vision

With regard to the fight again childhood obesity a. close to 50% of American children are now considered obese. b. the number of children considered "obese" is still increasing, but the rate is decreasing. c. the number of children considered "obese" is still increasing and the rate continues to increase. d. the percent of children considered "obese" has not increased in the last few years.

______________________ theory says that brain function is central to cognitive development but innate knowledge is not. a. Piaget's genetic epistemology b. Core knowledge c. Vygotsky's sociocultural d. Information processing

________________________ is the technique that has been used to explore whether there are basic areas of understanding about the physical world that appear to be innate and built into the human brain. a. Violation of expectations b. Reversibility assessment c. Circular reaction testing d. Executive function testing

In the same study on video games, which of the following did the researchers NOT measure? A. parent ratings of boys' behavior at home. B. teacher ratings of boys' behavior at school. C. boys' academic achievement. D. boys' description/diary of what they did each night.

D. boys' description/diary of what they did each night.

Abuse

Deliberate and intentional words and actions that cause physical, sexual, or psychological harm or potential harm to a child.

parental acceptance/responsiveness and parental demandingness/control

Diana Baumrind's description of parenting styles is based upon two dimensions. These dimensions are

What is the most serious and common difficulty of low birthweight and preterm infants?

Difficulty breathing and respiratory distress

The frequency of conflict is highest in ______ and the intensity of the conflict, when it does occur, _________.

Early adolescents; increases throughout adolescence

What is telegraphic speech?

Early utterances of young children such as , "Throw ball," that contain only the words necessary to convey the message. Less important words, such as articles, are omitted.

Racial socialization

Efforts by majority parents to teach their children about discrimination, prepare them to deal with these experiences, and teach them to take pride in their heritage.

A pattern of behavior that impairs a child's emotional development or sense of self-worth is:

Emotional abuse

What is a Teratogen?

Environmental chemicals such as alcohol or other recreational drugs, medications, or environmental pollutants that can cause birth defects or threaten a fetus

Experience-dependent brain development

Child life specialists

Experts in child development who promote optimal development in children in medical settings.

other people; oneself

Externalizing behavior problems are directed at ____________, and internalizing behavior problems are directed at ____________.

general dysregulation of mood

Factors associated with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder during childhood or adolescence include

Neglect

Failure to provide for the basic physical, emotional, medical, or educational needs of a child or to protect the child from harm or potential harm.

Parenting Styles

Fairly regular and consistent patterns of interacting with children.

As participants drop out of longitudinal studies over time, the remaining sample becomes more and more representative.

False

In a negative correlation, as the value of one variable goes down, so does the value of the second variable

False

It is easier to remember ideas that challenge your expectations than to remember those that fit your expectations.

False

Only children have been found to be extremely dependent on others when they grow up.

False

Stepfamilies

Families in which there are two adults and at least one child from a previous relationship of one of the adults; there also may be biological children of the couple.

Constructive Conflict

Family conflict that is resolved in a positive way using affection, problem solving, and emotional support.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding gender socialization?

Fathers tend to be more egalitarian and mothers are the principal agents for gender-role socialization

pragmatics

Five year old Donna speaks in shorter, simpler sentences to her baby brother, in a ver informal way with her friends, and uses more formal language with her dad's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of

An individual who is obsessively neat, stingy, perfectionistic, and passive aggressive is:

Fixated on the anal stage

Which of the following is not a dimension of gender identity in the gender self-socialization model?

Gender constancy

The correct sequence in gaining an understanding of gender based upon Kohlberg's theory of gender understanding is:

Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

Boys and girls typically experience increased pressure to conform to the gender roles that are typical of their culture during adolescence. This is known as:

Gender intensification hypothesis

Peter likes to play with trucks while his sister would rather play with her tea set. Their behavior is an example of:

Gender-role preferences

Research on gender differences in emotion expression has suggested that:

Girls were more likely to show positive emotions and internalizing emotions, such as sadness

When children think about the negative aspects of something they have done or their moral failures, they experience a sense of ___________, but when they feel badly about a personal failure or something they believe they cannot change, they experience ___________.

Guilt, shame

concrete operational stage/conservation

Harold just learned that when a ball of clay is smashed into a pancake the same amount of clay still exists. Harold is learning Piaget's concept of

Which of the following is not a factor associated with a decreased risk of divorce?

Having a high school education

higher levels of educational attainment, lower levels of anxiety and depression, lower levels of marijuana use, higher levels of attachment to school

Having a natural mentor during adolescence has been associated with

Compared to other industrialized nations, the United States has one of the ___________ child poverty rates.

Highest

What area of the brain processes and stores memory?

Hippocampus

Which of the following objects would an infant prefer to look at?

His/her mother's face

continued through high school

How long lasting is the effect of watching Sesame Street on children's grades in school?

Behavior theorists believe:

Human traits are acquired through experiences within the environment.

What happens if a pregnant woman is infected with Rubella (German Measles)?

If a pregnant woman is infected in the first trimester, her baby has a one-in-four chance of being born with one or more symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome (deafness, mental retardation, heart defects, blindness)

using emotion-focused strategies like sharing feelings, changing perception, distraction, etc.

If a stressful situation is one that is beyond your control and there aren't effective ways to change it, you can reduce some of your stress by

Which of the following statements regarding moral knowledge and moral judgments is true?

If individuals have similar moral knowledge, they may have different moral judgments

61% went to further investigation

In 2010, among the reports of child maltreatment

tv shows had moved through first stage and were in the second and moving into 3rd and 4th stage of portrayal

In an analysis of the portrayal of gay characters in television programming, Raley and Lucas concluded that

they are carefully planned

In order for structured activities for adolescents to be effective in reducing deviant behavior, it is important that

preventing the problems

Increasingly our emphasis in the field of child development has shifted to

Mandatory reporters

Individuals who work with children who are required by law to report suspicious of child maltreatment to authorities.

setting clear limits and giving negative consequences

Inductive discipline involves

Tina has just run across the street against her parents' wishes. Her parents explain to her that she must not do that again because she could get hurt. Tina's parents are using _____________ as a form of discipline.

Inductive techniques

real-life interaction

Infants and toddler learn more effectively from

The highest rate of child abuse is among which group?

Infants and toddlers ages 3 or younger

Researchers who use the visual preference method of testing infants assume that

Infants look longer at stimuli that they find interesting or novel

ecological theory

Interventions for families can occur at the level of the individual, the family, the community, or even the broader culture. This multilevel approach to intervention reflects the theoretical ideas of

What is the function of the limbic system?

It acts as a sort of mental traffic cop, keeping tabs on many other parts of the brain.

According to the lecture, sexting could be an issue for teens for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

It increases occurrences of cheating by 18%

demonstrate that rigid marriage contract contained many escape clauses

Marriages in the 1850s could be called "fluid marriages" because

Which of the following is true of Gilligan's theory of moral development?

It is based on an ethic of care

indulgent

Kelley's parents value self-expression. They do not make any demands of her and rarely punish her. Kelley's parents have a(n) _______ parenting style

conservation/conservative thought

Jack is cutting up pizza for him and all his little brother Craig. Craig sees that his brother is cutting the pizza into eight pieces and says, "Don't cut it into so many pieces. I can't eat that much." Jack obeys. Craig's comments reflect

Autism

Jenny is four. Her parents notice that she avoids making eye contact and engages in repetitive behaviors such as rocking and hand clapping. Jenny also seems disinterested in peer interactions and takes longer to develop language than others. What learning disability does Jenny probably have?

Middle childhood

Jessica and Mel are BFF's. Recently, they have begun talking to eachother about their personal thoughts and feelings. They trust eachother with secrets. They are probably in what period of development

representational mapping

Jimmy is eight. When he was younger he used simple words to describe himself. Now he can make logical connections between different parts of his self-image. For instance, he says things like, "I am smart AND funny!" in describing himself. Jimmy is using

autobiographic memory

Josh remembers clearly when he was little he recieved a red bike for his 4th birthday. He also remembers that it was sunny and his grandpa was there. Researchers refer to this as

have no consistent differences

Large-scale studies on the effect of birth order on personality characteristics

learned valuable lessons about understanding and managing emotions and found new ways to deal with frustration and to celebrate success

Larson and Brown (2007) found that teens who took part in a community theater program

Which ethnic group has failed to find a consistent parenting style?

Latino

make them more active; 'move and learn' curriculum

Lavonda is running her own childcare service. She is concerned that many of the children may be overweight. What would be the best approach for Lavonda to use in helping with their weight

All of the following are socio-cultural factors influencing development of eating disorders EXCEPT:

Low family expectations

listened more to what children tell about their experiences

Many children who participate in organized sports drop out by age 13, but more children might continue these activities if

transactional model

Many developmentalists today believe that the influence in a parent-child relationship moves in both directions. This is the

may have difficulty handling criticism; have self- inflated esteem

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for poor/mediocre performance. What could be a consequence of this

Based on the sociometric method, how are popular children rated by their peers?

Many positive ratings and few negative ratings

Based on the sociometric method, how are controversial children rated by their peers?

Many positive ratings and many negative ratings

emotional abuse

Marcello and Rico had a big fight. They hit each other and both ended up with bruises. Their son Juan witnesses the entire thing. Which form of child maltreatment would best describe Juan's experience

ADHD

Mauricio has been having difficulties in preschool and his teacher notes on his report card that she has noticed deficits in the areas of planning and inhibition. What term might encapsulate these mental skills?

Researchers found evidence for three groups of aggressive children: highly aggressive children, moderately aggressive children, and low aggressive children. The majority of the children fell into the _____________ aggressive group and ____________ were more likely to be in the highly aggressive group.

Moderately; boys

_______________ begins with the identification of particular genes and attempts to understand how those genes work within a cell to affect behavior, while ______________ begins with behavior and attempts to define the role genes play in producing that behavior.

Molecular genetics; behavioral genetics

Which of the following is true regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Most adults do not reach the highest stage

Femininity in girls is associated with which of the following?

Mother's femininity (wrong)

nerve cells become insulated with fat

Myelination in the brain occurs when

In the process of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that

Naturally evokes an unconditioned response

_____________ includes the influence of what we bring to development as a result of our genetic inheritance.

Nature

The driving force for development in Erik Erikson's theory is the:

Need to adapt to the changing demands of the environment

Prejudice

Negative attitudes toward individuals based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or other factors.

Discrimination

Negative behavior directed at people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, or other factors.

Bronfenbrenner would say that it is important that we understand the individual

Not on her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development

they are raised to believe they are supposed to have "strength, silence, and stoicism"

One important reason why male victims of sexual abuse do not disclose what has happened to them is that

marked by both closeness and by conflict

One of the aspects of sibling relationships that make them fairly unique is that

child becomes more concerned with parent's emotional needs than their own

One of the consequences of children experiencing a parental divorce is emotional parentification which is a situation in which

they interpret the coach's behavior differently then the coach intends

One of the consequences of coaches not having a good understanding of child development is that

related to lower high school dropout rate

One of the effects of part-time employment for teens over the age of 16 from low-income families is

the father married the mother in only 10% of the families within one year of the baby's birth

One study found that following the birth of a baby to a couple who is living together

involve adults who create relationships with teenagers by developing trust over a long period of time

Online predators

Parenting style is determined by the parent's position along 2 dimensions which are:

Parental responsiveness and parental demandingness

Authoritarian Parents

Parents who combine high levels of control and low levels of warmth, and who expect compliance from the child.

Authoritative Parents

Parents who combine high levels of control with a good deal of warmth and encouragement, together with reasonable expectations and explanation of the parents' rules.

Disengaged Parents

Parents who do not set limits or rules for their children and are not emotionally connected to them.

Permissive Parents

Parents who provide a great deal of warmth and acceptance but few, if any, rules or restrictions.

Level 2/ Stage 4

Pat doesnt steal because there are laws against it and breaking the law means you aren't a good person. WHich level of Kohlberg's model is this

Bandura's social cognitive theory added a third learning principle to classical and operant conditioning, which was that:

People can also learn through imitation of behaviors they observe

According to Freud, boys and girls develop what has been called "the family romance" during the ____________ stage of development.

Phallic

Selfies

Photos of oneself taken with a mobile device and posted online.

were chronically poor

Poverty has the most damaging effects on children who

Bill hits his friend because his friend would not share his toy. Bill feels bad about this afterwards because he is worried that he is going to get in trouble. Which level of Kohlberg's moral development would this fall under?

Preconventional level

Which of the following statements about organized activities is true?

Relatively few children appear to be overscheduled with organized activities.

According to ____________, children act out in their play emotional conflicts that are bothering them in real life.

Psychoanalytic theory

The way that children can process information changes as they get older. This is a:

Qualitative change in development

Stage theories describe:

Qualitative changes

_________________ is a pervasive system of advantage and disadvantage based on race.

Racism

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Reexperiencing a traumatic effect through intrusive thoughts, distressing dreams, flashbacks, or extreme reactions in situations similar to the original trauma.

Which of the following statements about organized activities is true?

Relatively few children appear to be over-scheduled with organized activities.

the kids are both raised equally

Research that has compared children raised by gay or lesbian parents and children raised by heterosexual parents has found

boys play with boys and girls play with girls

Researchers refer to elementary school playgrounds as "gender school" because

Which of the following is true regarding the role of innate processes on moral development?

Researchers suggest that a basic sense of morality is innate, but life experience builds on this early understanding

not analytic, creative, practical (PAC)

Robert Steinberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes all of the following EXCEPT

Who said, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains?"

Rousseau

For individuals with bulimia nervosa, complications from vomiting over time may be "chipmunk cheeks," which consists of swollen ____________________.

Salivary glands

Relational

Sam is spreading rumors about Tina and encouraging Tim's friend to stop hanging with him. Sam is engaging in what type of agression

sibling deidentification

Sarah has a good relationship with her older sister Jane. However, while Jane rarely has fights with her parents, Sarah and her mother fight all the time. Sarah and Jane also engage in very different activities because Sarah wants to define herself as different from her sister. Which theory of sibling-parent relationship best explains Sarah and Jane?

_______________ is the way you describe yourself, and ______________ is the way you feel about those characteristics

Self-concept; self-esteem

____________ is an important aspect of healthy, positive relationships, but may be more challenging for people with low self-esteem.

Self-disclosure

Sexting

Sending nude or seminude pictures of oneself online.

Which of the following is associated with symptoms, such as bruising, bleeding, and swelling to a baby's brain, decreased alertness, loss of consciousness, seizures, and cessation of breathing?

Shaken baby syndrome

Coparenting

Sharing parenting responsibilities between two or more people.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the findings on differential parental treatment?

Siblings who perceive that they are treated less favorably show lower levels of adjustment and more conflicted sibling relationships.

The theory that posits that moral behavior is constructed from an individual's interactions with the environment is the

Social Domain theory

The idea that children are exposed to numerous examples of gender role and activities that they can imitate, which influences their gender identity is consistent with which theory of gender development?

Social cognitive theory

The stages of play proposed by Parten depended on_________ but the ones described by Piaget depended on ____________.

Social skills; cognitive development

One area of ability in which their seems to be a small but significant difference that favors boys in the area of..

Spatial Relationships

normative stress

Starting kindergarten, going for your first sleepover at a friend's house, or learning how to drive are all examples of

Normative stress

Stress that is predictable and that most individuals go through, and which requires a moderate and relatively brief response.

toxic stress

Stress that requires strong, frequent and prolonged coping without any help from a supportive adult relationship is what we call

Non-normative stress

Stress that results from a relatively rare occurrence that often overwhelms the individual.

Which type of research is helpful in clarifying the interaction of genes and environment?

Studies comparing identical and nonidentical twins

children are watching an average of almost 4.5 hours a day

Survey research on television viewing has found that

What is ethnic socialization?

Teaching the beliefs, abilities, and roles that are unique to one's own cultural group

inferiority

Ten year old Julio can't get his science experiment to work. It seems to him that nothing ever functions properly. According to Erikson, Julio is in danger of developing a sense of

Foster Care

The temporary placement of children in a family that is not their own because of unhealthy situations within their birth family.

modest

The amount of agreement or congruence between the parenting style of mothers and fathers within the same family is

think about whether you want your child to act like the characters he or she sees on TV

The best strategy for parents who want to have some control over the impact of media on their children is to

Fight-or-flight response

The body's physiological response to threat.

Orienting Response

The tendency to pay attention automatically to novel, moving, meaningful, or surprising stimuli.

permissive; authoritative

The congruence or agreement between parenting styles of mothers and fathers within the same family have found fairly high agreement among parents who use a(n) _______________ style and no agreement in families where one parent uses a(n) _______________ style.

As an infant's brain continues to produce many synaptic connections,

The connections that are not used will be pruned, deteriorate, and disappear

Critical periods can be characterized by the following:

The critical period for later emotional development and health appears to occur between 6 months and age 2 years.

Nonshared Environment

The different experiences that siblings in the same family have in that environment.

chinese children

The exception to the findings that authoritarian parenting is associated with poorer school performance is

bodies physiological response to threat

The fight-or-flight response

What is the Sensorimotor Period?

The first period of cognitive development (birth to 18 months) characterized by coordination of sensory abilities and motor skills when a child understands the world largely through immediate action and sensation

finding ways to help young people reach their full potential

The focus of the positive youth development approach is to

early adolescence; increases across adolescence

The frequency of conflict is highest in ___________________ and the intensity of the conflict, when it does occur, _________________________.

Hygiene Hypothesis

The idea that living in a germ-free environment is causing our immune systems to become more reactive to allergens.

What is emotional regulation?

The individual's ability to soothe uncomfortable feelings, manage feelings of anger and frustration, and to otherwise handle his or her emotions

not ESR

The information-processing approach characterizes memory as a 3-step filing system. Which of the following is NOT one of these steps

According to Vygotsky, what is scaffolding

The means to access the zone of proximal development

asthma

The most common chronic illness among children in the United States today is:

Asthma

The most common chronic illness in childhood, in which a child's airways constrict, making it difficult to breathe.

self-complexity

The number of different ways in which an individual defines herself is her

Self-complexity

The number of different ways in which an individual defines herself.

What are the most important factors that relate to children's well-being in stepfamilies?

The number of transitions and stresses the child has been exposed to and the quality of the parent-child relationship.

Internalization

The process by which individuals adopt the attitudes, beliefs, and values held by their society.

minority parents teaching children about discrimination and preparing them

The process of racial socialization involves

Media literacy

The skills to understand the underlying purposes and messages of media.

How does Sandra Bem's views of gender development differ from Kohlberg's views?

The stages of gender development do not happen at the same age as Kohlberg proposed. (wrong) Gender stability does not appear until adolescence. (Wrong) Gender concepts do not follow stages and are learned from your particular society.

to be independent of the effect of income

The relationship between time spent in the natural environment and stress relief has been found

What does Bronfenbrenner mean by the term "ecology" in Ecological Systems Theory?

The settings and institutions that influence the growing human being...the many different settings which affect development

Which of the following statements is true regarding children of gay or lesbian parents?

The sexual orientation of a child's parents has no influence of the child's sexuality

best for girls and women to be thin

The thin ideal that is promoted by media

Psychological Control

The use of psychological or emotional manipulation to get a child to comply with what the parent wants.

parent effects model

The ways that Sigmund Freud, Dr. Benjamin Spock, Mary Ainsworth, and Diana Baumrind recommend that parents treat their children are all examples of the

Which of the following is true of children with rejected sociometric status?

These children are likely to exhibit a range of academic and social problems that persist into middle and high school

Which of the following is true of the majority of poor children in the US?

They live in families where someone has a job

Which of the following are true of internalizing problems?

They occur when emotional difficulties are manifested inward

fine-motor skills

Three year olds scribble all over the page. Four year olds can make percise drawings that parents can understand. Four year olds have more develped

induction

Tina has just run across the street against her parents wishes. Her parents firmly explain to her that she must not ever do that again because she can get hurt. Tina's parents are using _____ as a form of discipline

Many developmentalists today believe that the influence in a parent-child relationship moves in both directions. This is the ...

Transactional model

Among all the electronic media that children and adolescents use today, they spend more time watching television than any other form.

True

Both Piaget's theory and Vygotsky's theory subscribe to a constructivist view of learning.

True

Many modern theorists see Piaget as only a historical figure with little relevance to modern research.

True

One of the characteristics that is associated with resiliency is the ability to take advantage of major life transition when they occur.

True

One out of every 10 children is a victim of maltreatment each year.

True

Piaget's description of his second stage of cognitive abilities focuses on the limitations of children's thought at this age.

True

Piaget's theory says that there are qualitative differences in how children think that reflect their developmental level.

True

Playing violent video games increases violent tendencies even more than watching television

True

The amount of television that preschoolers, school age children, and teenager watch is associated with attention problems later in life.

True

The home environments in gay and lesbian families support a child's psychosocial growth as well as the environments in heterosexual families do.

True

The leading cause of death for children ages 19 years and younger is injuries.

True

The most important determinant of whether or not a parent will use power assertion as a discipline strategy is whether they were raised that way.

True

Vygotsky believed that language and culture were critical components in shaping a child's cognitive abilities.

True

Vygotsky says that our thinking is most influenced by the social world in which we live.

True

When children's parents are stressed, the children themselves report being more stressed

True

Critics of Piaget's theory of cognitive development have claimed that the stages he proposed do not really exist as distinct entities.

True.

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the developmental challenge of infancy is the issue of:

Trust versus mistrust

What is an identical twin?

Twins developed when a fertilized egg divides after conception into 2 zygotes.

How many inches do children grow each year in middle childhood?

Two inches

increased likelihood of criminal behavior, teen sexuality, and frug and alcohol use

Unstructured time spent with friends during adolescence has been associated with

Which of the following is NOT a stage in minority identity development?

Uprooting (Dissonance, Resistance & Immersion, and Conformity ARE)

Substance use disorder (SUD)

Use of drugs that is marked by cravings, social impairment, risky use, tolerance build-up and withdrawal symptoms

Which of the following is not a potential outcome of a concussion injury?

Visual impairment

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that

Vygotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that...

Vygotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that

Vygotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others.

kids learn their future roles from corresponding gender parent; mother=nourishing, father=play and intellectual development

What is true concerning parenting practices and gender development

Authoritarian

When Barbara asks her father why she is not allowed to play in the streets, he says, "Because I say son you do what i say" This is what style of parenting

right or wrong; personal choice

When adolescents and parents have conflict, they often define the issues differently. Parents tend to see the issue as one that involves ____________ while adolescents see the issue as one of _____________.

Older children and adults are more likely to remember information in an intuitive, automatic way rather than as a specific, verbatim memory. This type of memory has been called a(n) a. fuzzy trace memory. b. intuitive memory. c. instinctual memory traces. d. executive memory traces.

relatives, coaches, teachers, youth leaders, etc.

When girls and boys were asked about the people they considered "very important people" in their lives

What is the rooting reflex?

When something brushes the infant's cheek, the baby will turn in that direction, open its mouth, and suck.

underestimate influence of extended family but overestimate influence of unrelated adults

When teens and their parents were asked to report on the strength of the teen's relationship with important people in the teen's life, the parents

child outcome improves

When the economic situation of a family living in poverty improves

When a problem-focused strategies most effective?

When the situation is one that you can realistically change or control.

younger children at greater risk

When we look at the characteristics that place a child at an increased risk of becoming a victim of maltreatment, we find that

not unique

Which of the following statements is the best description of the conclusion drawn from research on only children?

Research suggests that there are gender differences in positive emotions. However, this difference is stronger for:

Younger adolescents (wrong)

obsessions; compulsions

____________ are intrusive thoughts that pop into a person's mind, and ____________ are behaviors used to reduce the anxiety caused by them.

schizophrenia

_______________ is a serious psychological disorder in which children and adolescents experience hallucinations (particularly hearing voices that aren't there), delusions, have difficulty staying on task, and have thoughts that do not follow a logical pattern.

tourette's disorder

_____________________ is a condition which begins before the age of 18 in which the individual has many motor tics and at least one vocal tic (which may include swearing).

parental warmth and support as well as positive social support from others

__________________________________ play a role in helping minority teens maintain their self-esteem in the face of negative events.

. A fear which has no rational basis and which is so severe that it interferes with day-to-day functioning is called a(n) a. anxiety disorder. b. innate fear. c. panic disorder. d. a phobia.

. Today 3-year-old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engines begin to roar, the plane vibrates as it picks up speed, and as it finally lifts off the ground, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out of the window, so Chandra thinks that flying must fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathic feelings. d. emotional intelligence.

A _____________ is the smallest unit that has meaning in a language. a. morpheme b. phoneme c. syllable d. spectrum

An advantage of being breastfed for an infant is that a. breast milk contains antibodies from the mother that can help fight off infections. b. infants who are born to mothers who are HIV-positive can better fight off the disease. c. breastfeeding is associated with higher scores on intelligence tests in childhood. d. the infant gains more weight more quickly than bottle fed infants.

As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that a. there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur. b. temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood. c. there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older. d. if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during adolescence.

In recent years, the level of anxiety reported by children a. has been disputed among professionals because many believe that children cannot be diagnosed with these disorders. b. has increased to levels similar to child psychiatric patients in the 1950s. c. has decreased substantially because of the use of anti-anxiety medications. d. has decreased for children living in urban areas.

In regards to worldwide infant mortality rates, the a. United States has a higher infant mortality rate than 34 other industrialized nations. b. United States has one of the 10 lowest infant mortality rates in the world. c. United States had a lower rate than the OCED average. d. highest rates of infant mortality occur in nations closest to the equator.

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathic feelings. d. emotional intelligence.

One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that a. the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes. b. children's surprise when one of their expectations is violated is the best measure of their level of cognitive development. c. the strongest influence on the way we think about and understand the world is the social world in which we live. d. children must develop metacognitive functions before they can reason accurately about the world.

One out of every ______ American children will live in a stepfamily at some point during their childhood. a. 3 b. 15 c. 10 d. 4

Researchers examined areas in California where outbreaks of whooping cough had occurred. What they found was a. children were twice as likely to contract whooping cough in areas where large numbers of parents had refused to have their infants vaccinated for this disease. b. the vaccinations themselves were responsible for these outbreaks. c. these outbreaks were more likely to happen in rural areas, especially where there was a high concentration of cow farming. d. children were twice as likely to contract whooping cough if they were overweight or obese.

Syntactic bootstrapping allows children to a. determine the meaning of words through the use of syntax. b. learn new words by eliminating items that already have labels. c. learn the meaning of words through gesture. d. guess whether a label refers to a whole object or to a part of that object.

The area that is the primary center for speech production is a. Broca's area. b. the speech cortex. c. Wernicke's area. d. mirror neurons.

The assumptions and principles that children use to facilitate their vocabulary learning are called a. constraints. b. hypotheses. c. linguistic guidelines. d. transitional probabilities.

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as a. emotional display rules. b. sociocultural emotion. c. emotiguides. d. emotional interpretation.

The first stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the a. sensorimotor stage. b. preoperational stage. c. operational stage. d. formal operations stage.

The frontal lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for a. complex thoughts, movement, language, and self-control. b. the basic functions of the body, such as breathing, cardiac rhythm, and blood pressure. c. controlling balance and movement. d. the expression and experience of emotions, memories, and sensations.

The ways we learn to think about emotions are our a. emotion schemas. b. temperamental templates. c. primordial emotions. d. basic emotions.

When children's ability to delay gratification was tested, the researchers found that ___________ children were better able to regulate their behavior, that __________ were able to wait longer before "peeking", and there ___________ a gender difference in the likelihood that a child would peek at some point. a. older; girls; was not b. younger; girls; was c. older; boys; was d. younger; boys; was not

Which of the following is not a risk associated with prolonged exposure to stress in infancy? a. Higher potential for cardiac arrest in infants b. Lowered immune response c. Higher potential to produce large amounts of cortisol over time, leading to infants becoming children and adults who are more prone to anxiety and fear d. Deficiency in the development of learning and memory

Which of the following is not considered to be a self-conscious emotion? a. Distress b. Shame c. Pride d. Embarrassment

Which of the following statements about early language development is true? a. Babies younger than 6 months of age can distinguish the sounds of all languages. b. Researchers agree that there is an early critical period in language development. c. Deaf babies do not coo or babble in the same way that hearing infants do. d. If parents do not talk a great deal to their infants, the infants will later have great difficulty in learning their native language.

You can help an infant learn to regulate his own emotions by a. being sensitive to the infant's signals so he doesn't need to get frantic to get a response from you. b. ignoring the infant when he shows any signs of distress or frustration. c. overstimulating the infant so that he needs to calm himself down after you play with him. d. letting the infant spend a good deal of time by himself so he becomes familiar with his own feelings.

With regard to bodily proportions

a baby's head is very large in proportion to the rest of his body.

When the circumstances of a child's life situation change, there is evidence that

a change in life circumstances can change a secure attachment to an insecure one, or an insecure attachment to a secure one.

gender identity

a childs sense of being male or female refers to their

In Piaget's theory, a schema is

a cognitive framework that allows us to place concepts, objects, and experiences into categories or groups.

emotion dissing parent

a parent who denies, ignores, or tries to change the negative emotions of their child would be an

If girls believe the stereotype that girls are not good at math, when they need to test their abilities in math it can create anxiety that can actually hurt their performance. This is called...

a stereotype threat

If girls believe the stereotypes that girls are not good at math when they need to test their abilities in math it can create anxiety that can actually hurt their performance. That is called..

a stereotype threat

If girls believe the stereotype that girls are not good at math, when they need to test their abilities in math it can create anxiety that can actually hurt their performance. This is called

a stereotype threat.

Of the following, which theory would suggest that sound public policies are essential for protecting children's well-being? a. ecological systems theory b. social learning theory c. evolutionary developmental psychology d. dynamic systems perspective

a. ecological systems theory

Which of the following is a correct conclusion drawn between the connection between creativity and high intelligence? a. although a certain level of intelligence is necessary to be creative, high intelligence is not sufficient by itself b. individuals with high levels of intelligence are inherently creative c. creative individuals tend to score lower on standardized IQ tests d. there is no correlation between intelligence and creativity

a. although a certain level of intelligence is necessary to be creative, high intelligence is not sufficient by itself

Among parents who had been abused as children

about 30% perpetuate the cycle and become abusive parents.

Formal operations is marked by the development of..

abstract thinking

Diana Baumrind's description of parenting styles is based upon two dimensions. These dimensions are

acceptance/responsiveness and demandingess/control.

Diana Baumrind's description of parenting styles is based upon two dimensions. These dimensions are...

acceptance/responsiveness and demandingness/control.

In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of

accommodation.

learning what is gender-appropriate/inappropriate (schemas)

according to Sandra Bern's gender schema theory, how do children adopt gender appropriate behavior

The major cognitive accomplishment during the preoperational stage is

acquiring the ability to represent actions mentally rather than physically.

If we conduct a research study using a sample of 14- to 16-year old adolescents attending school in ethnically-diverse middle class communities, we could correctly generalize our results to

adolescents who have characteristics similar to those of the sample.

The embryonic stage of prenatal development is considered a critical period for development because...

all major organs and structures are undergoing rapid development, and damage done at this point can be both severe and irreversible

Attrition is a problem for longitudinal studies because

all participants are not at equal risk of being lost from the study over time.

One advantage of adolescents having some amount of unstructured time with peers is that it

allows them to develop an identity separate from their parents.

One advantage of adolescents having some unstructured time with peers is that it

allows them to develop an identity separate from their parents.

Piaget would say that the stages in his theory

always occur in the order he describes, but the ages at which they occur are only approximations.

Throughout our life, our receptive language...

always precedes our expressive language

Metacognition is..

an ability to think about and monitor one's own thoughts

Metacognition is...

an ability to think about and monitor one's own thoughts

In Phinney's theory of ethic identity development, adolescents move from one stage of unexamined ethnic identity to...

an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescents ethnicity

If you were interested in studying what causes disagreements among friends in middle school and how those disagreements are resolved, an appropriate technique to use to study this topic would be

an event sample.

Thinning hair, yellowing of the skin, the growth of fine hair on the face and arms, and cardiovascular problems or osteoporosis are all conditions associated with

anorexia nervosa.

One of the important differences between fear and anxiety is that

anxiety involves anticipation of something that may or may not occur, but fear tends to be a response to a real event.

The definition of stress is..

anything that places excessive demands on your ability to cope

Parents who are dealing with the issues of living in poverty...

are more punitive and less warm toward their children.

Mandated reporters are individuals who:

are required to report suspected abuse

Research on the theory of core knowledge has found that even before their first birthday, babies

are surprised when they see events that seem to defy nature, such as a seeing a block pushed beyond the edge of a table without falling.

The most commonly chronic illness among children in the United States today is...

asthma

A dynamic assessment is different from a standardized test because a dynamic assessment

attempts to measure a child's potential for change.

Exposure to natural outdoor environments has been shown to reduce the symptoms of...

attention-deficit disorder

Parents who have age-appropriate expectations upon their children, provide a rationale for their rules and expectations, are willing to listen to their children's point of view, and treat them with respect are classified by Baumrind as...

authoritative parents.

Waiting in line is a typical behavior in the United States. John and Andrew have been waiting in line for 24 hours to get tickets to a concert. They offered to let their friend Michael jump in line with them (even though he didn't wait at all). Michael said that he wouldn't feel right about doing that and went and stood at the end of the line (knowing that the tickets will probably sell out before he gets to the ticket counter). Michael is demonstrating the __________ domain of social knowledge as it relates to moral development.

autonomous (wrong) social-conventional

A boy in the United States who is hurt on the playing field may come off the field feeling very angry because a. the area of the brain that control the emotion of anger and the one that controls the emotion of sadness are right next to each other. b. in this culture it is more acceptable for a boy to express the emotion of anger than the emotion of sadness. c. a young child has not yet learned how to distinguish between the emotions of anger and sadness. d. either emotion would be equally acceptable under these circumstances

A child's ability to correctly use the pronouns "I" and "you" has been linked to an greater ability to a. take the initiative to try new things on their own. b. see a situation from another person's perspective. c. develop a trusting relationship with the child's primary caregiver. d. develop an autobiographical memory.

Children do not develop self-conscious emotions such as pride or shame until they a. have developed object permanence. b. can think about how events affect their self-evaluations. c. understand reversibility. d. can empathize with the feelings of others.

Ella and Kenzie are toddlers in a daycare. Ella watches as Kenzie cries when her mother drops her off. Ella walks up to Kenzie and gives her a hug. Ella is demonstrating a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathy. d. primordial emotion.

Having predictable routines for an infant is one way to a. encourage a child to show empathy. b. help a young child develop self-control. c. help a child develop perspective taking skills. d. teach a child to internalize her feelings.

Max is a baby with a difficult temperament. His parents have never kept a strict schedule, eating at different times, and having different caregivers take care of Max. Max does not adapt well and his development is compromised. Chess and Thomas describe this as a __________ issue. a. regulation b. goodness of fit c. social referencing d. patterning

Sam is not very good at following conversational rules. It is difficult to have a conversation with him because he talks out of turn and keeps changing the topic of the conversation. Sam has a problem with a. semantics. b. pragmatics. c. phonetics. d. syntax.

Self-conscious emotions are also known as: a. primary emotions. b. secondary emotions. c. reflexive emotions. d. interpretative emotions.

The brain is divided down the middle, from front to back, into two a. lobes. b. hemispheres. c. cortexes. d. cerebellums.

The rapid formation of new synapses first happens a. at around the time that children typically enter kindergarten. b. in the first year of life. c. in late adolescence, as the young person becomes an adult. d. during the period between ages 5 and 9 years of age.

The theory of core knowledge is based on the idea that infants a. construct their understanding of the world through their social interactions. b. are born with an innate understanding of some aspects of the world. c. construct their understanding of the world through active experimentation. d. learn about the world as they are reinforced for their experiences.

Two important things that parents can do to reduce the risk of an infant dying from sudden infant death syndrome are to a. eliminate gluten from the infant's diet and only use bottled water when making the baby's formula. b. put the infant to sleep on his back and make sure the mother does not to smoke while pregnant or after the baby is born. c. not allow the baby to sleep for more than 3 hours at a time and to not feed the baby after 6 p.m. d. allow the baby to co-sleep in the parents' bed and keep the bedroom temperature above 80 degrees.

We have developed emoticons to use in electronic communication because a. people do not like having to read just plain text in electronic messages so this breaks up the message. b. the addition of symbols that represent emotions increases the likelihood that our message is communicated clearly. c. people can interpret these little characters in different ways and it makes the message more individual. d. it helps the reader identify the national origin of the person who is sending the message.

We know that infants can hear the voice of their mother before they are born because a. they wiggle and squirm in the womb whenever their mother talks. b. newborns will suck on a pacifier to hear a recording of a story their mother read out loud during her pregnancy. c. newborns will respond to any woman's voice that they hear after they are born. d. prenatal recordings show activity in the auditory area of the fetal brain when a mother speaks.

When a child points to an object and an adult names the object for the child a. there is no reason for the child to use that word again. b. that word enters the child's vocabulary sooner. c. the child is likely to overregularize the use of that word in the future. d. the child will assume that there are other names for the same object.

When a young child grasps a toy, it is part of his experience and is real to him, but when he is not holding the toy, it doesn't exist for him anymore. Piaget says this is because young children do not have a. a circular reaction for objects. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. dialectic thinking.

Which of the following describes how infants can use classical conditioning to learn? a. They learned to kick their leg while it was tied by a long ribbon to a mobile overhead, which rewarded them with the visual stimulation of seeing the mobile move. b. Infants would have a small amount of air puffed into their eye after a tone. Later, they would still blink at the tone, even without the air puff. c. Infants would imitate an adult turning on a light box by bending over and touching it with their head. d. There is currently no research that supports infants being able to learn through classical conditioning.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a child with an easy temperament? a. Positive quality of mood b. Regular biological functions c. Adapts easily to new situations d. High activity level

____________ are involuntary patterned motor responses that are hardwired in the infant. a. Experience-expectant responses b. Reflexes c. Gross motor skills d. Fine motor skills

Which of the following is NOT an area responsible for language and speech? a. Broca's area b. the speech cortex c. Wernicke's area d. the left hemisphere

b. the speech cortex

Which of the following happens during the fetal stage of development? a. fertilization b. sexual differentiation c. placenta develops d. the blastocyst becomes the embryo

b. sexual differentiation

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that

basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.

According to behaviorism, children learn right from wrong

because they are reinforced for good things that they do and are punished for bad things. (wrong) by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or badly. (wrong)

As children move through the stages of play described by Parten, they

become more interactive and more cooperative.

Intuitive thought is a type of reasoning in which children

begin to put together logical explanations but are still influenced more by what they perceive than by logical reasoning.

In families with adopted children, parents should

begin to tell the child in simple terms the story of their adoption even before they can really understand it.

gender stereotypes

bill believes that boys are not good at math and boys are not food ar caring for younger siblings. Bill's beliefs are based on

One explanation for why girls prefer to play with other girls and boys prefer to play with other boys is that...

boys and girls have different play styles and different styles of communication.

One of the gender differences seen in the friendships of school-aged children is that

boys' friendships are more likely to contain competition and dominance, in addition to cooperation.

An advantage of being breastfed for an infant is that

breast milk contains antibodies from the mother that can help fight off infections.

muscle more fat

by the end of early childhood boys have more ____ and girls have more_____

According to social cognitive learning theory, children learn right from wrong

by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or badly.

A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to a. be patient because children easily outgrow the characteristics of a difficult child as they get older. b. frequently expose the child to novelty because this is the best way to help them become more flexible about what happens to them. c. try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of time to adapt to changes. d. let the child spend time with other children who have more easy going temperaments.

Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament. a. easy b. slow-to-warm c. difficult d. reactionary

Because myelination of motor neurons occurs in a cephalocaudal direction, infants a. gain control over their torso before they gain control of their arms and hands. b. develop fine motor skills before they develop gross motor skills. c. gain control over their head and neck before they gain control over their shoulders and arms. d. must crawl before they start to walk to avoid developing learning problems.

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that a. basic emotions emerge at about the same time in infants around the world, but Western infants are much more fearful and angry than other infants. b. surprisingly we find large difference in the early emotions that infants express as we compare one country to another. c. basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another. d. different parts of the brain are responsible for controlling emotions in different infants.

Emotional intelligence involves all of the following except a. controlling one's own emotions. b. understanding one's own emotions. c. altering temperament to fit the situation. d. understanding the emotions of others.

Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the a. moral values of young children. b. children's ability to understand and follow complex instructions. c. children's effortful control of their behavior. d. children's ability to empathize with the needs of another person.

How common are ear infections in children under the age of three? a. Very rare. b. One in four children will have at least one ear infection before their third birthday. c. Three in four children will have at least one ear infection before their third birthday. d. Four in five children will have at least two ear infections before their third birthday.

Infants and toddlers who are raised in the midst of divorcing parents a. retain memories of the disputes their parents had around them for the remainder of their lives. b. are unaffected by the dispute and the separation. c. may experience problem behaviors like aggression, separation anxiety, or loss of toilet training. d. show tremendous resilience and have been found to often achieve highly in academics later in life in the face of this adversity.

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathy. d. primordial emotion.

Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of __________ in language learning. a. babbling b. joint attention c. imitation d. early phonemic discrimination

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon a. the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament in a young child. b. how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted with new experiences. c. the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment. d. the gender of the child, because people are more willing to accept a difficult temperament in a boy than in a girl.

The effect of insensitive parenting on an infant's security of attachment is magnified when a. the infant is in the care of a relative rather than a professional caregiver. b. the infant becomes securely attached to his child care provider. c. the quality of the infant's child care is also poor. d. the mother is reluctant to place her infant in child care.

The most effective approach to treating children with reactive attachment disorder has been to a. work with the extended family, not just the parents. b. improve the quality of the parents' marital relationship. c. develop the mother's sensitivity to her baby. d. work with children who were 2 years old or older when they were adopted.

When a teacher tells a toddler to "use your words" instead of impulsively grabbing a toy, they are teaching the child to use a. metacognition. b. number concept. c. inhibition. d. categorization.

When children can learn a new word, sometimes with only one exposure, it is called a. syntactic bootstrapping. b. the whole object bias. c. fast mapping. d. statistical learning.

Which of the following statements best describes the change of sleep patterns from birth until 2 years of age? a. Sleep patterns remain consistent across these years. b. The total hours of sleep, both nighttime and daytime, steadily decrease during this time. c. The total hours of sleep and hours of daytime sleep decrease, but hours of nighttime sleep increase. d. The total hours of sleep and hours of nighttime sleep increase, but hours of daytime sleep decrease.

Your body's physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call a. temperament. b. arousal. c. emotion. d. empathy.

The incidence of stepfamilies in the United States since the early 1900s...

has not changed

Infants who are born prematurely

have a wide range of developmental outcomes, from mild to severe

Which of the following answer choices represent the correct order of steps taken in the scientific method? a. disseminate information, select a representative sample, conduct test, operationalize concepts b. conduct test, operationalize concepts, select a representative sample, disseminate information c. operationalize concepts, select a representative sample, conduct test, disseminate information d. select a representative sample, operationalize concepts, conduct test, disseminate information

c. operationalize concepts, select a representative sample, conduct test, disseminate information

There is some evidence that in math and science classes teachers

call on boys more frequently and give them more detailed feedback on their answers.

Their is some evidence that in math and science classes teachers..

call on boys more frequently rather and give them more detailed feedback on their answers

When a researcher conducts a clinical interview, the interviewer

can ask additional questions based on the respondent's answers or ask the respondent to expand on an answer.

AS an influence on adolescent academic achievement, peers..

can exert a considerable amount of influence

The unique advantage of experimental research is that it...

can identify the causes of behavior

The unique advantage of experimental research is that it

can identify the causes of behavior.

A characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development is egocentrism which means that children in this stage

cannot understand things from someone else's perspective.

Hart and Risley (1995) examined the similarities and differences in the everyday language that children hear as toddlers. They found that overall...

children from families with more educated parents hear a great deal more language

Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the...

children's effortful control of their behavior

Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the

children's effortful control of their behavior.

If you showed a 7-year-old child six blue wooden blocks and 4 white wooden block and asked the child "Are there more blue blocks or more wooden blocks?" you would be testing the child's ability to

classify objects into larger categories.

"It is time for you to get off your computer and come downstairs to eat dinner with the family" is an example of the type of discipline called a(n)...

command strategy.

As adolescents develop the ability to think hypothetically, they can..

compare their real selves to their ideal selves

Piaget's cognitive level of play called "games with rules" does not appear until children are in the sate of...

concrete operations

Children can begin to think logically once they reach Piaget's stage of

concrete operations.

Piaget's cognitive level of play called "games with rules" does not appear until children are in the state of

concrete operations.

The body of research on media violence and aggression...

consistently supports the idea that watching violence or playing violent video games promotes aggression.

The assumptions and principles that children use to facilitate their vocabulary learning are called...

constraints

One of the reasons why babies born to women who smoke during their pregnancy show growth retardation (that is, they are small and lighter than average for their gestational age) is that nicotine

constricts the blood vessels and limits the flow of oxygen and nutrients through the placenta.

Jada's parents sometimes get in disagreements. However, when they do, they handle it in a positive way and always remain affectionate with each other, try to problem solve through the issue that caused the conflict, and still support each other. Jada's parents are demonstrating...

constructive conflict.

The physical, cognitive and social-emotional domains of development

continually interact with each other so that development in one domain impacts and influences development in the other domains.

When children develop classification skills, they become better at games such as "20 Questions", demonstrated by how they

continue to work their way down from larger to smaller categories when asking questions.

The cerebellum in the brain is primarily responsible for

controlling balance and movement.

Bob over-exercises and is constantly concerned about making sure he stays lean and muscular. He is among other men in the United States who:

have an eating disorder

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected through the...

corpus callosum

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected through the

corpus callosum.

When gifted or talented children participate in a program that uses an enrichment approach, they

cover the same curriculum used in a typical classroom but in greater depth, breadth, or complexity.

Among the developmental assets that have been identified by the search institute, the constructive activity that has the lowest level of participation is...

creative activities, such as lessons or participation in theatre or other arts.

A cohort effect is the biggest problem for

cross-sectional studies.

A large group of adolescents who share a stereotype but whose members may not even spend time together is called a...

crowd.

According to Skinner, language is shaped through a. innate mechanisms that are wired into the brain. b. cooing and babbling. c. data crunching the stream of words that we hear. d. operant conditioning and the use of reinforcement.

In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of a. decentration. b. scaffolding. c. assimilation. d. accommodation.

In a comparison of infant mortality rates, in 2006 the United States a. had one of the lowest rates of infant deaths in the world. b. improved its position from number 6 to number 3 in a decade. c. slipped from having the lowest rate to being number 2. d. ranked near the bottom on a list of industrialized nations.

One of the important differences between fear and anxiety is that a. anxiety is considered a normal emotion, but fear is pathological. b. young children experience anxiety, but older children experience fear. c. anxiety is much easier to deal with than fear. d. anxiety involves anticipation of something that may or may not occur, but fear tends to be a response to a real event.

One of the main concerns in divorce regarding the time an infant spends with a nonresident parent is a. whether or not the nonresident parent gets an equal share of time with the infant. b. the amount of "fun" time that each parent gets to spend with the infant, so as not to create "favorites." c. how much financial support the nonresident parent provides to the former spouse. d. whether extended time spent away from the primary caregiver may form attachment insecurity.

Parents who want their children to explore and understand their feelings engage in a. emotion coaching. b. social referencing. c. emotion redirecting. d. emotion dismissing.

Parents who want to protect their children from their feelings and try to distract or cheer up their children so they don't focus on the negative emotions are a. emotion coaching. b. social referencing. c. emotion redirecting. d. emotion dismissing.

The Strange Situation is a way to a. determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant. b. document the changes in an infant's emotional responsiveness. c. measure the amount of guilt or shame an infant feels when she misbehaves. d. assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother.

The language centers of the brain a. appear on both sides of the brain. b. for producing speech appear on the right side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech appear on the left side. c. for producing speech appear on the left side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech appear on the right side. d. appear largely on the left side of the brain for right-handed people and on either or both sides for lefties.

When a child is placed in foster care a. it is very similar to an adoption, except that the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child. b. the child remains in the foster home until the child "ages out" of the system at age 25. c. it means that the state now believes that there is no chance of the child being reunited with his or her birth parents. d. the arrangement is meant to be a temporary one and the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.

When child care workers do not receive adequate compensation for the work they do, the consequence is that a. many return to school to increase their educational level. b. they move into the private sector or open home child care facilities. c. there are many employees who will only work part time. d. there is frequent turnover in staff.

Which of the following is not something seen in a home environment that supports healthy cognitive and language development? a. Age-appropriate learning materials, such as toys and books b. A stimulating variety of activities is provided c. Parents are responsive to infant needs and communications, both verbal and nonverbal d. Children get to watch at least 1 hour of television or other visual media per day

Which of the following statements about maternal employment in the United States today is true? a. Most working women have their children in publicly funded child care while they are working. b. Less than 10% of women with children under the age of 6 are in the workforce. c. When a mother works outside the home, she jeopardizes the security of her children's attachment to her. d. Most women work out of necessity and their paychecks support or help to support their families.

Which of the following statements would Piaget likely DISAGREE with? a. children are active in the process of acquiring knowledge b. developmental stages are universal c. developmental stages are qualitatively different from one another d. the order in which developmental stages occur can vary among children

d. the order in which developmental stages occur can vary among children

For a child to be able to understand that the amount of water in a tall, thin glass is still the same amount that was it was when it was in a short, fat glass, the child must be able to

decenter on the height of the liquid in the glass and pay attention to both the width of the container and the height of the liquid.

Growing up in poverty is associated with a number of difficulties, but the most clearly documented negative effect of poverty is its relationship with

deficits in cognitive functioning and academic achievement.

Canalization is the...

degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment

An adolescent is able to understand that she can display different characteristics in different situations but this is all part of a unitary whole. This new way of viewing the self is called a(n)

differentiated self.

difficult

Children who are raised by authoritarian parents often are described as...

discontent, withdrawal, and distrustful

There is some evidence that children develop a theory of mind at a young age if their parents

discuss emotions with the child.

Children with __________ parents have the worst outcomes.

disengaged

In recent years, teens written language has been influenced by..

electronic communication, such as texting

Unlike 9 month old infants and adults, 6 month old infants can...

distinguish between two different non-human monkey faces

The ability to think of many solutions to a problem, rather than one correct answer, is called...

divergent thinking

Poverty has the most damaging effects on children who

experience poverty in early childhood.

The average infant ____________ by 5 months of age, and __________ by her first birthday.

doubles her birth weight; increases her length by 50%

Children born of individuals who were developing in their mother's womb during China's 1958 famine are more likely to (students: the focus here is on the third generation):

drop out of high school.

A child who has trouble coordinating vocabulary, grammar, and hand movements may have

dysgraphia.

The benefit of being in a smaller classroom for children in the early grades comes from the fact that

each student gets more of the teacher's time and can establish good work habits.

The fact that orphans who were severely deprived in infancy can show a great deal of improvement in their cognitive functioning when they are adopted into well-functioning families best illustrates that

early experiences have an impact on development, but so does the ongoing circumstances of a child's life.

A toddler sees his mother lying in bed because she doesn't feel well, so he gives her his favorite blanket because he knows that it always makes him feel better. This is an example of

egocentrism.

Your body's physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call

emotion

Parents who want to protect their children from their feelings and try to distract or cheer up their children so they don't focus on the negative emotions are

emotion dismissing.

Girl bullies tend to engage in...

emotional and psychological intimidation.

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as

emotional display rules.

Understanding and controlling your own emotions, understanding the emotions of others, and using this understanding in your interactions with other people are all indicators of

emotional intelligence.

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying

empathy

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying

empathy.

According to James Marcia, before adolescents can achieve an identity they must..

engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make

According to lecture, the four types of neglect include all of the following EXCEPT:

environmental

If we say that there is no one right way to raise a child, we are endorsing the principle of

equifinality.

When there is conflict between adolescents and their parents, the topic of that conflict most often is...

everyday events like homework and messy rooms.

One of the articles you read for class explored how video games influenced academic performance and aggressive behavior among a group of boys. What type of design did this study utilize?

experimental

Your ability to quickly and effectively solve novel problems for which you have no previous experience or training is a measure of your...

fluid intelligence

Research suggests that infants as young as two days old have an innate preference for...

faces

The relationship between time spent in the natural environment and stress relief has been found...

for all children, regard less of the level of their family's outcomes

Today an individual's score on an IQ test indicates:

how much an individual's score deviates from the average score of others of the same age.

Differences between the parenting of mothers and fathers include the fact that

father do more to move children out into the wider social world.

Abnormal facial features, small stature, a small head, cognitive deficits, and trouble controlling behavior and emotions are all characteristics associated with

fetal alcohol syndrome.

According to the readings, child poverty is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

fewer friends.

One statement about students who take the SAT that is true is that..

fewer than half are prepared to succeed in college

Cognitive processing theory proposes that while learning language children...

figure out statistically how likely it is that certain sounds will follow each other

Marisol is planning to become a pediatrician. For as long as she can remember that is what everyone in her family has expected because all of them work in medical careers. James Marcia would describe Marisol as being in the status of

foreclosure.

When children have the belief that a girl will become an adult woman and a boy will become an adult man, but they are still not clear that a girl playing with trucks does not become a boy or that a boy playing with dolls doesn't become a girl, they are in Kohlberg's __________ stage of gender development.

gender stability

In the gender self-socialization model, when a person has a self-perceived similarity to others of the same gender, they are displaying

gender typicality.

Epigenetics is the term used to describe the system by which

genes can be turned on or silenced by different environmental experiences.

The first stage of prenatal development is the

germinal stage

The first stage of prenatal development is the...

germinal stage

One of the explanations that has found some support for why the incidence of depression is greater in girls than in boys starting in adolescence is that..

girls are more likely to experience negative life events than boys

One of the explanations that has found some support for why the incidence of depression is greater in girls than in boys starting in adolescence is that

girls are more likely to experience negative life events than boys.

Which one of the following statements about girls school performance in math and science is true?

girls frequently earn better grades in math during elementary school and high school rather than boys

When girls and boys were asked about the people they considered "very important people" in their lives

girls reported greater enjoyment and greater psychological intimacy in these relationships than boys.

goodness of fit

In the same study on video games, one group of boys ____________, while the other group ____________.

got the video games at the beginning of the study; got the games after.

The adolescent growth spurt happens as a result of..

growth and sex hormones

Brown, Nobiling, Teufel, and Birch (2011) assessed adolescents' perception of discretionary activities, overscheduling, and stress. When asked "what would you do with more time?", a large majority of adolescents reported they would

hang out with friends.

The Head Start program was designed to

help economically disadvantaged children to enter school on par with more economically advantaged children

The Head Start program was designed to

help economically disadvantaged children to enter school on par with more economically advantaged children.

The focus of the positive youth development approach is to..

help young people reach their full potential

The focus of the positive youth development approach is to...

help young people reach their full potential

There is research evidence that supports the idea that watching Sesame Street...

helps children to be more prepared to learn to read and o arithmetic when they enter school.

The fight-or-flight response..

helps us deal with short-term sources of stress, but can wear us down physically in the face of long-term stress

After adolescent girls in Fiji were exposed to television for three years, they experienced...

higher levels of weight concern

Children who engage in more mutually responsive pretend play with their parents have

higher social competence with peers in preschool.

Young children who engaged in pretend play with their parents that involved responding effectively to each other's cues had...

higher social competence with peers in preschool.

Children with parents who are authoritative are

highly competent, socially, emotionally, and intellectually. They are more cooperative with teachers and peers and are more independent

Children with parents who are authoritative are

highly competent, socially, emotionally, and intellectually. They are more cooperative with teachers and peers and are more independent.

In Vygotsky's theory, private speech is

how a child turns interactions with others into internal thought.

The challenge for parents of adolescents is

how to balance granting autonomy with maintaining connectedness.

When an adolescent can solve a complex problem by first formulating hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses in a systematic and logical way, the adolescent is engaging in..

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

According to Erikson, the developmental crisis of adolescence is the crisis of..

identity versus role confusion

controversial

in a sociometrical study, Tim was nominated by his peers as as being disliked, but he was also nominated as a best friend. Tim's peer status would be labeled as

The difference between ability grouping and cooperative learning is that...

in an ability group, all students are performing at the same level, while in cooperative learning, the students are at different ability levels

In a dual language program children are taught

in classrooms where both a minority and majority language are used

Research that has evaluated formal mentoring programs has found that

in many cases the programs only have a small effect.

display less gender stereotyping

in terms of childrens views on gender, research has constantly found that children with working mothers

A boy in the United States who is hurt on the playing field may come off the field feeling very angry because

in this culture it is more acceptable for a boy to express the emotion of anger than the emotion of sadness

The idea that adolescence is a time of conflict and alienation is an accurate description of...

no more than 20%of all families

Lack of sleep in adolescents is believed to lead to all of the following negative consequences except..

increased sexual activity

the rate of sports-related injuries..

increases as children get older, and occur more frequently to boys than girls

While theories of cognitive development focus on universal processes that affect all children, the study of intelligence focuses on

individual differences.

Case studies are often used to study...

individuals who are exceptional in some way

The symbolic representation of a particular attachment relationship is what Bowlby called a(n)

internal working model.

The symbolic representation of a particular attachment relationship is what Bowlby called...

internal working models

A conception that has one X and one Y chromosome in the 23rd position will become an individual who...

is a male

An adolescent who would be in James Marcia's stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who..

is actively exploring alternatives for future identity, even though she was not yet ready to make a commitment

A toddler's sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is Mine!! is an indication that the child

is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them

An experiment discussed in class utilized t-shirts to demonstrate that...

kids will form stereotypes about any category if it is salient and made out to be important

Wernicke's area primarily controls

language comprehension.

Larson and Brown (2007) found that teens who took part in a community theater program

learned to understand and manage their emotions.

Children who have been the victims of child maltreatment are followed from early childhood through adolescence with their psychological and emotional well-being assessed every 3 years during this time. This is an example of a...

longitudinal study

When we consider how a child's characteristics, such as their age, gender, or ethnicity, impact their development, we are...

looking at how individual differences modify general patterns of development

Thinking about the best way to handle a stressful situation or seeking advice and assistance from others are examples of..

problem-focused coping

seriation

luis is able to organize coins from largest to smallest. His newfound ability is known as

In the United States

malnutrition is most serious food-related problem facing American children. (wrong) undernutrition is a much greater threat than malnutrition for American children.

The Human Genome Project has the goal of...

mapping all of the human genes

Children whose parents divorce while they are preschoolers...

may believe that they were responsible for causing their parents' divorce.

As children with ADHD get older, their symptoms

may change or lessen as they move into adulthood, but ADHD cannot be cured.

You are collecting data from students at a middle school in the US. Your sample consists of students who are 90% caucasian, 5% African American, 1% Asian, 1% Latino, and 3% who identify as mixed-race. Your results are in, and the findings...

may not generalize to the broader population due to the lack of ethnic diversity in the sample

Recent research that has reanalyzed data on school performance has concluded that

middle-class boys were actually performing better than they had in the past, but minority boys were doing worse.

A ___________ is the smallest unit that has meaning in a language.

morpheme

One of the differences between high school education in the United States and high school education in European countries is that..

most European countries place more emphasis on vocational education

Infantile amnesia refers to the fact that...

most people cannot recall memories of their life before the age of 2

Doing several different activities at the same time (often involving several different types of media) is known as...

multitasking

Children of mothers who are incarcerated are compared to children of mothers who reside with the children in their own homes on a number of cognitive outcomes. This is an example of a(n)...

natural or quasi-experiment

Children of mothers who are incarcerated are compared to children of mothers who reside with the children in their own homes on a number of cognitive outcomes. This is an example of a(n)

natural or quasi-experiment.

There is a _____________ between heavy use of media (including entertainment TV and video games) and school performance.

negative correlation

When an adolescent develops an identity that is opposite to the identity that parent or other adults would want the adolescent to have, the adolescent has developed a..

negative identity

Failure to meet a child's basic needs for food, clothing, housing, and education is the definition of

neglect

Failure to meet a child's basic needs for food, clothing, housing, and education is the definition of...

neglect

In studies of peer social status, children who are seldom named by peers as either someone they like or someone they dislike are classified as

neglected.

A distal influence on creating a nurturing environment includes:

neighborhood decay.

The idea that adolescence is a time of conflict and alienation is an accurate description of..

no more than 20% of all families

A type of stress that results from a relatively rare occurrence that may overwhelm the individual.

non-normative stress

An event that is a relatively rare occurrence that few people need to deal with and which is overwhelming is called a..

non-normative stress

An event that is a relatively rare occurrence that few people need to deal with and which is overwhelming is called a...

non-normative stress.

As part of a research study, a researcher decides that she will use the number of pieces of junk mail that a family receives each week as an indicator of how wealthy the family is. If we do not have a good reason to believe that these two things are related, her measure of family wealth is...

not valid

not valid.

According to lecture, all of the following poverty-related variables may impact child development outcomes EXCEPT

number of siblings.

28. Which of the following prescription medications do doctors usually recommend that a woman continue to take while she is pregnant? a. Accutane, used to treat acne b. Azidothymidine (or AZT), used to treat HIV/AIDS c. Thalidomide, used to treat leprosy d. Soriatane, used to treat the skin condition psoriasis

none of the above

Brofenbrenner would say that it is important that we understand the individual...

not on his/her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development

Marcus was abused by his parents during his preschool years. Now in elementary school and living with a foster family, Marcus's school counselor believes those early negative events can be overcome by his now positive life circumstances. The counselor is emphasizing the role of ___________ in development.

nurture

The quality of the caregiving that you received while growing up is an example of __________ and your potential ability to learn how to use language is an example of __________.

nurture; nature

The A-not-B task was used by Piaget to test for

object permanence.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on...

observable behavior

The research that Ainsworth conducted on attachment was done using

observations.

constructive play

play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation

According to Skinner, language is shaped though...

operant conditioning and the use of reinforcement

Throughout prenatal development, we see cephalocaudal development which means that development...

proceeds from the head region down through the body

All of the major organ systems are laid down during the embryonic stage through a process called

organogenesis.

A child who is sitting next to another child and playing with similar toys but who does not interact with that other child is engaging in...

parallel play

If you read that a study has found that children who participate in more extracurricular activities have higher self esteem, you could conclude that

participation in extracurricular activities is associated with self esteem.

The technique of sociometry is used to study

peer acceptance

Bandura's social cognitive theory added a third learning principle to classical and operant conditioning, which was that...

people also can learn through imitation of behaviors they observe

A special challenge for non-custodial mothers is that

people are quick to make negative assumptions about why the mother does not have custody of her children.

Parents who have a great deal of warmth and affection toward their children, but have few, if any, rules and restrictions, and give their children an equal say in family decision making are classified by Baumrind as...

permissive parents.

permissive; authoritative

During adolescence, the belief known as the ________ can place the young person at risk because it has been associated with a willingness to take risks.

personable fable

When we say that a child looks just like his father, we are referring to the child's...

phenotype

The other article we discussed in class explored how self-esteem influenced behavior on Facebook. This study looked at participants last ten Facebook statuses, and had research assistants code them for...

positive and negative self-disclosure.

The highest stage of moral development in Kohlberg's theory is the

postconventional level, at which people are guided by a set of universal principles.

Children who begin to go through pubertal development as ages as young as 6 or 7 years of age are experiencing...

precocious puberty

Kohlberg calls the stage of moral reasoning at which children are governed by self-intreats and are motivated by rewards and punishment the..

preconventional stage

Kohlberg calls the stage of moral reasoning at which children are governed by self-interests and are motivated by rewards and punishment the

preconventional stage.

Negative attitudes toward a particular racial group are..

predjudices

Negative attitudes toward a particular racial group are

prejudices

. During a pregnancy, folic acid plays a role in

preventing defects of the brain and spinal cord.

How quickly we can take in information is our

processing speed

Social promotion is an educational policy that involves...

promoting a child who has not mastered grade-level academic material to the next grade so they stay in a class with same-age peers

Social promotion is an educational policy that involves

promoting a child who has not mastered grade-level academic material to the next grade so they stay in a class with same-age peers.

The most effective programs to prevent eating disorders are ones that

provide adolescents with a good deal of information about the harmful effects of eating disorders. (wrong)

Young children who learn two languages simultaneously will...

reach language milestones at about the same time as their peers

Research that has measured the event-related potentials (ERPs) of infants found that infants paid more attention to a stimulus when their caregivers

reacted to the stimulus in a negative way than in a positive way.

increased due to heightened awareness or being incorrectly diagnosed

recent trends suggest that the number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD

As children move into adolescence most parents will adjust their discipline so that they..

relinquish some control and replace it with monitoring and tracking the adolescents activities

corporal punishment

research has shown that children who are disciplined with ______ may fail to internalize moral messages and show increased aggressiveness and be antisocial

In many cultures, the movement of a young person from childhood to adulthood is marked by a(n)..

rite of passage

In Vygotsky's theory, the amount and type of help that a skilled adult or peer provides to a child is called

scaffolding.

Self-conscious emotions are also known as:

secondary emotions.

Breast development in females, deepening of the voice in males, and the growth of pubic hair in both genders are examples of...

secondary sex characteristics

Toddlers who are more responsive to their peers and have higher-quality friendships are ones who have

secure attachments to their parents.

Differential treatment of siblings within the same family can cause conflict unless the child who receives less attention or who is treated more harshly...

sees the differential treatment as legitimate or justified for some reason.

Paying attention to certain things while tuning out others is the process of ____________ and maintaining focus over time is the process of _____________.

selective attention; sustained attention

The number of different ways in which an individual defines herself/himself is her/his...

self-complexity.

One reason why school-based programs to build students' self-esteem have not lived up to their expectations is that

self-esteem and positive outcomes is correlated, but this doesn't mean that high self-esteem causes positive outcomes.

If you wanted to encourage a child to eat a healthier diet, at first you might smile or nod when the child was willing to take a small bite of a healthy food item on his/her plate. Then you might only smile and nod when the child took a full bit of the food. Then you might only respond when the child ate several bites, and finally only when the child finished the serving on his/her plate. You are changing this child's behavior through the process of...

shaping

One of the problems with agreeing on a definition of intelligence is

separating what is fluid intelligence from what is crystallized intelligence. (wrong)

Inductive discipline involves

setting clear limits for children's behavior, giving consequences for negative behavior, and explaining to the child why a behavior is wrong and what the child can do to fix it.

Inductive discipline involves...

setting clear limits for children's behavior, giving consequences for negative behavior, and explaining to the child why a behavior is wrong and what the child can do to fix it.

A clique is a..

small group of friends who spend time together and develop close friendships

The stages of play proposed by Parten depended on _______________ but the ones described by Piaget depended on ________________.

social skills; cognitive development

we can reduce the tendency of teens to want to emulate movie stars that they see smoking in movies if we help the children learn that..

smoking in movies is really a type of advertising

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called...

social referencing

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called

social referencing.

The process by which children are taught how to interact in appropriate ways according to the rules and norms of their society is called...

socialization

A test that is always administered and scored in the same way is a...

standardized test

Connections between nerve cells are called...

synapses

The most effective programs to prevent eating disorders are ones that

target high-risk groups rather than the general adolescent population and focus on older rather than younger adolescents.

One intervention that has been successful at reducing girls misconception that they are not as good at math as boys are to..

teach girls that the brain is like a muscle that can grow and change with use, not something that is fixed and unchangeable

Resilience

the ability to bounce back from adversity or to thrive despite negative life circumstances.

In order for structured activities for adolescents to be effective in reducing deviant behavior, it is important that

the activities occur after school when teens would otherwise be hanging out with friends outside of adult supervision.

One of the characteristics of an activity that we would call "play" is that

the activity is done for its own sake.

One of the characteristics of an activity that we would call "play" is that...

the activity is done for its own sake.

When a child is placed in foster care

the arrangement is meant to be a temporary one and the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.

The research on the association between television viewing and obesity has found that

the children who spend more time watching television spend less time engaged in physical activity.

Research on the contribution of genetics to intelligence has consistently found that

the closer the genetic relationship between two individuals, the more similar their IQ scores are likely to be.

As an infant's brain continues to produce many synaptic connections....

the connections that are not used will be pruned, deteriorate, and disappear

Babies are able to handle going through the birth process because

the contractions and oxygen deprivation that the baby experiences release stress hormones that prepare the baby to survive.

One explanation for why we see cultural differences in child rearing is that

the cultural context and its values shape the culture's goals of childrearing.

Results of correlational studies suggest

the developing brain is vulnerable to the chronic stress of poverty.

The idea that gender identity cannot be assessed by asking whether someone believes him- or herself to be nurturing or aggressive because these characteristics may not fit neatly into that person's gender stereotypes is consistent with

the gender self-socialization model.

In Kohlberg stage of conventional moral development, children base their moral judgements on..

the expectations of important people in the childs life or society as a whole

In an experiment, the difference between the experimental group and the control group is that...

the experimental group gets the special treatment that the researcher is studying and the control group doesn't

Among the five most common sexually transmitted diseases, the highest prevalence is for..

the human papilloma virus

When a father does not reside with his children, the best way to measure his impact on his children's development is to measure

the quality of the relationship he maintains with his children.

Of all of the indicators of a high-quality child care program, the two most important ones are:

the ratio of staff-to-children and best practices compensation for the staff.

In the context of development, multi-finality means that...

the same developmental pathway can lead to different outcomes

Overall, the study on Facebook and self-esteem found that....

the self-esteem of the person who posted the status affected how people responded.

Infants have a preference at birth for...

the sounds of the language that their mother speaks

Recent cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory has found that

the stages that Piaget describes appear in the same order in other cultures, but the rate at which children move through the stages can differ.

Recent cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory has found that

the stages that Piaget describes appears in the same order in other cultures, but the rate at which children move through the stages can differ.

An important developmental event at 9 weeks gestational age is that

the testes of a male embryo begin to produce androgens and that alters the development of the genitalia into a male reproductive system.

When we have a negative correlation

the value of one variable increases as the value of the other variable decreases.

Moral judgment is

the way that people reason about moral issues.

If a child younger than the age of about 4 or 5 were to have a large portion of their brain removed in a necessary surgery

their brains are plastic enough that cells intended to serve one function could be turned into cells that serve another function.

In most cases, children and adolescents say that their motivation for participating in organized activities is

their own desire to seek out and participate in these experiences.

sociometric status

there are different ways of studying popularity among school ages children. When measuring perceived popularity, researchers ask kids to describe

The Flynn effect refers to the fact that...

there has been a gradual increase in the scores on intelligence tests over time

As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that

there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur.

One of the aspects of sibling relationships that make them fairly unique is that

there is both closeness and conflict in the relationship.

One of the aspects of sibling relationships that make them fairly unique is that...

there is both closeness and conflict in this relationship.

One reason why preschoolers have such positive view of themselves is that...

they can't take the perspective of others so they make self-comparisons rather than social comparisons

One of the advantages of using physiological measures when conducting research is that

they do not require that the participant be able to use language.

Adolescent peer relationships and romantic relationships are similar in the following ways except..

they have a similar level of intensity and affection

According to behaviorism, as children are growing up

they need to understand that gender is a stable and permanent individual characteristic before they can adopt a gender identity. (wrong) boys are more actively discouraged from engaging in behaviors that are considered feminine than girls are discouraged from engaging in ones considered masculine.

Recursive thinking involves the ability to..

think about what others are thinking that you are thinking

The Apgar Scale is used

to assess the overall condition of a newborn at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

The Apgar Scale is used...

to assess the overall condition of a newborn at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

A particularly dangerous type of non-normative stress is known as..

toxic stress

A birth may be assisted by a doula who is a(n)...

trained companion who is present at the birth to support the woman

an individualized education plan (IEP) and education in the least restrictive environment

under current federal law, when possible, children with disabilities must be educated with _____

When a red mark is placed o the nose of a two-year-old and the child sees him/herself in a mirror, the child will react by touch his/her own nose when he/she...

understands that the image in the mirror is a reflection of him/her

The amount of agreement or congruence between the parenting style of mothers and fathers within the same family is

unpredictable. (wrong) modest

The pattern of attachment called anxious avoidant attachment has been associated with a caregiver who is

unresponsive to the needs to the infant.

Carol Gilligan has argues that women..

use a different type of morality than men when making moral decisions

Carol Gilligan has argued that women

use a different type of morality than men when making moral decisions.

when we divide our attention in this way, we do not use the part of the brain designed for deep processing

We cannot determine the causes of behavior from a correlation because

we do not have control over other variables that may affect the correlation.

When we say that a trait is deeply canalized, we mean that

we will see the expected developmental outcome from that gene under all but the most extreme conditions.

Crystallized intelligence is a measure of...

what you already know and can draw upon to solve problems

When we say that intelligence is a characteristic that is not very deeply canalized, we mean that...

whatever the genetic starting point, the environment will have a substantial impact on the eventual outcome

According to lecture, poverty guidelines specify:

when a family is considered to be living in poverty.

immediately identifying what a child is strong and weak in

when compared to the Binet Intelligence Test, the Wechlser Test offers the advantage of

One of the ways in which cyberbullying is different from other forms of bullying is that

when cyberbullying occurs it is not known to others in the peer group. (wrong) the victim can't try to hide from a cyberbully.

Negative reinforcement occurs when

you do something that removes an unpleasant stimulus.

When we look at the characteristics that place a child at an increased risk of becoming a victim of maltreatment, we find that

younger children are at a great risk.

Sexual orientation is

your preference for a sexual partner of the same or opposite sex.

In Vygotsky's theory, the cognitive abilities that are in the process of forming and which a child can demonstrate with a little help is called the

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