Child Development Exam 2 Study Questions pt 2 ch9-10

b. Egocentrism

1. Little Tomas can see a toy horse inside a plastic toy barn on the floor. His mom on the other side of the room cannot see into the barn. When asked what his mom can see Tomas describes she can see a brown horse inside the barn. What cognitive limitation of young children does this situation present? a. Conservation b. Egocentrism c. Animistic thinking d. Precausal reasoning e. Essentialism

d. Rehearsal

5. What strategy might children use to help recall a series of numbers or facts? a. Mental organization b. Working memory practice c. Stroop tasking d. Rehearsal e. Target planning

d. valence.

1. At a young age, children begin to show the ability to differentiate between positive and negative emotions, showing an understanding of emotional a. intelligence. b. intuition. c. objectivity. d. valence. e. mindfulness.

c. emotional coaching.

10. Gerald was excited to show his mom the ceramic cup he had painted that day in class, but when he opened his backpack, he discovered it had broken in half! His mother responded, "I know you are upset, but with a little glue, we can mend it and you will feel better." His mother's response would be an example of a(n) a. optimistic strategy. b. playful conversation. c. emotional coaching. d. false hope. e. indifferent parenting.

a. Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation.

10. Why might children from different cultural communities differ in executive functioning skills and abilities? a. Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation. b. Such differences can be attributed to varying conditions of poverty. c. Cultures different in the percentage of two-parent homes, which explains the sub- optimal skills of some children. d. Executive functioning tasks are only valid in the United States. e. Some experimental tasks are biased against eastern societies that conflate findings.

b. They considered stranger B as a reliable source of information.

11. Children understood that stranger "A" knew how to fix a toy but did not know what the tools were called. Stranger "B" knew the names of things but couldn't fix them. The children were later more likely to turn to Stranger B for the label of an object they had never seen because. a. They considered Stranger A as not trustworthy. b. They considered stranger B as a reliable source of information. c. They considered Stranger A as less intelligent than B. d. They considered Stranger B as willing to assist. e. They considered Stranger B as being a teacher.

e. experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school.

11. Research has shown that parents who consistently engage in emotion talk with their children have children that are more likely to demonstrate all the following except a. being more aware of the connection between emotions and situations. b. being better at understanding emotional content in story-telling. c. having better social interactions with peers. d. having lower externalizing problems in school. e. experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school.

d. Older children can weigh reliability against familiarity

12. A study by Corriveau and Harris (2009) found 3-year-olds preferred to side with family members (familiarity) in an object-naming experiment, even if the family member was wrong. Comparatively, older children as young as 4 were more willing to disagree with familiar caregivers and favored someone who provided accurate information to them. What could explain this phenomenon? a. Younger children have not developed object permanence. b. Toddlers are encouraged and expected to agree with parents. c. Older children understand that their own knowledge is more reliable. d. Older children can weigh reliability against familiarity e. Toddlers have yet to develop trustworthiness issues

d. Sitting away from others during lunch and looking sad

12. Which would be an example of an internalizing problem in a young child? a. Choosing to sit alone and color during a free period b. Frequently getting out their seat to talk to classmates rather than focusing on work c. Throwing a temper tantrums and grabbing things from others. d. Sitting away from others during lunch and looking sad e. Angrily confronting another child during recess and pushing the child to the ground

d. Understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts

13. Theory of Mind refers to which of the following? a. Egocentric viewpoints b. Belief that thoughts can be shared c. Thought process leading to long-term memory d. Understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts e. Shared learning process in group settings

d. develop an earlier understanding of false-belief.

13. Three-year-old Tina enjoys having pretend-play time with her older sister. 3-year-old Marcelle, on the other hand, does not have a sibling close in age and often plays by herself. Compared to Marcelle, Tina is more likely to a. be less comfortable playing by herself. b. be at higher risk for externalizing and internalizing problems. c. show anxiety when left alone in a room. d. develop an earlier understanding of false-belief. e. engage in more aggressive behaviors with peers.

b. Explain to Juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others.

14. Juan, a 4-year-old preschooler, is crying loudly because a classmate took away a favorite toy of his during recess. Which coping intervention would be most effective for Juan? a. Hug Juan tightly and stay by his side during recess until he has calmed down. b. Explain to Juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others. c. Leave Juan alone because at his age it is important that he work out coping strategies himself. d. Take the toy away from the classmate and give it back to Juan. e. Explain to the classmate that his actions caused Juan to cry, and he should give the toy back.

d. Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children say the child would look in the original location.

14. Wimmer and Perner (1993) created a task in which a child places an object in one cupboard and leaves the room. Then, the child's mother comes in and moves the object to another cupboard. Children between the ages of 3 and 9 are shown this scene and asked where they expect the child would look for the object upon returning to the room. Which response describes typical responses to this question? a. Children of all ages say the child would look for the object in its original location. b. Children of all ages say the child would look for the object in its new location. c. Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would not remember where the object had been left and would search for it randomly, while older children say the child would look first in the new location. d. Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children say the child would look in the original location. e. Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children understood the child would look in the original location.

a. Scripts and semantic memory

6. A 6-year-old child who is visiting a restaurant expects a waiter to bring over a menu, describe the specials, take orders, and then serve food. What does this understanding reflect? a. Scripts and semantic memory b. Working memory c. Consolidation and executive functioning d. Episodic memories e. Advanced semantic memory skills

b. Growing skills in executive functioning

15. According to some researchers, in the false-belief task, a key requirement is for children to remember where the original object was placed and where it was moved to. Researcher's attribute which of the following as a possible explanation for such age-related improvements? a. High parental income b. Growing skills in executive functioning c. Experiential learning d. Growing language skills e. Cultural context

a. low-income families.

15. High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from... a. low-income families. b. middle-income families. c. high-income families. d. divorced families. e. single-parent homes.

e. are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

16. Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to a. socialize children to have a greater understanding of subtle emotional contexts. b. struggle to socialize children from their culture. c. are more likely to reflect intensely of their own mental states. d. are more likely to talk about emotional states of self and other. e. are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

e. Theory-theory

16. One hypothesis on children's growing theory of mind is that with development, children modify their reasoning about the causes of behaviors in themselves and others. What is this explanation called? a. Executive functioning b. Hide-and-seek c. Shared experiences d. Logical thinking e. Theory-theory

c. The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.

17. In an experiment, Chinese- and American-born preschoolers are told they can earn tokens for prizes for each math problem they complete. The children are given a choice to either spend their tokens as they earn them for smaller prizes or save the tokens until the end to receive a bigger prize. Which is the most likely outcome of this experiment? a. The children spend their tokens as they earn them to get as many prizes as possible. b. The children don't care about spending tokens, only completing the math problems. c. The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize. d. The American children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.

d. Children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others.

17. Researchers have found that theory of mind can actually help children with deception and persuasion. Which explanation best explains this connection? a. Children who are adept at keeping secrets are good at deception too. b. Children increasingly attempt to get others to think like they do with age. c. Children who understand theory of mind view persuasion as normative social behavior. d. Children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others. e. Children lie to avoid punishment, and theory of mind lets them figure out what punishment they might receive.

d. insecure avoidant.

18. A researcher watches from a one-way mirror as a young child, who had been separated from her mother for five minutes, is reunited. The researcher notes that the child seems to avoid eye contact with her mother and prefers to play alone. Based on these observations, the researcher might be likely to classify the child as a. securely attached. b. insecure-resistant. c. insecure-disorganized. d. insecure avoidant. e. secure-confident.

a. Parental sensitivity

18. _______ predicts preschoolers' theory-of-mind performance. a. Parental sensitivity b. Sibling rivalry c. IQ score d. Cultural region e. Niche for deception

b. Attachment Q-Sort.

19. A trained observer watches a child engage in exploratory behavior at home and uses a set of descriptive cards to rate the child's overall attachment to her mother. Then, the mother uses the same set of cards to evaluate to her child's own attachment behavior. This type of attachment evaluation is known as the a. Strange Situation Test. b. Attachment Q-Sort. c. Secure Attachment Inventory. d. Proximity Seeking Questionnaire. e. Home Attachment Test.

a. Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance.

19. Individuals with younger siblings are more likely to lie (O'Connor & Evans, 2018). What does this mean in terms of social-cognitive development? a. Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance. b. Parents must be the sole promoter of social-cognitive skills for this to be true. c. Individuals with or without siblings will learn to lie at an early age. d. Only those with advanced theory-of-mind learn to lie young, regardless of siblings. e. Children likely to lie can only do so if children have been exposed to mental state talk.

e. Only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions.

2. A group of 3-year-old and 5-year-old children were shown a picture book of a boy who rescued a bird that had broken its wing. When the bird's wing healed, the boy sadly said goodbye to his new friend and released it into the wild. How did each age group likely interpret the emotional state of the boy in the story? a. Both age groups understood the boy was both happy and sad about releasing the bird. b. Both 3- and 5-year-old children understood why the boy was sad, but not happy. c. Both 3- and 5-year-old children understood why the boy was happy, but not sad. d. The 5-year-olds identified the boy as being sad, but the 3-year-olds said he was happy. e. Only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions.

c. Lack of dual representational skills

2. Judy DeLoache used a scale model to hide a toy under a toy couch identical to a life-size couch in the room. A 4-year-old could find the real toy under the life-size couch after realizing the scale model was a copy of the room. According to DeLoache, why were 30-month-olds unable to find the toy in the same way? a. Delayed development b. The fact they are still in the preoperational stage c. Lack of dual representational skills d. Egocentrism e. Lack of symbolic understanding

c. experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver.

20. Bert has been classified as possessing an insecure/disorganized attachment style. It is most probable that he a. developed effective coping strategies to handle strange situations. b. will grow out of this phase with time. c. experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver. d. possesses a shy temperament, making it hard to form new attachments. e. has a younger sibling, increasing competition for caregiver attention.

c. Teachers expose children to mental state talk, which promotes theory of mind understanding

20. Which statement best captures school influences on children's social-cognitive development? a. Home factors, rather than school factors, influence children's theory of mind. b. Children can advance their understanding of persuasion with practice. c. Teachers expose children to mental state talk, which promotes theory of mind understanding. d. Schooling doesn't matter in early childhood, as children struggle to understand the motives of others until late childhood. e. School context surpasses cultural and family contexts in the area of theory of mind, as school is where children encounter peers with different opinions

a. sensitive parenting in fathers is associated with the development of secure attachment in children.

21. Research examining fathers' role in attachment development in young children have found that a. sensitive parenting in fathers is associated with the development of secure attachment in children. b. the father's parenting style is more strongly associated with child attachment than mothers, but only for girls. c. the father's parenting style is more strongly associated with child attachment than mothers, but only for boys. d. father's parenting style is less influential in determining attachment among girls compared to boys. e. fathers who are low in sensitivity encourage the development of effective emotional coping in

a. Literary activities

21. Which school activities fosters children's reasoning about the motives, beliefs, and emotions of people? a. Literary activities b. Scientific experiments c. Math problems d. Vocabulary test e. History lessons

b. prosocial behaviors.

22. Terrell and Astrid are working together building a sandcastle at the beach. They take turns carrying the empty pail to gather sand and collect water and discuss how best to build their sandcastle. Later, Terrell shares his cookies with Astrid, and she gives him have half her sandwich. These children are engaging in a. solitary play. b. prosocial behaviors. c. parallel play. d. competitive play. e. reciprocity norms.

e. Patterns in development are very similar across all cultures.

22. Wellman and colleagues (2001) analyzed cultural data on theory of mind. What did they find about social-cognitive development in different cultures? a. Patterns of development differ significantly from culture to culture. b. It proved impossible to compare patterns in different cultures because similar tasks could not be used in all cultures. c. Patterns of development differ from culture to culture, though patterns are similar for cultures with similar levels of economic development. d. Patterns of development are similar among cultures in the same region but not across regions. e. Patterns in development are very similar across all cultures.

e. relational aggression.

23. Brittany didn't want Alice joining in her favorite game of tag, so she told all her friends that Alice wasn't a good runner, and shouldn't be allowed in the group. Brittany's behavior would be a good example of a. hostile aggression. b. play-based aggression. c. instrumental aggression. d. gendered aggression. e. relational aggression.

b. Practice talking and muscle coordination

23. What factor contributes to children's improvements in phonology? a. Natural phonological error detection decreases b. Practice talking and muscle coordination c. Speech-sound development d. Parenting help and scaffolding of proper pronunciation e. Advanced prekindergarten programs

d. growth in semantic networks.

24. As children acquire language skills during early childhood, they display impressive expansion in their vocabularies, which best reflects... a. a vocabulary spurt. b. general world memorization. c. growth in morpho-syntax. d. growth in semantic networks. e. phonological clause development.

a. escalate his aggressive behavior.

24. Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to a. escalate his aggressive behavior. b. eventually stop pushing his sister. c. develop more cooperative behaviors. d. isolate himself from his family members. e. become more attached to his father.

c. Toucan

25. Thinking of hierarchical categorization of words (for example, the order from general to basic to specific), which would be considered a specific-level word? a. Mammal b. Bird c. Toucan d. Flies e. Feathers

d. It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems.

25. Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children? a. Its effectiveness depends on the child also having a secure attachment with their parent. b. It is most often used among ethnic minority groups. c. Its efficacy in controlling unwanted behavior is higher in boys than girls. d. It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems. e. The American Pediatric Association states that mild corporal punishment is beneficial.

e. The wug test

26. In order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, Dr. Berko created which test? a. Grammar Identification Test (GIT-IV) b. Berko Grammar exam c. Plural formation test d. Grammar Syntax survey e. The wug test

c. children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior

26. The causal connection between violent media and aggression remains unclear because a. parents who allow their children to watch violent television do so under strict parental supervision. b. there has not been enough research conducted on violent programming and aggression in children. c. children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior. d. the relationship between violent media and aggression is only apparent among boys, not girls. e. high levels of aggression and violent media consumption only co-occur in low SES-households, limiting the populations that can be studied.

a. Conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses.

27. Conjunctions such as "when" "but" or "and" are increasingly used by children as they develop their language skills. What do these conjunctions allow children to do? a. Conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses. b. Conjunctions provide simple pathways for children to produce telegraphic speech. c. Conjunctions allow for more complete and intelligible sentences. d. Conjunctions make it easier for children to modify the meaning of words and thus produce more complex sentences. e. Conjunctions allow children to expand their understanding of the meaning of words.

a. reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice.

27. In Henry's neighborhood, corporal punishment is an accepted, normative practice for controlling unwanted behavior. As a result, it is likely that Henry may do all the following except a. reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice. b. make friends with children who share the same experiences as he does. c. be more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors. d. escalate his aggression towards others over time. e. strengthen his positive attitudes towards corporal punishment over time.

c. children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings.

28. According to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, gender identification in young children is ultimately resolved by a. the child identifying as a boy or girl and seeking out experiences consistent with their gender. b. consistent parental communication and guidance towards gender-appropriate behavior. c. children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings. d. learning to imitate the behaviors modeled by their peers to avoid social ridicule. e. the school age years, when language abilities permit conversations about gender.

c. At home, Dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone.

28. Which example does not reflect a common overregularization in grammar? a. My child told her friend we "goed" to the zoo yesterday. b. In school, Charles asked the teacher for a new pencil because his last one "broked." c. At home, Dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone. d. Responding to a question, Kaitlyn responded with sarcasm "I already cleaneded!" e. Toby was flying to Costa Rica on a plane. He asked his parents if it's scary to "flies."

d. pragmatics.

29. Children's expanding understanding of norms around language use (for example, knowing how much to talk, when to talk) is referred to as a. semantics. b. emergent literacy. c. conversation skills. d. pragmatics. e. phonology.

b. play with her doll because of her parents' praise.

29. Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will a. choose to play with trucks because that is what she prefers to do. b. play with her doll because of her parents' praise. c. encourage her brother to play with her doll, too so he can be praised as well. d. consider both her parents' reactions and her own preferences when playing. e. continue engaging in play both with her doll and truck.

d. Egocentrism

3. In a lab, a child was asked to cover her eyes. When asked if her mom can still see her, the child said: "no because my eyes are closed" What is this thought process referred to as? a. Parent dissociative attachment b. Overt simplistic thinking c. Blind mind grouping d. Egocentrism e. Delayed processing

b. Emotion vignettes

3. _______ are a type of short story used to test young children's knowledge about how a character in a story feels or might act in a particular situation. a. Experimental narratives b. Emotion vignettes c. Assessment features d. "How does it feel" narratives e. Theory of mind narratives

d. He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness.

30. A child is reading aloud in class. As he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. What does this suggest about the child? a. He is grasping pragmatic skills early on. b. He is displaying reading comprehension. c. His literacy skills are likely advanced compared to his class. d. He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness. e. Because he has to break two-syllable words down, he lacks emergent literacy skills.

c. gendered parenting.

30. Gina's parents consistently encourage her to play with her new toy doll rather than playing with trucks with her brother. This would be an example of a. authoritarian parenting. b. positive reinforcement. c. gendered parenting. d. parental punishment. e. sex-based interactions.

c. No, children will not learn the meaning of number words (and how they map to the items in a set) until 3.5 or even older.

31. A parent teaches her 2-year old to count to 5 by herself, but the child does not understand the meaning of the numbers when counting. Does this mean the child has a possible developmental delay in understanding number concepts? a. Yes, children should understand word quantities by this age. b. Yes, at least initially, understanding how a number word maps to the number of items in a set is learned at the same time as the words themselves. c. No, children will not learn the meaning of number words (and how they map to the items in a set) until 3.5 or even older. d. No, counting is rarely seen in toddlers, so this child is very precocious. e. No, the ability to understand number concepts develops after children learn spatial skills.

d. A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family

31. Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes? a. Mothers using strong emotion words to discuss a son's bravery during a scary experience b. A father discussing an exciting moment at a baseball game with his daughter c. Parents talking to their son about how excited he was to ride a roller coaster for the first time d. A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family e. A mother telling her son how strong he was to be able to carry his bicycle across the creek

b. a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole.

32. A prime example of spatial cognition would be seen when a child understands that... a. three precedes the number four. b. a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole. c. numbers follow a sequence that can map to space on a page. d. math skills are important to understanding spatial reasoning. e. objects, shapes and locations may appear different to others.

c. engage in more masculine play based behavior.

32. Alice has been diagnosed with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), as she was exposed to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero. As a child, Alice is likely to a. be more likely to identify as a boy later in life. b. prefer to socialize with boys, as opposed to girls. c. engage in more masculine play based behavior. d. be more likely to think of herself as a boy. e. have difficulty conceiving a child as an adult.

c. essentialism.

33. Nicholas told his mother that his friend Chang won the class math contest earlier that day. His mother responded, "well, Chinese people are good at math." This type of sentence is an example of a. discrimination. b. narrow thinking. c. essentialism. d. ethnocentrism. e. racial stability

a. recast.

33. Veronica ran up to her mother and said "where dad goed"? Her mother replied: "where did dad go?" this correction is known as a(n) a. recast. b. expansion. c. dialogue. d. syntax. e. fostered correction.

a. cultural socialization.

34. Although Yumi was born in America, her favorite memories are her parents taking her to the annual Asian Festival and making delicious Japanese delicacies during traditional holidays while her grandparents share exciting stories about their lives in Japan. According to Diane Hughes, these experiences would be an example of a. cultural socialization. b. implicit bias. c. egalitarianism. d. promotion of mistrust. e. ethnocentric.

c. Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage.

34. As caregivers read books to their children, they provide children with opportunities to develop many skills. However, not all reading interactions are similar. Which statement best captures the idea of dialogic reading? a. Dialogic reading encourages children to read on their own without much guidance. b. Dialogic reading is a style that allows children to test loud, quiet, and charismatic voices when reading. c. Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage. d. Dialogic reading is a style where an adult reads to the child, while making sure the child is listening.

d. id.

35. Kevin and his sister Molly were eating popsicles on their front porch. Kevin ate his quicker than Molly did and, deciding he wanted more, grabbed hers and ate it as well. Freud would say that Kevin's behavior was largely driven by his a. biases. b. super ego. c. ego. d. id. e. anger.

a. Children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers.

35. What impact does socioeconomic status (SES) have in the context of language and literacy? a. Children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers. b. The majority of children from low SES households naturally catch up to grade-level by age 10, so any early differences are not of concern. c. Children from low SES households have fewer opportunities to read, but more opportunities to play with blocks and games than children from middle-income homes. d. Immigrant children often struggle because they are dual-language learners, regardless of their family's SES.

a. The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment.

36. All of the statements about preschool education are true except a. The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment. b. Teacher quality can significantly affect cognitive gains children achieve in preschool. c. Preschool has been found to produce gains equal to several months of additional learning beyond what children would have achieved without early childhood education. d. Well-designed curricula can improve children's skills in literacy and mathematics. e. Well-designed preschool programs can help overcome language development disparities in dual-language learning students.

b. older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression.

36. Piaget's research into the moral development of young children led him to conclude that a major distinction between younger and older children's understanding of moral behavior was that a. older children focused more on outcomes when judging the severity of a transgression. b. older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression. c. older children more often endorsed harsh punishments compared to younger children. d. younger children favored stricter punishments more than did older children. e. younger children were more likely to consider intentions when judging a transgression.

a. conventional level

37. After being read the story of the Heinz Dilemma, Karen was asked whether Heinz was right in breaking into the pharmacists' store to steal the drug for his wife. Karen responded, "Yes, Heinz should have stolen the drug, because it is the role of the husband to protect and save his wife." Karen's response best reflects a _______ of moral reasoning a. conventional level b. preconceptual level c. post-conventional level d. constructive level e. pre-conventional level

c. Big Math for Little Kids (BMLK)

37. Which curriculum promotes math skills with activities and stories that target children's abilities to solve problems and improve reasoning abilities? a. Early Learning Math Consortium (ELMC). b. Mathletes Plus (M+). c. Big Math for Little Kids (BMLK) d. National Math Prep Academy (NMPA) e. Pre-Algebra & Calculus Test Prep (PACT)

e. The strategy documented in European American middle-income families in the United States (actively involving children in the creation of stories through questioning and active participation) is not emphasized in Latinx, Chinese and other cultural communities where parents are more likely to control the story

38. Cultural practices around reading and storytelling differ by community. Which cultural-specific example is true? a. European American middle-income families rely on patriarchs to share stories and adventures. b. Reading and storytelling are rarely seen in cultures outside the United States, and so the emphasis on this form of interaction is highly cultural. c. U.S. mothers with European American background view storytelling similarly to Chinese mothers as a vehicle to teach good behavior, even though the behaviors they teach may differ in content. d. Personal traits, characteristics, and emotions are deeply expressed among Chinese children during reading/storytelling exchanges with caregivers, who often ask them about their feelings and thoughts. e. The strategy documented in European American middle-income families in the United States (actively involving children in the creation of stories through questioning and active participation) is not emphasized in Latinx, Chinese and other cultural communities where parents are more likely to control the story

e. Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.

38. Which statement best describes the connection between moral reasoning and theory of mind? a. Children cannot develop any form of moral reasoning until they are also able to consistently pass theory of mind related tasks. b. Moral reasoning skills are essential to the development of theory of mind abilities. c. The age at which children display moral reasoning skills has little association to their performance on false belief tasks. d. Theory of mind skills relate to a child's ability to correctly reason about their own, but not others' moral actions. e. Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.

e. Cultural disparities in math performance that appear early on will disappear later as long as parents change in their behaviors around math

39. A study (Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2013) explored ethnic differences using a set of blocks containing math symbols, letters and images. The researchers observed that Chinese mothers taught symbolic math-related concepts most, followed by African-American mothers and lastly, Latinx mothers. What does this finding suggest? a. Cultural differences in children's math skills may be explained by the topics/content of what is taught during parent-child interactions b. Chinese parents are highly sensitive to the innate advanced math skills of their children, and build on those skills by reinforcing math further c. Collectivistic countries (for example, China) focus on math concepts early on, whereas individualistic countries do not value math as much. d. Latinx parents do not view math concepts to be important skills for their children to learn, perhaps due to their poverty status in the United States e. Cultural disparities in math performance that appear early on will disappear later as long as parents change in their behaviors around math

b. give bigger cookies to friends and smaller ones to nonfriends.

39. Isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. Upon opening the box, Isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. Based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect Isolde to... a. distribute the cookies equally across everyone in the class. b. give bigger cookies to friends and smaller ones to nonfriends. c. give only the smaller cookies to other children. d. share the cookies only with children she did not know. e. let the children choose which cookie they wanted.

b. Precausal thin

4. A child is upset because she wants to go to sleep but the sun won't "turn off" because the time is 8:30 and that is her bedtime. How would Piaget explain this thought process? a. Time inclusion problem b. Precausal thinking c. Lack of time conservation d. Metacognition e. Time-error fallacy

a. the boy likely felt sad because he didn't get a prize.

4. Five-year-old Mandy was read a story about a boy who ordered a kids' meal at his favorite restaurant because it came with a small prize. However, when he got his meal, he did not get a prize. When asked how the boy in the story felt after not getting a prize, Mandy likely said that... a. the boy likely felt sad because he didn't get a prize. b. the boy didn't care anymore about getting a prize. c. the boy was happy because he didn't get a prize. d. the boy was embarrassed about not having a prize. e. she didn't understand or know how the boy felt.

c. Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others.

40. Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development? a. Older children are able to learn more effective moral reasoning skills by imitating the behaviors of their younger siblings. b. Younger children can mimic effective moral reasoning by copying the behaviors of their older siblings. c. Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others. d. Sibling relationships are often contexts for moral strife and coercion, increasing the risk for unwanted, aggressive behaviors. e. Older children are more likely to show a decline in moral functioning following the birth of a sibling.

c. can be adept at relational aggression.

40. While language skills are essential for social competence, a high degree of verbal sophistication can sometimes lead to negative behaviors. For example, children with high language skills a. tend to have poor emotional control. b. often have low theory of mind scores. c. can be adept at relational aggression. d. can be intolerant of children with lower skill levels. e. often misapprehend the intentions of others.

a. Eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to Charles.

41. Eva, a young girl from Peru, and Charles, a young boy from the United States, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. Which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors? a. Eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to Charles. b. Charles would be more likely to share his tokens equally than Eva. c. Eva would only be more likely to share than Charles if she came from a middle-class family. d. Charles would be more likely to share than Eva, but only if he was from an upper-class family. e. Regardless of cultural orientation, Eva and Charles would share the tokens equally.

c. Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant.

42. Which would best illustrate the concept of hostile attribution bias? a. Henry initially thought his brother Mike broke his toy plane to get back at him for winning at the arcades, but then decided it was an accident. b. Betty purposefully positions herself so that she can trip up boys at school she secretly likes, thinking her aggressive behavior will make her seem more likable. c. Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant. d. Vincent is very focused on building his toy train set and tends to react with hostility to whomever approaches and tries to talk to him.

c. delay of gratification task

5. Mischel and Mischel's (1987) famous marshmallow task, in which children were given a choice to either eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for the chance to get a second marshmallow, represents a type of _______, which measures children's ability to forgo an immediate, smaller reward for a larger reward later. a. inhibition-reward paradigm b. emotional control task c. delay of gratification task d. psychological limits assessment e. opportunity-reward test

d. Shane engages in a distraction coping strategy, while Carlise eats the marshmallow right away.

6. Four-year-old Shane and his 2-year-old sister Carlise are both participants in the marshmallow task. Before the experimenter left, he tells them they must wait five minutes before they will be allowed to eat the marshmallow. Which is the most likely outcome? a. Both children immediately eat their marshmallows. b. Both children easily manage to wait the five minutes. c. Shane and Carlise distract each other from eating the marshmallow. d. Shane engages in a distraction coping strategy, while Carlise eats the marshmallow right away. e. Shane and Carlise both get angry about having to wait for the marshmallow.

b. Episodic memory

7. Jamal, who is 32, cannot remember who his teacher was when he was 7 years old, but he remembers specific, vivid details from his classroom and the day he fell and needed to get stitches. What kind of memory has Jamal stored? a. Repressive memory b. Episodic memory c. Eventful-historic memory d. Working memory e. Long-term memory

b. children's impulsive "hot" system in the brain tends to override the more rational "cool" system in the brain.

7. Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because a. they are neurologically more oriented to sweeter foods because of their resemblance to mothers' milk. b. children's impulsive "hot" system in the brain tends to override the more rational "cool" system in the brain. c. although the inhibitory system of the pre-frontal cortex has developed, children do not yet call on strategies of inhibition. d. parents tend to not be too strict in controlling young children's eating behaviors compared to controlling older children. e. young children lack the ability to understand the rules associated with delay-of-gratification tasks.

d. highly inhibited

8. Ainsley has difficulty tolerating new social situations and tends to react fearfully when asked to try something new. It is likely that Ainsley has a _______ temperament. a. adversely motivated b. overly regulated c. under controlled d. highly inhibited e. well regulated

d. Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn.

8. Ashton has a hard time learning the alphabet and is behind the class. The teacher notices Ashton also has no supplies for school and wears the same outfit repeatedly. What conclusion could be drawn from this connection? a. Ashton is the victim of bad parenting practices. b. Memory improves with age and Ashton will be fine one day. c. Ashton doesn't care about school. d. Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn. e. This is typical behavior and challenges that children face at this age.

d. Tools of the Mind curriculum.

9. A care center teaches preschool-aged children executive function skills such as improved memory, self-control, and attention. One reading task requires turn-taking. Selena holds a card with an ear because it is her turn to listen. Maria holds the card with a mouth because it is her turn to read the story. This inhibitory control task is part of which curriculum? a. Family-training curriculum b. Baby Einstein. c. National Association for the Education of Young Children d. Tools of the Mind curriculum. e. Sunnyside Care Program of Atlanta

a. effortful control.

9. Jose must learn 10 new vocabulary words before he is allowed to play with his new computer game. The extent to which Jose can focus on his studying and not be distracted by thinking of the new computer game would be an indication of his a. effortful control. b. intelligence. c. emotional valence. d. social skills. e. attachment style.