Child development exam 2 wvu

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Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a transsexual individual?

"I am biologically a female, but currently taking testosterone to make the transition to become male."

Which of the following statements is consistent with the views of a gender nonconforming individual?

"I do not identify with male or female."

In the United States, __________ children will live in a stepfamily at some point during their childhood or adolescence.

1 out of every 3

Long-term and working memory reach peak capacity at age

15 or 16. (wrong)

The current recommended weight gain during a pregnancy in the United States is

25 to 35 pounds.

In the United States, _________ of adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 report that they have had sex at least once.

42%

What percentage of children today live in a family with two married parents in their first marriage?

46%

A toddler sees his mother lying in bed because she doesn't feel well, so he gives her his favorite blanket because he knows that it always makes him feel better. This is an example of: a. egocentrism. b. animism. c. conservation. d. transductive reasoning.

Research on the theory of core knowledge has found that even before their first birthday, babies: a. are capable of showing an elementary understanding of the principles of logic. b. can remember and repeat a complicated series of actions that they have observed only once. c. understand core principles because of their social interactions with adults. d. are surprised when they see events that seem to defy nature, such as a seeing a block pushed beyond the edge of a table without falling.

The first stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the a. sensorimotor stage. b. preoperational stage. c. operational stage. d. formal operations stage.

The major cognitive accomplishment during the preoperational stage is: a. acquiring the ability to represent actions mentally rather than physically. b. developing object permanence. c. beginning to think logically. d. translating circular reactions into goal directed activity.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory portrays cognitive development as: a. having many aspects that are innate and which build upon experiences. b. a process in which brain functioning is central and interacts with experiences. c. a continuous process that gives a very small role to innate knowledge. d. occurring in stages and depending upon physical maturation.

When an adolescent can solve a complex problem by first formulating hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses in a systematic and logical way, the adolescent is engaging in: a. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. b. transformative reasoning. c. reversible operations. d. dialectical thinking.

When we encounter a new experience that does not fit into any of our cognitive schemes, Piaget would say that: a. it throws us into a state of disequilibrium which feels uncomfortable. b. we ignore the information until we can develop the cognitive ability to understand it. c. we observe how other people are reacting to the situation and copy their reactions. d. we use transductive reasoning to try to make sense of the experience.

Which of the following techniques have critics of Piaget's idea that object permanence needs time to develop used to support their case that infants are born with "persistence"? a. They have measured the amount of time that infants spend looking at an event that violates an expectation of object permanence. b. They have looked to see if an infant will search for an object that is hidden under a piece of cloth. c. They have measured the age at which infants first show signs of separation anxiety. d. They have looked at whether infants appear to have strategies for searching for lost objects.

An evocative gene-environment correlation describes a situation in which:

A children's genetic material causes them to act in ways that draw out certain responses from those around them or causes others to act differently toward the child

Child development is generally considered:

A process consisting of both universal patterns and individual differences

In a research study on the effects of television as a distractor to carrying out the task of doing homework, individuals who had the television on in the background: a. remembered and understood less when they were tested on the material. b. were able to effectively multitask and could recall information from both the television program and the homework content equally. c. were able to shut out the television and did equally as well as those without television on in the background. d. were not able to focus on the homework and were not able to complete the work.

In older infants a. their ability to habituate to familiar things takes longer. b. sustained attention increases when they are shown more complex stimuli. c. selective attention increases, but sustained attention decreases. d. they are more interested in looking at familiar things than at novel things.

Infantile amnesia refers to the fact the a. infants younger than 6 months cannot remember things that they learned when they were younger. b. most people cannot recall memories of their life before the age of 2. c. when people are asked to recall their early childhood, they recall false memories. d. infants have not yet developed metamemory.

Long-term and working memory reach peak capacity at age a. 11 or 12. b. 9 or 10. c. 15 or 16. d. 5 or 6.

Piaget would say that the stages in his theory: a. are only general descriptions of how cognitive development occurs and do not apply to every child. b. typically happen in the order he describes, but can occur out of order for children who are very bright. c. always occur in the order he describes, but the ages at which they occur are only approximations. d. are based upon the typical social experiences that children have at different ages.

Research has shown that infants and toddlers can remember something they have learned for weeks but a. 6 weeks is about the longest time they can remember earlier experiences. b. they are more likely to remember something when they are in the same circumstances as when they first encountered it. c. it is the youngest infants, not the toddlers, who have the longest memories for information they have learned. d. this memory depends upon whether or not the infant is enjoying the experience they have.

A difference in how African-American and White parents use power assertion to discipline their children is that

African-American parents use it in the context of a warm, loving relationship while White parents combine it with love withdrawal.

Why are theories of development so important?

All of the above

________ of American families eat dinner with the TV on.

Almost half

A characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development is egocentrism which means that children in this stage: a. are selfish and cannot be taught how to share with others. b. cannot understand things from someone else's perspective. c. believe that they are the best at doing everything they try to do. d. think that others should listen to what they have to say or what they want.

As adolescents become able to think about broad abstract concepts, it may: a. make them more self-centered and egocentric. b. make them idealistic as they think about the way that things could be. c. begin to help them be able to reverse operations. d. enable them to bring together and analyze contradictory thoughts.

As children with ADHD get older, their symptoms: a. tend to lessen in severity, until they are undetectable in adulthood. b. may change or lessen as they move into adulthood, but ADHD cannot be cured. c. get worse over time, and are usually associated with a number of behavioral problems. d. continue, but in adulthood they are called bi-polar disorder rather than ADHD.

Children can begin to think logically once they reach Piaget's stage of a. concrete operations. b. formal operations. c. postformal operations. d. preoperational operations.

False memories for events that did not really happen are a. fairly easy to create in young children. b. extremely difficult to create in young children. c. impossible to create in either young or older children. d. very unstable once they are created.

Which of the following is not an ability associated with executive function? a. Cognitive flexibility b. Scaffolding c. Planning d. Inhibitory control

What changes occur in body fat throughout childhood?

Both boys and girls lose fat and gain muscle during early childhood.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding gender differences?

Boys and girls are different from each other with regards to activity level and vulnerability to stress

A reduced ability to sustain attention has been found among 5-year-olds who a. have attended preschool. b. come from large families. c. come from low-income families. d. no longer take naps.

Children do not develop the ability to think logically and abstractly until they reach the stage of: a. conventional operations. b. concrete operations. c. formal operations. d. postformal operations.

During adolescence, the belief known as the ________________ can place the young person at risk because it has been associated with a willingness to take risks. a. imaginary audience b. animism myth c. personal fable d. reversibility ideation

How quickly we can take in information is our a. sustained attention. b. automaticity. c. processing capacity. d. processing speed.

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in order to solve conservation problems, you must be able to: a. focus on one aspect of a situation and fail to notice changes in other aspects. b. bring together and analyze contradictory thoughts or actions. c. understand that the amount, volume or mass of objects remains the same even if their appearance changes. d. organize concepts into a series of hierarchical categories.

In Piaget's theory, a schema is: a. an understanding of memory, how it works, and how to use it effectively. b. a memory strategy for increasing the number of associations that ties individual pieces of information together. c. a cognitive framework that allows us to place concepts, objects, and experiences into categories or groups. d. a way to coordinate attention and memory and control behavioral responses in order to attain a goal.

In Piaget's theory, fitting new information into an existing cognitive scheme is the process of: a. information processing. b. centration. c. assimilation. d. accommodation.

When a young infant repeats a reflexive action because the results are pleasurable, Piaget called this motor pattern a: a. sensory scheme. b. motoric pattern. c. circular reaction. d. reflex conservation.

For a child to be able to understand that the amount of water in a tall, thin glass is still the same amount that was it was when it was in a short, fat glass, the child must be able to: a. classify the liquid as a substance that can be found in both a tall, thin glass and a short, fat glass. b. use hypothetico-deductive reasoning to solve the problem. c. decenter on the height of the liquid in the glass and pay attention to both the width of the container and the height of the liquid. d. understand that knowledge is not absolute but relative, so they can resolve contradictory information.

Ideas taken from information processing theory have guided research that has looked at: a. how children learn from their interactions with other people. b. the basic cognitive processes that underlie cognitive growth. c. how systematic use of rewards and punishments shape behavior. d. how children actively explore their environment as they learn.

If you ask a child to watch you as you take one of two identical balls of clay and roll that ball into a clay snake, and the child then thinks there is more clay in the snake because it is longer than the other ball, the child has: a. used transductive reasoning to frame their answer. b. centered on only one aspect of the situation (the length) and ignored other aspects (the height or diameter). c. attributed a characteristic of a living organism to the clay snake. d. failed to store the image of the identical balls of clay in their memory.

In Vygotsky's theory, private speech is: a. what a skilled helper tells the child to do. b. the way that a child elaborates upon what others tell her. c. how a child turns interactions with others into internal thought. d. the maximum amount of help that someone else can give a child.

In Vygotsky's theory, the cognitive abilities that are in the process of forming and which a child can demonstrate with a little help is called the: a. scaffolding zone. b. zone of proximal development. c. zone of knowledge. d. cognitive zone.

Carol Gilligan suggested that women base their moral judgment on the principle of __________, whereas men base their moral judgment on ____________.

Care, justice

Kochanska and her colleagues found evidence for the role of _________ on the association between parenting and moral development among children.

Child age (wrong) Child fearfulness

Adults often engage young children in discussions about past events. Which one of the following is least likely to result from such discussions?

Children become increasingly able to recall verbatim what the adults have said about the events.

In Kohlberg's stages of gender development, what happens in the first stage?

Children think that if a girl wears a tie, she might become a boy.

The changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the world describes which domain of development?

Cognitive development

The physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains of development:

Continually interact with each other so that development in one domain impacts and influences development in the other domains

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5Cs of positive youth development?

Cooperative

Compared to longitudinal research, all of the following are weaknesses of cross-sectional studies EXCEPT:

Cross-sectional research is much more expensive than longitudinal research

Research on the theory of core knowledge has found that even before their first birthday, babies

are surprised when they see events that seem to defy nature, such as a seeing a block pushed beyond the edge of a table without falling.

Denise Kandel's explanation for why friends are so similar says that first people seek out friendships with people who are similar to them and then

as they do things together they continue to influence each other.

The Strange Situation is a way to

assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother

______________________ theory says that brain function is central to cognitive development but innate knowledge is not. a. Piaget's genetic epistemology b. Core knowledge c. Vygotsky's sociocultural d. Information processing

________________________ is the technique that has been used to explore whether there are basic areas of understanding about the physical world that appear to be innate and built into the human brain. a. Violation of expectations b. Reversibility assessment c. Circular reaction testing d. Executive function testing

Tina has just run across the street against her parents' wishes. Her parents explain to her that she must not do that again because she could get hurt. Tina's parents are using _____________ as a form of discipline.

Inductive techniques

Researchers who use the visual preference method of testing infants assume that

Infants look longer at stimuli that they find interesting or novel

Which ethnic group has failed to find a consistent parenting style?

Latino

Researchers found evidence for three groups of aggressive children: highly aggressive children, moderately aggressive children, and low aggressive children. The majority of the children fell into the _____________ aggressive group and ____________ were more likely to be in the highly aggressive group.

Moderately; boys

Both Piaget's theory and Vygotsky's theory subscribe to a constructivist view of learning.

True

Many modern theorists see Piaget as only a historical figure with little relevance to modern research.

True

Piaget's description of his second stage of cognitive abilities focuses on the limitations of children's thought at this age.

True

Piaget's theory says that there are qualitative differences in how children think that reflect their developmental level.

True

Vygotsky believed that language and culture were critical components in shaping a child's cognitive abilities.

True

Critics of Piaget's theory of cognitive development have claimed that the stages he proposed do not really exist as distinct entities.

True.

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the developmental challenge of infancy is the issue of:

Trust versus mistrust

How many inches do children grow each year in middle childhood?

Two inches

Which of the following is not a potential outcome of a concussion injury?

Visual impairment

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that

Vygotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others.

Research suggests that there are gender differences in positive emotions. However, this difference is stronger for:

Younger adolescents (wrong)

. A fear which has no rational basis and which is so severe that it interferes with day-to-day functioning is called a(n) a. anxiety disorder. b. innate fear. c. panic disorder. d. a phobia.

. Today 3-year-old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engines begin to roar, the plane vibrates as it picks up speed, and as it finally lifts off the ground, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out of the window, so Chandra thinks that flying must fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathic feelings. d. emotional intelligence.

A _____________ is the smallest unit that has meaning in a language. a. morpheme b. phoneme c. syllable d. spectrum

An advantage of being breastfed for an infant is that a. breast milk contains antibodies from the mother that can help fight off infections. b. infants who are born to mothers who are HIV-positive can better fight off the disease. c. breastfeeding is associated with higher scores on intelligence tests in childhood. d. the infant gains more weight more quickly than bottle fed infants.

As we look at temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that a. there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur. b. temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood. c. there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older. d. if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during adolescence.

In recent years, the level of anxiety reported by children a. has been disputed among professionals because many believe that children cannot be diagnosed with these disorders. b. has increased to levels similar to child psychiatric patients in the 1950s. c. has decreased substantially because of the use of anti-anxiety medications. d. has decreased for children living in urban areas.

In regards to worldwide infant mortality rates, the a. United States has a higher infant mortality rate than 34 other industrialized nations. b. United States has one of the 10 lowest infant mortality rates in the world. c. United States had a lower rate than the OCED average. d. highest rates of infant mortality occur in nations closest to the equator.

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathic feelings. d. emotional intelligence.

Older children and adults are more likely to remember information in an intuitive, automatic way rather than as a specific, verbatim memory. This type of memory has been called a(n) a. fuzzy trace memory. b. intuitive memory. c. instinctual memory traces. d. executive memory traces.

One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that a. the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes. b. children's surprise when one of their expectations is violated is the best measure of their level of cognitive development. c. the strongest influence on the way we think about and understand the world is the social world in which we live. d. children must develop metacognitive functions before they can reason accurately about the world.

One out of every ______ American children will live in a stepfamily at some point during their childhood. a. 3 b. 15 c. 10 d. 4

Researchers examined areas in California where outbreaks of whooping cough had occurred. What they found was a. children were twice as likely to contract whooping cough in areas where large numbers of parents had refused to have their infants vaccinated for this disease. b. the vaccinations themselves were responsible for these outbreaks. c. these outbreaks were more likely to happen in rural areas, especially where there was a high concentration of cow farming. d. children were twice as likely to contract whooping cough if they were overweight or obese.

Syntactic bootstrapping allows children to a. determine the meaning of words through the use of syntax. b. learn new words by eliminating items that already have labels. c. learn the meaning of words through gesture. d. guess whether a label refers to a whole object or to a part of that object.

The area that is the primary center for speech production is a. Broca's area. b. the speech cortex. c. Wernicke's area. d. mirror neurons.

The assumptions and principles that children use to facilitate their vocabulary learning are called a. constraints. b. hypotheses. c. linguistic guidelines. d. transitional probabilities.

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as a. emotional display rules. b. sociocultural emotion. c. emotiguides. d. emotional interpretation.

The first stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the a. sensorimotor stage. b. preoperational stage. c. operational stage. d. formal operations stage.

The frontal lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for a. complex thoughts, movement, language, and self-control. b. the basic functions of the body, such as breathing, cardiac rhythm, and blood pressure. c. controlling balance and movement. d. the expression and experience of emotions, memories, and sensations.

The ways we learn to think about emotions are our a. emotion schemas. b. temperamental templates. c. primordial emotions. d. basic emotions.

When children's ability to delay gratification was tested, the researchers found that ___________ children were better able to regulate their behavior, that __________ were able to wait longer before "peeking", and there ___________ a gender difference in the likelihood that a child would peek at some point. a. older; girls; was not b. younger; girls; was c. older; boys; was d. younger; boys; was not

Which of the following is not a risk associated with prolonged exposure to stress in infancy? a. Higher potential for cardiac arrest in infants b. Lowered immune response c. Higher potential to produce large amounts of cortisol over time, leading to infants becoming children and adults who are more prone to anxiety and fear d. Deficiency in the development of learning and memory

Which of the following is not considered to be a self-conscious emotion? a. Distress b. Shame c. Pride d. Embarrassment

Which of the following statements about early language development is true? a. Babies younger than 6 months of age can distinguish the sounds of all languages. b. Researchers agree that there is an early critical period in language development. c. Deaf babies do not coo or babble in the same way that hearing infants do. d. If parents do not talk a great deal to their infants, the infants will later have great difficulty in learning their native language.

You can help an infant learn to regulate his own emotions by a. being sensitive to the infant's signals so he doesn't need to get frantic to get a response from you. b. ignoring the infant when he shows any signs of distress or frustration. c. overstimulating the infant so that he needs to calm himself down after you play with him. d. letting the infant spend a good deal of time by himself so he becomes familiar with his own feelings.

With regard to bodily proportions

a baby's head is very large in proportion to the rest of his body.

When the circumstances of a child's life situation change, there is evidence that

a change in life circumstances can change a secure attachment to an insecure one, or an insecure attachment to a secure one.

In Piaget's theory, a schema is

a cognitive framework that allows us to place concepts, objects, and experiences into categories or groups.

Schizophrenia has..

a large genetic component and may be related to problems in the prenatal environment

One of the effects of part-time employment for teens over the age of 16 from low-income families is

a lower risk of dropping out of school.

If girls believe the stereotypes that girls are not good at math when they need to test their abilities in math it can create anxiety that can actually hurt their performance. That is called..

a stereotype threat

If girls believe the stereotype that girls are not good at math, when they need to test their abilities in math it can create anxiety that can actually hurt their performance. This is called

a stereotype threat.

According to Kochanska and her colleagues, the development of self-control and an internal conscience depends upon

a warm, mutually responsive relationship with a parent.

Formal operations is marked by the development of..

abstract thinking

Diana Baumrind's description of parenting styles is based upon two dimensions. These dimensions are

acceptance/responsiveness and demandingess/control.

In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of

accommodation.

The major cognitive accomplishment during the preoperational stage is

acquiring the ability to represent actions mentally rather than physically.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development portrays children as

actively constructing their knowledge based on the child's own interactions with the environment, and the use of language to express thought.

David Elkind proposed that because adolescents are often preoccupied with their own looks and behaviors, they believe that they are the center of attention for other people also. Elkind calls this

adolescent egocentrism.

One statement about adolescent development of executive function that is true is that..

adolescents are improving their ability to control their thoughts and behaviors but also have a greater tendency to respond impulsively in many situations

Attrition is a problem for longitudinal studies because

all participants are not at equal risk of being lost from the study over time.

One advantage of adolescents having some amount of unstructured time with peers is that it

allows them to develop an identity separate from their parents.

Piaget would say that the stages in his theory

always occur in the order he describes, but the ages at which they occur are only approximations.

Metacognition is..

an ability to think about and monitor one's own thoughts

In Phinney's theory of ethic identity development, adolescents move from one stage of unexamined ethnic identity to...

an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescents ethnicity

Thinning hair, yellowing of the skin, the growth of fine hair on the face and arms, and cardiovascular problems or osteoporosis are all conditions associated with

anorexia nervosa.

One of the important differences between fear and anxiety is that

anxiety involves anticipation of something that may or may not occur, but fear tends to be a response to a real event.

The definition of stress is..

anything that places excessive demands on your ability to cope

An explanation for why students who study with distractions (for example, having the TV on, listening to music, or answering text messages) end up with a more superficial understanding of the information is that: a. the synapses run out of neurotransmitters to convey the information from one neuron to another. b. divided attention stimulates the frontal-striatal area of the brain. c. they cannot rely upon core knowledge to help them process the information. d. when we divide our attention in this way, we do not use the part of the brain designed for deep processing.

As we build our knowledge base on a particular topic, we find that a. it becomes increasingly difficult for us to add new information to that knowledge base. b. the new information that we encounter creates contradictions that we must resolve. c. it requires more and more processing capacity to maintain the base. d. it becomes easier to remember new information related to that topic.

Compared to older adolescents and adults, younger adolescents are more likely to a. use elaboration rather than rehearsal as a memory strategy. b. have a more integrated knowledge base. c. create intuitive, automatic memories rather than specific, verbatim memories. d. use both the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus when working on a memory task.

David Elkind proposed that because adolescents are often preoccupied with their own looks and behaviors, they believe that they are the center of attention for other people also. Elkind calls this a. centrifugal attention. b. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. c. adolescent reversibility. d. adolescent egocentrism.

If you showed a 7-year-old child six blue wooden blocks and 4 white wooden block and asked the child "Are there more blue blocks or more wooden blocks?" you would be testing the child's ability to: a. classify objects into larger categories. b. conserve number. c. perform seriation. d. use transductive reasoning.

In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of: a. decentration. b. scaffolding. c. assimilation. d. accommodation.

In Vygotsky's theory, the amount and type of help that a skilled adult or peer provides to a child is called: a. knowledge building. b. social speech. c. a cognitive scheme. d. scaffolding.

Paying attention to certain things while tuning out others is the process of _____________ and maintaining focus over time is the process of ______________. a. sustained attention; focused attention b. selective attention; habituation c. habituation; sustained attention d. selective attention; sustained attention

Piaget's theory of cognitive development portrays children as: a. passive recipients of knowledge for whom language shapes thought. b. actively constructing their knowledge within a social, cultural and historical setting. c. passive recipients of knowledge because basic information is present from birth. d. actively constructing their knowledge based on the child's own interactions with the environment, and the use of language to express thought.

The A-not-B task was used by Piaget to test for a. egocentrism. b. dialectic thinking. c. conservation. d. object permanence.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that ADHD in younger children or in children with mild symptoms be treated: a. aggressively with medications to keep the condition from getting worse. b. by removing the child from a regular classroom and placing the child in a special needs class. c. with behavioral interventions. d. with stimulants such as Ritalin.

The ability to analyze and try to bring together contradictory thoughts and emotions does not appear until the stage of: a. concrete operations. b. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. c. formal operations. d. postformal or dialectical thinking.

The memory strategy that involves creating extra connections that tie the information together is called a. rehearsal. b. repetition. c. eidetic memory. d. elaboration.

The most effective treatment approach for children with ADHD is a. the use of traditional psychotherapy. b. the use of anti-depressant medications. c. the use of various dietary modifications. d. a comprehensive approach that brings together several different types of interventions.

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that a. basic emotions emerge at about the same time in infants around the world, but Western infants are much more fearful and angry than other infants. b. surprisingly we find large difference in the early emotions that infants express as we compare one country to another. c. basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another. d. different parts of the brain are responsible for controlling emotions in different infants.

Emotional intelligence involves all of the following except a. controlling one's own emotions. b. understanding one's own emotions. c. altering temperament to fit the situation. d. understanding the emotions of others.

Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the a. moral values of young children. b. children's ability to understand and follow complex instructions. c. children's effortful control of their behavior. d. children's ability to empathize with the needs of another person.

How common are ear infections in children under the age of three? a. Very rare. b. One in four children will have at least one ear infection before their third birthday. c. Three in four children will have at least one ear infection before their third birthday. d. Four in five children will have at least two ear infections before their third birthday.

Infants and toddlers who are raised in the midst of divorcing parents a. retain memories of the disputes their parents had around them for the remainder of their lives. b. are unaffected by the dispute and the separation. c. may experience problem behaviors like aggression, separation anxiety, or loss of toilet training. d. show tremendous resilience and have been found to often achieve highly in academics later in life in the face of this adversity.

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathy. d. primordial emotion.

Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of __________ in language learning. a. babbling b. joint attention c. imitation d. early phonemic discrimination

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon a. the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament in a young child. b. how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted with new experiences. c. the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment. d. the gender of the child, because people are more willing to accept a difficult temperament in a boy than in a girl.

The effect of insensitive parenting on an infant's security of attachment is magnified when a. the infant is in the care of a relative rather than a professional caregiver. b. the infant becomes securely attached to his child care provider. c. the quality of the infant's child care is also poor. d. the mother is reluctant to place her infant in child care.

The most effective approach to treating children with reactive attachment disorder has been to a. work with the extended family, not just the parents. b. improve the quality of the parents' marital relationship. c. develop the mother's sensitivity to her baby. d. work with children who were 2 years old or older when they were adopted.

When a teacher tells a toddler to "use your words" instead of impulsively grabbing a toy, they are teaching the child to use a. metacognition. b. number concept. c. inhibition. d. categorization.

When children can learn a new word, sometimes with only one exposure, it is called a. syntactic bootstrapping. b. the whole object bias. c. fast mapping. d. statistical learning.

Which of the following describes how infants can use classical conditioning to learn? a. They learned to kick their leg while it was tied by a long ribbon to a mobile overhead, which rewarded them with the visual stimulation of seeing the mobile move. b. Infants would have a small amount of air puffed into their eye after a tone. Later, they would still blink at the tone, even without the air puff. c. Infants would imitate an adult turning on a light box by bending over and touching it with their head. d. There is currently no research that supports infants being able to learn through classical conditioning.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a child with an easy temperament? a. Positive quality of mood b. Regular biological functions c. Adapts easily to new situations d. High activity level

____________ are involuntary patterned motor responses that are hardwired in the infant. a. Experience-expectant responses b. Reflexes c. Gross motor skills d. Fine motor skills

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that

basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.

According to behaviorism, children learn right from wrong

because they are reinforced for good things that they do and are punished for bad things. (wrong) by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or badly. (wrong)

As children move through the stages of play described by Parten, they

become more interactive and more cooperative.

Intuitive thought is a type of reasoning in which children

begin to put together logical explanations but are still influenced more by what they perceive than by logical reasoning.

In families with adopted children, parents should

begin to tell the child in simple terms the story of their adoption even before they can really understand it.

One of the gender differences seen in the friendships of school-aged children is that

boys' friendships are more likely to contain competition and dominance, in addition to cooperation.

According to social cognitive learning theory, children learn right from wrong

by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or badly.

A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to a. be patient because children easily outgrow the characteristics of a difficult child as they get older. b. frequently expose the child to novelty because this is the best way to help them become more flexible about what happens to them. c. try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of time to adapt to changes. d. let the child spend time with other children who have more easy going temperaments.

Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament. a. easy b. slow-to-warm c. difficult d. reactionary

Because myelination of motor neurons occurs in a cephalocaudal direction, infants a. gain control over their torso before they gain control of their arms and hands. b. develop fine motor skills before they develop gross motor skills. c. gain control over their head and neck before they gain control over their shoulders and arms. d. must crawl before they start to walk to avoid developing learning problems.

Which of the following statements best describes the change of sleep patterns from birth until 2 years of age? a. Sleep patterns remain consistent across these years. b. The total hours of sleep, both nighttime and daytime, steadily decrease during this time. c. The total hours of sleep and hours of daytime sleep decrease, but hours of nighttime sleep increase. d. The total hours of sleep and hours of nighttime sleep increase, but hours of daytime sleep decrease.

Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the

children's effortful control of their behavior.

If you showed a 7-year-old child six blue wooden blocks and 4 white wooden block and asked the child "Are there more blue blocks or more wooden blocks?" you would be testing the child's ability to

classify objects into larger categories.

As adolescents develop the ability to think hypothetically, they can..

compare their real selves to their ideal selves

Children can begin to think logically once they reach Piaget's stage of

concrete operations.

Piaget's cognitive level of play called "games with rules" does not appear until children are in the state of

concrete operations.

One of the reasons why babies born to women who smoke during their pregnancy show growth retardation (that is, they are small and lighter than average for their gestational age) is that nicotine

constricts the blood vessels and limits the flow of oxygen and nutrients through the placenta.

When children develop classification skills, they become better at games such as "20 Questions", demonstrated by how they

continue to work their way down from larger to smaller categories when asking questions.

When a child encounters new information that does not fit with their existing knowledge, they must change their current knowledge. This is known as:

assimilation

In Piaget's theory, fitting new information into an existing cognitive scheme is the process of

assimilation.

A dynamic assessment is different from a standardized test because a dynamic assessment

attempts to measure a child's potential for change.

Waiting in line is a typical behavior in the United States. John and Andrew have been waiting in line for 24 hours to get tickets to a concert. They offered to let their friend Michael jump in line with them (even though he didn't wait at all). Michael said that he wouldn't feel right about doing that and went and stood at the end of the line (knowing that the tickets will probably sell out before he gets to the ticket counter). Michael is demonstrating the __________ domain of social knowledge as it relates to moral development.

autonomous (wrong) social-conventional

A boy in the United States who is hurt on the playing field may come off the field feeling very angry because a. the area of the brain that control the emotion of anger and the one that controls the emotion of sadness are right next to each other. b. in this culture it is more acceptable for a boy to express the emotion of anger than the emotion of sadness. c. a young child has not yet learned how to distinguish between the emotions of anger and sadness. d. either emotion would be equally acceptable under these circumstances

A child's ability to correctly use the pronouns "I" and "you" has been linked to an greater ability to a. take the initiative to try new things on their own. b. see a situation from another person's perspective. c. develop a trusting relationship with the child's primary caregiver. d. develop an autobiographical memory.

Children do not develop self-conscious emotions such as pride or shame until they a. have developed object permanence. b. can think about how events affect their self-evaluations. c. understand reversibility. d. can empathize with the feelings of others.

Ella and Kenzie are toddlers in a daycare. Ella watches as Kenzie cries when her mother drops her off. Ella walks up to Kenzie and gives her a hug. Ella is demonstrating a. social referencing. b. sympathy. c. empathy. d. primordial emotion.

Having predictable routines for an infant is one way to a. encourage a child to show empathy. b. help a young child develop self-control. c. help a child develop perspective taking skills. d. teach a child to internalize her feelings.

Max is a baby with a difficult temperament. His parents have never kept a strict schedule, eating at different times, and having different caregivers take care of Max. Max does not adapt well and his development is compromised. Chess and Thomas describe this as a __________ issue. a. regulation b. goodness of fit c. social referencing d. patterning

Sam is not very good at following conversational rules. It is difficult to have a conversation with him because he talks out of turn and keeps changing the topic of the conversation. Sam has a problem with a. semantics. b. pragmatics. c. phonetics. d. syntax.

Self-conscious emotions are also known as: a. primary emotions. b. secondary emotions. c. reflexive emotions. d. interpretative emotions.

The brain is divided down the middle, from front to back, into two a. lobes. b. hemispheres. c. cortexes. d. cerebellums.

The rapid formation of new synapses first happens a. at around the time that children typically enter kindergarten. b. in the first year of life. c. in late adolescence, as the young person becomes an adult. d. during the period between ages 5 and 9 years of age.

The theory of core knowledge is based on the idea that infants a. construct their understanding of the world through their social interactions. b. are born with an innate understanding of some aspects of the world. c. construct their understanding of the world through active experimentation. d. learn about the world as they are reinforced for their experiences.

The cerebellum in the brain is primarily responsible for

controlling balance and movement.

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected through the

corpus callosum.

A cohort effect is the biggest problem for

cross-sectional studies.

According to Skinner, language is shaped through a. innate mechanisms that are wired into the brain. b. cooing and babbling. c. data crunching the stream of words that we hear. d. operant conditioning and the use of reinforcement.

In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of a. decentration. b. scaffolding. c. assimilation. d. accommodation.

In a comparison of infant mortality rates, in 2006 the United States a. had one of the lowest rates of infant deaths in the world. b. improved its position from number 6 to number 3 in a decade. c. slipped from having the lowest rate to being number 2. d. ranked near the bottom on a list of industrialized nations.

One of the important differences between fear and anxiety is that a. anxiety is considered a normal emotion, but fear is pathological. b. young children experience anxiety, but older children experience fear. c. anxiety is much easier to deal with than fear. d. anxiety involves anticipation of something that may or may not occur, but fear tends to be a response to a real event.

One of the main concerns in divorce regarding the time an infant spends with a nonresident parent is a. whether or not the nonresident parent gets an equal share of time with the infant. b. the amount of "fun" time that each parent gets to spend with the infant, so as not to create "favorites." c. how much financial support the nonresident parent provides to the former spouse. d. whether extended time spent away from the primary caregiver may form attachment insecurity.

Parents who want their children to explore and understand their feelings engage in a. emotion coaching. b. social referencing. c. emotion redirecting. d. emotion dismissing.

Parents who want to protect their children from their feelings and try to distract or cheer up their children so they don't focus on the negative emotions are a. emotion coaching. b. social referencing. c. emotion redirecting. d. emotion dismissing.

The Strange Situation is a way to a. determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant. b. document the changes in an infant's emotional responsiveness. c. measure the amount of guilt or shame an infant feels when she misbehaves. d. assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother.

The average infant ____________ by 5 months of age, and __________ by her first birthday. a. increases her birth weight by 50%; doubles her length b. triples her birth weight; doubles her length c. doubles her birth weight; triples her length d. doubles her birth weight; increases her length by 50%

The language centers of the brain a. appear on both sides of the brain. b. for producing speech appear on the right side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech appear on the left side. c. for producing speech appear on the left side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech appear on the right side. d. appear largely on the left side of the brain for right-handed people and on either or both sides for lefties.

When a child is placed in foster care a. it is very similar to an adoption, except that the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child. b. the child remains in the foster home until the child "ages out" of the system at age 25. c. it means that the state now believes that there is no chance of the child being reunited with his or her birth parents. d. the arrangement is meant to be a temporary one and the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.

When child care workers do not receive adequate compensation for the work they do, the consequence is that a. many return to school to increase their educational level. b. they move into the private sector or open home child care facilities. c. there are many employees who will only work part time. d. there is frequent turnover in staff.

When children think about the negative aspects of something they have done or their moral failures, they experience a sense of ___________, but when they feel badly about a personal failure or something they believe they cannot change, they experience ___________. a. shame; guilt b. empathy; shame c. guilt; empathy d. guilt; shame

Which of the following describes the proximodistal direction of myelination of motor neurons? a. Head, neck, shoulders, arms b. Crawl, stand, walk, run c. Hands, feet, arms, legs d. Torso, arms, hands, fingers

Which of the following is not something seen in a home environment that supports healthy cognitive and language development? a. Age-appropriate learning materials, such as toys and books b. A stimulating variety of activities is provided c. Parents are responsive to infant needs and communications, both verbal and nonverbal d. Children get to watch at least 1 hour of television or other visual media per day

Two important things that parents can do to reduce the risk of an infant dying from sudden infant death syndrome are to a. eliminate gluten from the infant's diet and only use bottled water when making the baby's formula. b. put the infant to sleep on his back and make sure the mother does not to smoke while pregnant or after the baby is born. c. not allow the baby to sleep for more than 3 hours at a time and to not feed the baby after 6 p.m. d. allow the baby to co-sleep in the parents' bed and keep the bedroom temperature above 80 degrees.

We have developed emoticons to use in electronic communication because a. people do not like having to read just plain text in electronic messages so this breaks up the message. b. the addition of symbols that represent emotions increases the likelihood that our message is communicated clearly. c. people can interpret these little characters in different ways and it makes the message more individual. d. it helps the reader identify the national origin of the person who is sending the message.

We know that infants can hear the voice of their mother before they are born because a. they wiggle and squirm in the womb whenever their mother talks. b. newborns will suck on a pacifier to hear a recording of a story their mother read out loud during her pregnancy. c. newborns will respond to any woman's voice that they hear after they are born. d. prenatal recordings show activity in the auditory area of the fetal brain when a mother speaks.

When a child points to an object and an adult names the object for the child a. there is no reason for the child to use that word again. b. that word enters the child's vocabulary sooner. c. the child is likely to overregularize the use of that word in the future. d. the child will assume that there are other names for the same object.

When a young child grasps a toy, it is part of his experience and is real to him, but when he is not holding the toy, it doesn't exist for him anymore. Piaget says this is because young children do not have a. a circular reaction for objects. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. dialectic thinking.

Which of the following statements about maternal employment in the United States today is true? a. Most working women have their children in publicly funded child care while they are working. b. Less than 10% of women with children under the age of 6 are in the workforce. c. When a mother works outside the home, she jeopardizes the security of her children's attachment to her. d. Most women work out of necessity and their paychecks support or help to support their families.

Your body's physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call

emotion

Parents who want to protect their children from their feelings and try to distract or cheer up their children so they don't focus on the negative emotions are

emotion dismissing.

The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't, be shown are known as

emotional display rules.

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying

empathy

Kendra, a two-year-old girl, sees another child crying because she hurt her hand. Kendra starts crying just because she sees the other girl's distress. Kendra is displaying

empathy.

According to James Marcia, before adolescents can achieve an identity they must..

engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make

Abnormal facial features, small stature, a small head, cognitive deficits, and trouble controlling behavior and emotions are all characteristics associated with

fetal alcohol syndrome.

One statement about students who take the SAT that is true is that..

fewer than half are prepared to succeed in college

Children do not develop the ability to think logically and abstractly until they reach the stage of

formal operations.

The ability to think abstractly first appears during Piaget's stage of

formal operations.

As children move into adolescence most parents will adjust their discipline so that they..

relinquish some control and replace it with monitoring and tracking the adolescents activities

In many cultures, the movement of a young person from childhood to adulthood is marked by a(n)..

rite of passage

In Vygotsky's theory, the amount and type of help that a skilled adult or peer provides to a child is called

scaffolding.

Self-conscious emotions are also known as:

secondary emotions.

Toddlers who are more responsive to their peers and have higher-quality friendships are ones who have

secure attachments to their parents.

One of the problems with agreeing on a definition of intelligence is

separating what is fluid intelligence from what is crystallized intelligence. (wrong)

Inductive discipline involves

setting clear limits for children's behavior, giving consequences for negative behavior, and explaining to the child why a behavior is wrong and what the child can do to fix it.

A clique is a..

small group of friends who spend time together and develop close friendships

we can reduce the tendency of teens to want to emulate movie stars that they see smoking in movies if we help the children learn that..

smoking in movies is really a type of advertising

Looking at how others are reacting when we are uncertain about how we should react is a process called

social referencing.

The stages of play proposed by Parten depended on _______________ but the ones described by Piaget depended on ________________.

social skills; cognitive development

One intervention that has been successful at reducing girls misconception that they are not as good at math as boys are to..

teach girls that the brain is like a muscle that can grow and change with use, not something that is fixed and unchangeable

In research that uses the false belief paradigm, the researcher

tests to see if a child understands that someone else may believe something that the child knows is untrue.

One of the characteristics of an activity that we would call "play" is that

the activity is done for its own sake.

When a child is placed in foster care

the arrangement is meant to be a temporary one and the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.

In Kohlberg stage of conventional moral development, children base their moral judgements on..

the expectations of important people in the childs life or society as a whole

The idea that gender identity cannot be assessed by asking whether someone believes him- or herself to be nurturing or aggressive because these characteristics may not fit neatly into that person's gender stereotypes is consistent with

the gender self-socialization model.

The consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon

the goodness of fit between the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment.

Among the five most common sexually transmitted diseases, the highest prevalence is for..

the human papilloma virus

An explanation for why cross-cultural research on moral development has not found that everyone reaches the highest stage of moral reasoning is that..

the measure of moral reasoning used in this research may be biased because it reflects Western and urban cultural values

One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes.

The research on the association between television viewing and obesity has found that

the more time children spend watching television, the less time they have for physical activity.

Recent cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory has found that

the stages that Piaget describes appear in the same order in other cultures, but the rate at which children move through the stages can differ.

When we have a negative correlation

the value of one variable increases as the value of the other variable decreases.

Moral judgment is

the way that people reason about moral issues.

In most cases, children and adolescents say that their motivation for participating in organized activities is

their own desire to seek out and participate in these experiences.

One of the advantages of using physiological measures when conducting research is that

they do not require that the participant be able to use language.

Adolescent peer relationships and romantic relationships are similar in the following ways except..

they have a similar level of intensity and affection

According to behaviorism, as children are growing up

they need to understand that gender is a stable and permanent individual characteristic before they can adopt a gender identity. (wrong) boys are more actively discouraged from engaging in behaviors that are considered feminine than girls are discouraged from engaging in ones considered masculine.

Recursive thinking involves the ability to..

think about what others are thinking that you are thinking

The Apgar Scale is used

to assess the overall condition of a newborn at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

A particularly dangerous type of non-normative stress is known as..

toxic stress

A person with an identification with a gender other than the natal gender is considered to be

transgender.

The best strategy for parents who want to have some control over the impact of media on their children is to

try to find a balance between being overly restrictive and having no restrictions at all.

A suggestion for parents of children with a difficult temperament would be to

try to keep the child's environment regular and predictable and give the child plenty of time to adapt to changes.

The amount of agreement or congruence between the parenting style of mothers and fathers within the same family is

unpredictable. (wrong) modest

The pattern of attachment called anxious avoidant attachment has been associated with a caregiver who is

unresponsive to the needs to the infant.

Carol Gilligan has argues that women..

use a different type of morality than men when making moral decisions

Carol Gilligan has argued that women

use a different type of morality than men when making moral decisions.

Compared to older adolescents and adults, younger adolescents are more likely to

use elaboration rather than rehearsal as a memory strategy. (wrong) use both the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus when working on a memory task.

If a stressful situation is one that is beyond your control and there aren't effective ways to change it, you can reduce some of your stress by..

using emotion-focused coping strategies

We cannot determine the causes of behavior from a correlation because

we do not have control over other variables that may affect the correlation.

When we say that a trait is deeply canalized, we mean that

we will see the expected developmental outcome from that gene under all but the most extreme conditions.

One of the ways in which cyberbullying is different from other forms of bullying is that

when cyberbullying occurs it is not known to others in the peer group. (wrong) the victim can't try to hide from a cyberbully.

Experience-expectant brain development occurs

when we encounter experiences that occur as a normal part of development.

In Kohlberg's stage of conventional moral development, children base their moral judgments on

whether their behavior will be rewarded or punished. (wrong) a set of self-chosen moral principles. (wrong)

Sexual orientation is

your preference for a sexual partner of the same or opposite sex.

In Vygotsky's theory, the cognitive abilities that are in the process of forming and which a child can demonstrate with a little help is called the

zone of proximal development.

When children have the belief that a girl will become an adult woman and a boy will become an adult man, but they are still not clear that a girl playing with trucks does not become a boy or that a boy playing with dolls doesn't become a girl, they are in Kohlberg's __________ stage of gender development.

gender stability

In the gender self-socialization model, when a person has a self-perceived similarity to others of the same gender, they are displaying

gender typicality.

Epigenetics is the term used to describe the system by which

genes can be turned on or silenced by different environmental experiences.

Chromosomes are made up of __________, and they, in turn, are made up of __________.

genes; DNA

The first stage of prenatal development is the

germinal stage

One of the explanations that has found some support for why the incidence of depression is greater in girls than in boys starting in adolescence is that..

girls are more likely to experience negative life events than boys

One of the explanations that has found some support for why the incidence of depression is greater in girls than in boys starting in adolescence is that

girls are more likely to experience negative life events than boys.

Which one of the following statements about girls school performance in math and science is true?

girls frequently earn better grades in math during elementary school and high school rather than boys

When girls and boys were asked about the people they considered "very important people" in their lives

girls reported greater enjoyment and greater psychological intimacy in these relationships than boys.

goodness of fit

The adolescent growth spurt happens as a result of..

growth and sex hormones

Infants who are born prematurely

have a wide range of developmental outcomes, from mild to severe

Which of the following help protect new mothers from experiencing stress and uncertainty when becoming a parent?

having extended family living in the home to help with the child (wrong) h

The Head Start program was designed to

help economically disadvantaged children to enter school on par with more economically advantaged children

The focus of the positive youth development approach is to..

help young people reach their full potential

The fight-or-flight response..

helps us deal with short-term sources of stress, but can wear us down physically in the face of long-term stress

In Vygotsky's theory, private speech is

how a child turns interactions with others into internal thought.

Today an individual's score on an IQ test indicates:

how much an individual's score deviates from the average score of others of the same age.

The challenge for parents of adolescents is

how to balance granting autonomy with maintaining connectedness.

When an adolescent can solve a complex problem by first formulating hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses in a systematic and logical way, the adolescent is engaging in..

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

According to Erikson, the developmental crisis of adolescence is the crisis of..

identity versus role confusion

Lack of sleep in adolescents is believed to lead to all of the following negative consequences except..

increased sexual activity

the rate of sports-related injuries..

increases as children get older, and occur more frequently to boys than girls

The symbolic representation of a particular attachment relationship is what Bowlby called a(n)

internal working model.

An adolescent who would be in James Marcia's stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who..

is actively exploring alternatives for future identity, even though she was not yet ready to make a commitment

The risk of an adolescent being subjected to peer pressure to behave in antisocial ways is greater when an adolescent..

is part of an antisocial peer group

When someone is ready to disclose that he is gay or she is lesbian, this disclosure..

is usually made first to a friend or sibling, and next to a mother rather than a father

Critics of the use of ability grouping in schools have charged that

it damages the self-esteem of the students in the lower tracks and they receive poorer quality teaching.

One of the reasons why parents rely on spanking is that

it is effective at immediately stopping a behavior, even if it doesn't help children learn to control themselves in the long run.

When we encounter a new experience that does not fit into any of our cognitive schemes, Piaget would say that

it throws us into a state of disequilibrium which feels uncomfortable.

Larson and Brown (2007) found that teens who took part in a community theater program

learned to understand and manage their emotions.

It is a good precaution for a pregnant woman to

limit her consumption of caffeine

One of the ways in which television can impact the self-esteem or self-concept of children or adolescents is by

limiting the options that are shown for a person's life.

In the United States

malnutrition is most serious food-related problem facing American children. (wrong) undernutrition is a much greater threat than malnutrition for American children.

Recent research that has reanalyzed data on school performance has concluded that

middle-class boys were actually performing better than they had in the past, but minority boys were doing worse.

If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that

morality is more state-like than trait-like because many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally.

One of the differences between high school education in the United States and high school education in European countries is that..

most European countries place more emphasis on vocational education

Children of mothers who are incarcerated are compared to children of mothers who reside with the children in their own homes on a number of cognitive outcomes. This is an example of a(n)

natural or quasi-experiment.

When an adolescent develops an identity that is opposite to the identity that parent or other adults would want the adolescent to have, the adolescent has developed a..

negative identity

In studies of peer social status, children who are seldom named by peers as either someone they like or someone they dislike are classified as

neglected.

The idea that adolescence is a time of conflict and alienation is an accurate description of..

no more than 20% of all families

An event that is a relatively rare occurrence that few people need to deal with and which is overwhelming is called a..

non-normative stress

As part of research study, a researcher decides that she will use the number of pieces of junk mail that a family receives each week as an indicator of how wealthy the family is. If we do not have a good reason to believe that these two things are related, her measure of family wealth is

not valid.

The A-not-B task was used by Piaget to test for

object permanence.

The research that Ainsworth conducted on attachment was done using

observations.

The technique of sociometry is used to study

peer acceptance

A special challenge for non-custodial mothers is that

people are quick to make negative assumptions about why the mother does not have custody of her children.

The congruence or agreement between parenting styles of mothers and fathers within the same family have found fairly high agreement among parents who use a(n) _______________ style and no agreement in families where one parent uses a(n) _______________ style.

permissive; authoritative

During adolescence, the belief known as the ________ can place the young person at risk because it has been associated with a willingness to take risks.

personable fable

The highest stage of moral development in Kohlberg's theory is the

postconventional level, at which people are guided by a set of universal principles.

Kohlberg calls the stage of moral reasoning at which children are governed by self-intreats and are motivated by rewards and punishment the..

preconventional stage

Kohlberg calls the stage of moral reasoning at which children are governed by self-interests and are motivated by rewards and punishment the

preconventional stage.

Negative attitudes toward a particular racial group are..

predjudices

Thinking about the best way to handle a stressful situation or seeking advice and assistance from others are examples of..

problem-focused coping

How quickly we can take in information is our

processing speed

Social promotion is an educational policy that involves

promoting a child who has not mastered grade-level academic material to the next grade so they stay in a class with same-age peers.

The most effective programs to prevent eating disorders are ones that

provide adolescents with a good deal of information about the harmful effects of eating disorders. (wrong)

Two important things that parents can do to reduce the risk of an infant dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome are to

put the infant to sleep on his back and make sure the mother does not to smoke while pregnant or after the baby is born.

In recent years, teens written language has been influenced by..

electronic communication, such as texting

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding gender socialization?

Fathers tend to be more egalitarian and mothers are the principal agents for gender-role socialization

Which of the following is true regarding the role of innate processes on moral development?

Researchers suggest that a basic sense of morality is innate, but life experience builds on this early understanding

Which of the following is associated with symptoms, such as bruising, bleeding, and swelling to a baby's brain, decreased alertness, loss of consciousness, seizures, and cessation of breathing?

Shaken baby syndrome

Which of the following statements accurately describes the findings on differential parental treatment?

Siblings who perceive that they are treated less favorably show lower levels of adjustment and more conflicted sibling relationships.

The theory that posits that moral behavior is constructed from an individual's interactions with the environment is the

Social Domain theory

The idea that children are exposed to numerous examples of gender role and activities that they can imitate, which influences their gender identity is consistent with which theory of gender development?

Social cognitive theory

One area of ability in which their seems to be a small but significant difference that favors boys in the area of..

Spatial Relationships

As an infant's brain continues to produce many synaptic connections,

The connections that are not used will be pruned, deteriorate, and disappear

Which of the following statements is true regarding children of gay or lesbian parents?

The sexual orientation of a child's parents has no influence of the child's sexuality

How does Sandra Bem's views of gender development differ from Kohlberg's views?

The stages of gender development do not happen at the same age as Kohlberg proposed. (wrong) Gender stability does not appear until adolescence. (Wrong) Gender concepts do not follow stages and are learned from your particular society.

Research by Nucci & Turiel that examined age differences in adolescents' moral reasoning indicated that:

There is a "dip" in moral reasoning that occurs during early adolescence due to early adolescents' focus on individual rights when reasoning about issues

The average infant ____________ by 5 months of age, and __________ by her first birthday.

doubles her birth weight; increases her length by 50%

The benefit of being in a smaller classroom for children in the early grades comes from the fact that

each student gets more of the teacher's time and can establish good work habits.

Executive function enables you to a. coordinate attention and control behavioral responses so you can attain a goal. b. recall specific memories, rather than just general, impressionistic memories. c. develop an organized and well-integrated knowledge base. d. employ various strategies to enhance your autobiographical memory.

Kara's mother is helping her with a 100-piece puzzle. Kara is only four-years-old and the puzzle is too difficult for her. Kara's mother tells her to find all the corner pieces, then the pieces with the flat sides, and then they group the rest of the pieces together by color. In order to help Kara complete the puzzle, her mother uses the concept of a. scaffolding. b. directed learning. c. centration. d. dialectical thinking.

One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that: a. the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought processes. b. a child's surprise when one of their expectations is violated is the best measure of their level of cognitive development. c. the strongest influence on the way we think about and understand the world is the social world in which we live. d. children must develop metacognitive functions before they can reason accurately about the world.

Rehearsal becomes a more effective memory strategy when children learn to a. simply repeat the information they want to remember. b. not overdo it, but rather to stop after a few repetitions. c. connect the information they are learning to other related information. d. retain information in sensory storage for a longer period of time.

Rehearsal becomes a more effective memory strategy when children learn to: a. simply repeat the information they want to remember. b. not overdo it, but rather to stop after a few repetitions. c. connect the information they are learning to other related information. d. retain information in sensory storage for a longer period of time.

Research on the effectiveness of the treatments used for children with ADHD has found that a. stimulants such as Ritalin are effective in increasing attention and reducing problem behaviors for many children. b. diet modification that eliminates sugar, food dyes, and additives is as effective, or more effective, than medications. c. teaching parents more effective parenting strategies is usually enough to rectify the child's behavioral problems. d. a combination of anti-depressants and anti-psychotic medication is the most effective approach.

What is the most common mental health disorder to co-occur with depression?

Anxiety disorder

Researchers who have been critical of the ages that Piaget attached to each of the stages in his theory of cognitive development have claimed that: a. children can show abilities that Piaget said they did not have if you simplify the task that is being used to test for that ability. b. early development may proceed in stages, but the later stages of cognitive development occur in a series of small, incremental steps. c. Piaget made the tasks too easy because the abilities he describes do not appear in development until later than he said. d. no real cognitive advancement occurs until children are old enough to engage in social interactions with other people.

The ability to think abstractly first appears during Piaget's stage of: a. concrete operations. b. formal operations. c. postformal operations. d. dialectical operations.

The concept from information processing theory that assumes that our capacity to process information is limited in childhood relates to Piaget's concept of a. scaffolding. b. cognitive flexibility. c. centration. d. object permanence.

The theory of core knowledge is based on the idea that infants: a. construct their understanding of the world through their social interactions. b. are born with an innate understanding of some aspects of the world. c. construct their understanding of the world through active experimentation. d. learn about the world as they are reinforced for their experiences.

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that: a. Piaget's theory portrays children's cognitive development as occurring much more rapidly. b. Vygotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others. c. Piaget saw children as being dependent upon others for the learning that occurs. d. Vygotsky portrays children's cognitive development as developing in a single predictable way.

When a young child grasps a toy, it is part of his experience and is real to him, but when he is not holding the toy, it doesn't exist for him anymore. Piaget says this is because young children do not have: a. a circular reaction for objects. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. dialectic thinking.

When children develop classification skills, they become better at games such as "20 Questions", demonstrated by how they: a. begin by asking questions from the smallest category possible to narrow out all the potential answers. b. continue to work their way down from larger to smaller categories when asking questions. c. use knowledge from past experience to answer questions. d. focus on one aspect and continue to ask questions along that dimension.

____________ is a memory strategy that helps us to remember what to do or say in different familiar situations. a. Metacognition b. A script c. A knowledge base d. Elaboration

In one experiment with 4-month-old infants, babies saw a toy placed behind a screen and then the screen tipped backwards. Some infants saw the screen stop when it hit the toy (as they would expect), but other saw the screen tip all the way backwards as though the screen was going right through the toy. These infants: a. appeared distressed by the event and cried because the toy wasn't there. b. turned away from the event and refused to look at the screen again. c. looked considerably longer at the event than infants who saw the screen tip backwards but the toy stopped the fall of the screen. d. tried to get out of their seats so they could explore the screen and the toy.

Intuitive thought is a type of reasoning in which children a. cannot see the world from another's point of view. b. begin with a general case, and reason down to a specific instance. c. begin to put together logical explanations but are still influenced more by what they perceive than by logical reasoning. d. begin with a set of specific instances and reason up to a general conclusion.

Metacognition is a. the ability to stay on task and ignore distractions. b. an understanding of memory, how it works, and how to make it more efficient. c. an ability to think about and monitor one's own thoughts. d. the ability to switch focus as needed in order to complete a task.

Recent cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory has found that: a. children in non-Western cultures move through the stages at a much slower rate than children in Western cultures. b. Piaget's tasks cannot be adapted in ways that make them culturally relevant for cross-cultural research. c. the stages that Piaget describes appear in the same order in other cultures, but the rate at which children move through the stages can differ. d. contrary to earlier findings, children from non-Western cultures usually perform better on Piagetian tasks than children from Western cultures.

The ability of the brain to coordinate attention and memory and control behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a certain goal is called a. habituation. b. cognitive flexibility. c. executive function. d. elaboration.

The coordination of attention and memory and the control of behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a goal are handled by the a. experience-expectant parts of the brain. b. experience-dependent parts of the brain. c. executive function of the brain. d. parietal lobe.

The task Piaget created to determine whether a child is egocentric is called: a. the centration task. b. the A-not-B task. c. the three mountains task. d. transductive reasoning task.

The frequency of conflict is highest in ______ and the intensity of the conflict, when it does occur, _________.

Early adolescents; increases throughout adolescence

Elbert et al. found that the area of the right side of the brain that controls the left hand has many more synaptic connections than the same area of the left side of the brain in violinists (because they constantly use the fingers of the left hand). What type of brain development explains why this occurs?

Experience-dependent brain development

Which of the following is not a dimension of gender identity in the gender self-socialization model?

Gender constancy

The correct sequence in gaining an understanding of gender based upon Kohlberg's theory of gender understanding is:

Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

Boys and girls typically experience increased pressure to conform to the gender roles that are typical of their culture during adolescence. This is known as:

Gender intensification hypothesis

Peter likes to play with trucks while his sister would rather play with her tea set. Their behavior is an example of:

Gender-role preferences

Research on gender differences in emotion expression has suggested that:

Girls were more likely to show positive emotions and internalizing emotions, such as sadness

Guilt, shame

What area of the brain processes and stores memory?

Hippocampus

Which of the following objects would an infant prefer to look at?

His/her mother's face

Which of the following statements regarding moral knowledge and moral judgments is true?

If individuals have similar moral knowledge, they may have different moral judgments

Which of the following is true regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Most adults do not reach the highest stage

Femininity in girls is associated with which of the following?

Mother's femininity (wrong)

In the process of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that

Naturally evokes an unconditioned response

_____________ includes the influence of what we bring to development as a result of our genetic inheritance.

Nature

The driving force for development in Erik Erikson's theory is the:

Need to adapt to the changing demands of the environment

Brad hit his younger sister. His parents responded by taking away his allowance for two weeks. This is an example of:

Negative punishment

Bronfenbrenner would say that it is important that we understand the individual

Not on her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development

Bandura's social cognitive theory added a third learning principle to classical and operant conditioning, which was that:

People can also learn through imitation of behaviors they observe

According to Freud, boys and girls develop what has been called "the family romance" during the ____________ stage of development.

Phallic

Bill hits his friend because his friend would not share his toy. Bill feels bad about this afterwards because he is worried that he is going to get in trouble. Which level of Kohlberg's moral development would this fall under?

Preconventional level

The way that children can process information changes as they get older. This is a:

Qualitative change in development

Stage theories describe:

Qualitative changes

Your body's physiological reaction to a situation, your interpretation of it, communication with another person, and your own actions are all part of what we call a. temperament. b. arousal. c. emotion. d. empathy.

_____________ is a condition in which the person has difficulty with social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and compulsive behavior or interests. a. Duchenne muscular dystrophy b. Cerebral palsy c. Autism d. Schizophrenia

Their is some evidence that in math and science classes teachers..

call on boys more frequently rather and give them more detailed feedback on their answers

When a researcher conducts a clinical interview, the interviewer

can ask additional questions based on the respondent's answers or ask the respondent to expand on an answer.

AS an influence on adolescent academic achievement, peers..

can exert a considerable amount of influence

The unique advantage of experimental research is that it

can identify the causes of behavior.

A characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development is egocentrism which means that children in this stage

cannot understand things from someone else's perspective.

centered on only one aspect of the situation (the length) and ignored other aspects (the height or diameter).

In Piaget's third stage of moral thought

children are aware of the rules and realize that they must adhere to them to maintain their interaction with others.

A toddler sees his mother lying in bed because she doesn't feel well, so he gives her his favorite blanket because he knows that it always makes him feel better. This is an example of

egocentrism.

For a child to be able to understand that the amount of water in a tall, thin glass is still the same amount that was it was when it was in a short, fat glass, the child must be able to

decenter on the height of the liquid in the glass and pay attention to both the width of the container and the height of the liquid.

Growing up in poverty is associated with a number of difficulties, but the most clearly documented negative effect of poverty is its relationship with

deficits in cognitive functioning and academic achievement.

difficult

There is some evidence that children develop a theory of mind at a young age if their parents

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