Child Psychology Ch. 7 The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

If a parent is sensitive and responsive to the infant's needs, the infant's temperament is easy, or the infant-parent relationship is high in synchrony, it is likely the child will have a type _____ attachment.

B

A caregiver's responses to her infant's basic needs determine the infant's future emotional health. This statement reflects the thinking of the psychoanalytic theorist:

Erikson

All children maintain the same pattern of attachment to their caregivers throughout childhood.

False

Luke's friend has a very bad temper and often displays his anger around his 2-year-old son. From what is known about social learning, what is the MOST likely development one can expect to see in his son's behavior?

His son may also develop a hot temper if he recognizes his father's behavior as appropriate.

How does Isla react when her mother leaves the room? How does she react to the stranger? How does Isla react when reunited with her mother? Does the quality of her play change?

Isla plays quietly when her mother is in the room and interacts with her mother. She notices when her mother leaves. Even though she does not seem immediately afraid of the stranger, she only watches him play rather than playing with him. After a few moments, she does get upset and attempts to follow her mother. When her mother returns, Isla reaches for her mother but does not appear to be easily comforted by her mother. She looks almost angry when she sort of rocks away from her while being held. She does not hug or try to get close to her mother, and Isla pushes away a toy when her mother attempts to engage her.

Determine if each emotion is primary or secondary.

Joy is a primary emotion. Embarrassment is a secondary emotion. Guilt is a secondary emotion. Anger is a primary emotion. Despair is a primary emotion. Shame is a secondary emotion. Pride is a secondary emotion. Fear is a primary

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of the original Lewis and Brooks-Gunn assessment of self-awareness?

Lewis and Brooks-Gunn were trying to establish the age at which children can show awareness that they are separate and unique from all other people.

Charlie's 1-year-old nephew is looking out the window when a loud fire engine approaches. The sound of the siren is deafening as cars and people scatter to get out of the way. The truck passes, but not without upsetting his nephew. Why is this?

Many 1-year-olds fear not just strangers but also anything unexpected.

Does each behavior demonstrate an explicit or implicit method of teaching children about societal norms?

Mother says, "You are such a good boy!" Explicit teaching Father looks fearful and worried when he hears the news of the approaching hurricane. Implicit teaching Grandmother applauds when the child correctly names the object that she is holding. Explicit teaching Grandfather tells a story about why it is important to learn how to read. Explicit teaching Aunt says "Thank you" to the pizza delivery person. Implicit teaching

After watching Patrick and Sarah, compare how they react to their reflections in the mirrors. Does either seem to recognize him/herself in the mirror? Does either respond to the spot of rouge on his/her nose? How are their reactions similar or not similar? Were their reactions what you expected? Can you explain why you think that they react in the way that they do?

Patrick seems to see the image in the mirror and to make an effort to touch or reach out to it, but he does not reach up to remove the rouge from his nose - there is nothing in his behavior that tells us that he definitely recognizes himself. Unlike Patrick, Sarah seems to stare at her reflection. She studies her fingers and then reaches up to rub the red spot on her nose. Clearly, Sarah's behavior shows that she recognizes herself and that what she sees in the mirror is not what she expects. Being 9 months older than Patrick, Sarah has had experiences with caregivers and objects in the environment that call attention to her own uniqueness. Consider some examples of situations between infant and caregiver that you think might teach the infant about his/her identity and uniqueness.

Melissa is babysitting her sister's infant daughter when the mail arrives. There is a package to be signed for, and she asks the courier to step inside because of the weather. As she is signing, he smiles at Melissa's niece who instantly bursts into tears. What's happened here?

Stranger wariness is evident when an infant no longer smiles at any friendly face, but cries if an unfamiliar person moves too close.

Jack and Charlie's parents thought it would be fun to have a family portrait taken of their young children with Santa Claus for the holidays. Both parents are close by as their sons are placed on Santa's lap, but Jack and Charlie are both very unhappy about the entire experience and show their alarm with tears and cries. Why is this?

The children are showing signs of stranger wariness.

In the video clips that you have watched in this activity, what is most important about Patrick's and Sarah's responses to their reflections in the mirror?

The older Sarah recognizes herself in the mirror and rubs at the rouge on her nose while the younger Patrick does not react to his own reflection.

Cultural values and beliefs should be considered when interpreting attachment behaviors in the Strange Situation.

True

In the Rouge Test, Patrick probably touched the mirror because he thought there was another child opposite him.

True

How does Zachary react when his mother leaves the room? How does he react to the stranger? How does Zachary react when reunited with his mother? Does the quality of his play change?

Zachary is playing while his mother is in the room. He barely notices when his mother leaves as he is playing with the toys. He notices the stranger. His play slows, but he does seem interested in the toys in the presence of the stranger. He does not appear to get upset at all that his mother is gone. When she returns, Zachary does not reach for her. He continues to be interested in the toys over his mother and ignores two of her efforts to engage with him. He seems perfectly happy to play by himself.

Nine-year old Juan has been demonstrating personality traits that are bothering his parents. The traits that are most troubling are dishonesty, aggressiveness, stubbornness, and disobedience. Which of these traits would be primarily genetic?

aggressiveness

An infant's smile upon seeing a person's face normally emerges:

at about 6 weeks of age.

What pattern of attachment is the most worrisome?

disorganized/disoriented attachment

During the first year of his life, David has experienced parental neglect and some physical abuse. These experiences are highly stressful and are likely to impair the areas of the brain associated with:

emotions.

Torrie is alarmed to learn that her roommate could very possibly be a hoarder. There are cans of food under her bed and on every closet shelf. At first, Torrie thought she was bringing her favorite foods to school with her, but later, Torrie cannot help but notice her roommate's mistrust of others and general sense of insecurity. Torrie knows that babies feel secure when food and comfort are provided with consistency, continuity, and sameness of experience. When infants feel secure and that the world can be trusted, as adults they can confidently explore the social world. This scenario describes Erikson's:

first crisis of life, trust versus mistrust.

In the Strange Situation, the best indicator of a child's attachment pattern is:

how the child responds to the reunion with the caregiver.

Mitchell's friend was brought up under very stressful circumstances. His father was an alcoholic and his mother was mentally ill during most of his early years. Happily, his father has turned his life around, but Mitchell's friend's personality will still reflect some aspects of which of the following types of attachment?

insecure

Six-month-old Marissa lives in a home in which her parents neglect her often because they are often stressed about income and their marriage. This situation often leads to the parents fighting over who will care for Marissa. This situation is likely to lead to Marissa developing a(n) _____ attachment.

insecure

Students are learning about the different styles of attachment in children and observe a daycare center to see if they can distinguish the different types. They know that almost two-thirds of all infants are securely attached (Type B), but the students notice one or two children who are dropped off and begin to play right away. They do not seem to mind that their mothers have left them for the day. In fact, one little boy seems to ignore his mother as she waves goodbye. He is clearly displaying which style?

insecure-avoidant (Type A)

Jessica's month-old infant is aloof and does not seem comfortable being held. Jessica is troubled by this behavior and fears that the baby does not love her or want to be held by her. Jessica is in which of Maslow's level in his hierarchy of needs?

love and belongingness

Researchers have found _____ evidence that culture shapes the functional anatomy of self-representation.

neuroimaging

Underlying all emotional development are brain maturation and the connections between:

neurons.

Gary has a daughter named Samantha who is 3 years old. Every time Samantha takes a toy from her baby brother it makes him cry. Gary uses a method known as _____, putting Samantha in a time-out chair each time she does this.

punishment

The Strange Situation measures infants' and toddlers':

quality of attachment.

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver is known as:

secure attachment (Type B).

Researchers have found neuroimaging evidence that culture shapes the functional anatomy of _____.

self-representation

A parent, smiling and laughing, is moving a small stuffed toy back and forth in front of a 6-month-old infant. The LEAST likely reaction the parent will receive from the infant is:

shame

Fourteen-month-old Carlos watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor while watching a TV show. Carlos then laughs and rolls on the floor whenever his brother does. This is an example of:

social learning.

When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating:

social referencing.

A person dressed in an Easter Bunny costume approaches 2-year-old Claire to give her candy. Claire begins to cry loudly and clings to her mother. Claire is exhibiting:

stranger wariness.

When an infant is fearful of strangers, he or she is exhibiting:

stranger wariness.

Bonita works very hard to be a good parent to her 3-week-old infant. She is particularly motivated to gain approval and respect from her mother for her parenting skills. Bonita is in Maslow's _____ level in the hierarchy of needs.

success/self-esteem

A caregiver at a daycare center is playing with an infant. She is smiling and making faces at the infant. The infant smiles back almost instantaneously in response. This is an example of:

synchrony.

Secure attachment (Type B) makes a toddler:

willing to explore.