Child Psychopathology Midterm

Which of the following "systematically reviews all of the major psychiatric diagnoses to determine whether the child meets criteria for any diagnosis?" A. A structured diagnostic interview B. the DSM-5 C. Behavior rating scales D. Clinical observation

A. A structured diagnostic interview

Bethany is 16 years old. Two years ago, her parents went through a nasty divorce that caused them to engage in daily insults and shouting matches around the house. At the time, she begged her parents to stop fighting because she said, "I hate it!" Her parents are now completely separated and the fights have stoped. However, Bethany has developed a fear of engaging in good conversations with anyone, (e.g., her boyfriend, her best friend, her mother, etc.), if she thinks they might express different opinions from those of her own. She experiences a racing heartbeat, shallow breathing, sweaty palms, and dizziness. Then she walks away and refuses to talk. What could Bethany be experiencing? A. Bethany could be experiencing a specific phobia to verbal fights or disagreements. B. Bethany could be experiencing lack of confidence in her communication skills. C. Bethany could be very self-centered wanting to be right in ever

A. Bethany could be experiencing a specific phobia to verbal fights or disagreements

In what ways do boys and girls with Fragile X syndrome differ? A. Boys tend to show a more severe form of the disorder. B. Girls tend to produce less FMRP because both of their X chromosomes are typically affected, creating a more severe version of the disorder. C. Physical abnormalities are more common in girls with Fragile X than in boys with Fragile X, while behavioral challenges are more common in boys with Fragile X than in girls with Fragile X. D. Boys with Fragile X show more problems in simultaneous processing while girls with Fragile X show more problems with sequential processing.

A. Boys tend to show more severe form of the disorder

The field of cultural pharmacology acknowledges that there is variability among ethnic groups regarding the pharmacokinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Based on your supplemental reading for this week, which of the following is true? A. Hispanic individuals may require lower doses of antidepressants and antipsychotics when compared to White Americans. B. African Americans may respond to higher doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) than White Americans. C. Asians may respond to higher doses of antipsychotic medications when compared to White Americans. D. Pacific Islanders may require lower doses of antidepressants and anxiolytics when compared to White Americans.

A. Hispanic Individuals may require lower doses of antidepressants and antipsychotics when compared to White Americans.

Why is multimethod assessment important? A. It helps the clinician obtain a more complete picture of children's functioning. B. It compensates for invalid norm-referenced tests. C. It allows clinicians to skip certain methods. D. It allows clinicians to avoid conducting interviews.

A. It helps the clinician obtain a more complete picture of children's functioning.

Johnny is a 9-year-old whose elementary school was attacked last week by an active shooter while he was in class. Although Johnny and his classmates were able to escape without injuries, Johnny now gets paralyzed when the school bus stops to pick him up in the morning and refuses to board the bus. A. Johnny could benefit from taking an anxiolytic for the next two weeks. B. Johnny should not take an anxiolytic, since those types of medication are only indicated for adults with schizophrenia. C. Johnny should take an anxiolytic for the rest of his life, since he has now been traumatized forever. D. None of the above

A. Johnny could benefit from taking an anxiolytic for the next two weeks.

Which of the following medications have been approved by the FDA for children with ASD who exhibit sleep problems? A. No medications have been approved for treating sleep problems in this population. B. natural melatonin C. synthetic melatonin D. both natural and synthetic melatonin

A. No medication have been approved for treating sleep problems in this population

What was the primary difference between Leo Kanner's observations of children with "early infantile autism" and Hans Asperger's observations of "autistic psychopathy"? A. Only Kanner's patients showed impairment in language. B. Only Asperger's patients showed difficulties interacting with others. C. Only Kanner's patients were overwhelmingly male. D. Only Asperger's patients displayed an insistence on sameness.

A. Only Kanner's patients showed impairment in language

Tina calls anything with writing on it (e.g., a book, label, billboard, etc.) a "sign." This is an example of ______. A. overextension B. underextension C. problem with grammar D. problem with morphemes

A. Overextension

Which of the following is part of intellectual functioning? A. processing new information B. fine motor skills C. forming and maintaining social relationships D. gross motor skills

A. Processing new information

Margie's mother asks her to pick up the red cup and bring it to the table. Margie does. This shows Margie's skills in ______. A. receptive language B. expressive language C. receptive and expressive language D. compliance only; this does not assess language

A. Receptive Language

Which of the following is part of the Barkley's Neurodevelopmental Model that explains the behavior observed in children with ADHD? A. The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS): B. The Mesolimbic Neural Circuit C. The Behavioral Activation System (BAS): D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

A. The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Billy was diagnosed in third grade with ADHD. He is now 15 years old and showing a persistent stubbornness and noncompliance toward adults. He refuses to obey, talks back, throws tantrums, and is spiteful and argumentative toward his parents. A. You should add the diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder to Billy's ADHD diagnosis because ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder are two separate disorders. B. You should not add the diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder to Billy because the new symptoms he is presenting are just part of ADHD. C. You should add the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder to Billy because he is clearly causing problems in his social environment. D. None of the above.

A. You should add the diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder to Billy's ADHD diagnosis because ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder are two separate disorders.

Justin is 20 years old and a sophomore in college. He describes having a combination of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms that are interfering with his school work. He says he used to have more symptoms as a young boy, but they have gotten better. After a careful assessment interview with Justin, you realize that he only reports five symptoms. This does not seem to be a significant number and you are hesitant to "stick" Justin with the ADHD "label" for only five symptoms. What should you do in the end? A. You should diagnose him with ADHD because at his age, only five symptoms are required for the ADHD diagnosis. B. You should not diagnose him with ADHD because it would not be fair to him, given that he has only a few symptoms. C. You should not diagnose him with ADHD because perhaps he is just going through an adjustment phase and the symptoms will disappear later. D. You should diagnose him with A

A. You should diagnose him with ADHD because of his age, only five symptoms are required for the ADHD diagnosis

Matthew is a 7-year-old who is afraid of needles. He screams, kicks, and hits nurses any time he needs a blood test. But he needs them due to a blood disorder that requires monthly monitoring. So Matthew and his therapist develop a hierarchy, ranging from behaviors that elicit only mild anxiety or distress to strong anxiety or distress. During each session at the therapist's office, Matthew and his therapist confront a different stimulus associated with needles, gradually moving up the hierarchy, at the same time that the therapist prohibits Matthew from screaming, kicking, and hitting. This is a CBT technique called ________________. A. exposure and response prevention B. habit reversal training C. generalization D. cognitive restructuring

A. exposure and response prevention

One reason described in the text that ASD may be disproportionately diagnosed in males is ______. A. high levels of male hormones in utero can affect the developing brain, particularly in the limbic system and frontal cortex, which largely process social information B. the X chromosome is protective against ASD, because ASD appears to be an X-linked condition C. socialization of females tends toward praise for repetitive behaviors, such as washing dishes and folding clothes; thus, girls who exhibit these repetitive behaviors may not be diagnosed D. males with ASD tend to exhibit many more disruptive behaviors than girls with ASD, and so there may be more cause to seek diagnosis and treatment for males suspected of having the disorder

A. high levels of male hormones in utero can affect the developing brain, particularly in the limbic system and frontal cortex, which largely process social information

Which of the following is true about IQ? A. It is normally distributed. B. Its standard deviation is 20. C. About <.1% of people have scores below 70. D. A score of 130 is considered average.

A. it is normally distributed

Which of the following is NOT a specific area of deficit in the social communication of children with ASD? A. response to feedback and corrections by others B. interpersonal relationships C. nonverbal communication D. social-emotional reciprocity

A. response to feedback and corrections by others

In a classroom using the TEACCH approach, the basketball and the basketball hoop are painted the same color. This is an example of ______. A. scaffolding B. visual schedules C. hand-over-hand assistance D. structured teaching

A. scaffolding

Conduct problems are ______. A. the second most common childhood problems referred for mental health treatment, surpassed only by ADHD. B. the third most common childhood problems referred for mental health treatment, surpassed only by anxiety and depression. C. infrequently referred to mental health providers because these issues are often not considered mental health issues, but instead "bad behavior" issues D. approximately 20% of the most common mental health problems experienced by children and adolescents.

A. the second most common childhood problems referred for mental health treatment, surpassed only by ADHD.

Which of the following is NOT among the three main goals of 28-day inpatient treatment programs for substance use disorders? A. to separate the individual from antisocial peers who perpetuate substance use B. to attend to immediate medical needs and detoxify the body C. To help the adolescent understand the harmful effects of the substance use on health and functioning D. to improve the quality of interpersonal relationships

A. to separate the individual from antisocial peers who perpetuate substance use

Which is true of the differences in ASD prevalence across ethnicities? A. When SES is controlled for, differences in ASD prevalence across ethnicities disappear. B. White, non-Latino children are more likely to be diagnosed with ASD, even when SES is controlled for. C. Latino children are most likely to be diagnosed with ASD across all SES groups. D. African American children are more likely to be diagnosed with ASD in the United States.

A. when SES is controlled for, difference in ASD prevalence across ethnicities disappear

The distinction between childhood-onset CD and adolescent-onset CD is ______. A. whether at least one symptom occurs before age 10. B. whether the criteria are fully met before age 10. C. whether the child is diagnosed before age 10. D. whether the condition is treated before age 10.

A. whether at least one symptom occurs before age 10

Which of the following is the best example of a multimethod assessment? A. A psychologist asks a parent and a teacher to complete a rating scale about a child's behavior. B. A psychologist observes a child at school and then asks a teacher and parents to complete a rating scale about the child's behavior at school and at home. C. A psychologist gathers data from parents about the child's behavior at home, at school, and at home on the weekend. D. A psychologist uses self-report questionnaires from parents, teachers, and the child to assess the child's mood.

B. A psychologist observes a child at school and then asks a teacher and parents to complete a rating scale about the child's behavior at school and at home.

Which of the following best describes an allele? A. a gene B. a slight variation in a gene inherited from our parents that can influence our risk for developing certain disorders C. a malformed chromosome D. a nucleotide

B. A slight variation in a gene inherited from our parents that can influence our risk for developing certain disorders.

Alexis experiences angry outburst in which she can be very aggressive physically and verbally. Her family is always "walking on egg shells" when relating to her because they never know when she will explode next. Her mother tries to justify her by saying that she only acts like that in response to frustration or provocation and that she often expresses remorse after acting out. Which condition do you think Alexis is most likely to have? A. Conduct Disorder B. Intermittent Explosive Disorder C. Oppositional Defiant Disorder D. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

B. Intermittent Explosive Disorder

A 36-month-old of normal intelligence who produces only one-word phrases would be most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following? A. specific language impairment B. late language emergence C. speech sound disorder D. specific learning disorder

B. Late language emergence

Marlene says, "I see two bike." This is an example of an error in ______. A. phonology B. morphology C. semantics D. pragmatics

B. Morphology

Which is true about the relationship between ADHD and substance use disorder? A. Most adolescents with ADHD eventually develop a substance use disorder B. Most adolescents with substance use disorder have ADHD. C. Adolescents with ADHD and substance use disorder use a wider range of substances than adolescents with substance use disorder alone. D. Adolescents with substance use disorder typically develop ADHD after beginning their substance use.

B. Most adolescents with substance use disorder have ADHD

Which of the following is NOT a component of treatment identified by the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology as being most likely to yield benefits to children with ASD and their families? A. early intervention B. naturalistic setting (home if possible) C. engagement of parents D. monitoring of children's progress

B. Naturalistic setting (home if possible).

Kyle is 16 years old. His 10th grade teachers notice that, for the past month, he has been fidgeting in his seat and interrupting or intruding on others quite often, regardless of whether he is in Math, English, History, or any other class. However, during a parent/teacher conference, Kyle's parents are surprised to know about this behavior because this was never noticed through Kyle's prior years in school. Does Kyle have ADHD? A. Yes, it is possible that he is presenting the predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type of ADHD. B. No, Kyle should not be diagnosed with ADHD because the current symptoms were not present before he was 12 years old. C. Yes, Kyle's symptoms have persisted for a whole month and that will be sufficient to diagnose him with ADHD. D. Yes, because his constant interruptions of others could have a negative impact on his social activities.

B. No, Kyle should not be diagnosed with ADHD because the current symptoms were not present before he was 12-years old

Which of the following is the most widely used semistructured diagnostic interview for children and adolescents? A. Children's Mental Status Exam B. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (Kiddie-SADS) C. The Cultural Formulation Interview D. The Scale of Impairment

B. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (Kiddie-SADS)

A clinician observes a mother-child dyad in an analog task. In a playroom, the mother is advised to switch from playing with one toy to playing with another every 5 minutes. The therapist notices that when the mother does not give clear warning of the switch, her child tantrums. When he tantrums, the mother soothes him by returning to the original toy. Which is the following is true? A. The clinician may be performing a functional assessment. B. The failure to provide time for the child to process the transition may be the antecedent. C. The tantrum is the consequence. D. The mother's response to the tantrum is punishing.

B. The failure to provide time for the child to process the transition may be the antecedent.

Which of the following does the mental status exam assess? A. muscle tone B. appearance and actions C. language acquisition D. hearing

B. appearance and actions

Nelly is 6 years old. Her parents frequently alternate between being overly permissive (very lax on discipline) and excessively hostile ( yelling, threatening, grabbing, or hitting. This type of pattern is one of the best predictors of _____________________. A. anxiety in young children B. conduct problems in young children C. young children's lack of trust in their parents D. depression in young children

B. conduct problems in young children

The anxiety-reducing properties of low doses of alcohol can best be explained by which of the following? A. stimulation of the norepinephrine system B. inhibition of glutamate C. increased activity in the amygdala D. decrease in the release of endogenous opioids

B. inhibition of glutamate

According to Monitoring the Future, illicit drug use among adolescents ______. A. is more common than marijuana use B. is less common than prescription medication misuse C. Is more common for inhalants than for other types of illicit drugs D. has increased since 1995

B. is less common than prescription medication misuse

Results on the efficacy of CBT have indicated which of the following? A. It is only effective for those with mild substance use problems. B. It results in greater reductions in substance use than do other types of therapy. C. The cognitive component is effective, but the behavioral component is not. D. The behavioral component is effective, but the cognitive component is not.

B. it results in greater reduction in substance use than do other types of therapy

Wonje is suspected of having ADHD. Wonje's clinician wants to be sure to interview Wonje's parents, teachers, coaches, and Wonje himself to better understand Wonje's behavior in different situations. This is referred to as ______. A. behavioral observation B. multi-informant assessment C. informal data gathering D. multimethod assessment

B. multi-information assessment

Which of the following is NOT one of the five principles of motivational interviewing? A. approaching the client with acceptance and nonjudgment B. persuading the client to change beliefs about sbustance use C. rolling with resistance and avoiding argumentation D. promoting the client's self-efficacy

B. persuading the client to change beliefs about substance use

Tommy was accused of shoplifting at a local mall a few days ago. He was intentionally trying to walk away from the store while wearing a new pair of shoes that he was supposedly trying on. The shoes cost $75.00. When police interrogated him, he denied any wrong doing and said he was distracted when walking out and had forgotten to put back on his own shoes. However, he was still given a citation and asked to appear in court two weeks later. Tommy got angry at the officer but didn't say anything. Later on, while walking around the mall parking lot, Tommy slashed the tires of a police car that was parked near by. Tommy's behavior is an example of _________. A. aggression. B. property violations C. rule violations D. oppositional behavior.

B. property violations

ADHD is: A. a psychiatric disorder that frequently causes children to lose contact with reality. B. a conduct disorder that typically results from lack of parental control. C. a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. D. a genetic disorder inherited directly from fathers.

C. A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant symptoms of inattention and or hyperactivity-impulsivity

Which of the following is true of IQ in individuals with intellectual disability? A. All those with IQs below 70 qualify for diagnosis of intellectual disability. B. None of those with IQs above 70 qualify for diagnosis of intellectual disability. C. About 2% to 3% of the population have IQs in the range recommended as the cutoff for intellectual disability. D. IQ cutoffs only apply to adults with intellectual disability.

C. About 2% to 3# of the population have IQs in the range recommended as the cutoff for intellectual disability.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between psychotropic medication and age? A. Adolescents are more likely to receive psychotropic medication, even though they are less likely than young children to experience psychological disorders. B. Children are more likely to receive psychotropic medication, typically because their psychological disorders tend to be more severe than adolescents'. C. Adolescents are more likely to receive psychotropic medication because they are more likely to experience psychological disorders, and the severity of these disorders tends to be greater than the severity of children's disorders. D. There are no major differences in the rates of psychotropic medication prescriptions between children and adults.

C. Adolescents are more likely to receive psychotropic medication because they are more likely to experience psychological disorders, and the severity of these disorders tends to be greater than the severity of the children's disorders.

If a child does not engage in restricted, repetitive behaviors, he or she ______. A. can still be diagnosed with ASD B. cannot be diagnosed with any condition C. can still be diagnosed with social (pragmatic) communication disorder D. should be diagnosed with intellectual disability

C. Can still be diagnosed with social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Brandon has demonstrated a persistent disregard for the rules of society. He also shows a wide range of disruptive and destructive behaviors, including physical fighting, theft, vandalism, and truancy. A. ADHD should be considered as the primary DSM-5 diagnosis for Brandon. B. Oppositional Defiant Disorder should be considered as the primary DSM-5 diagnosis for Brandon. C. Conduct Disorder should be considered as the primary DSM-5 diagnosis for Brandon. D. Truancy should be considered as the primary DSM-5 diagnosis for Brandon.

C. Conduct Disorder should be considered as the primary DSM-5 diagnosis for Brandon

Which of the following is an epigenetic explanation for the finding that paternal age has been shown to increase children's risk for ASD? A. Older fathers are typically of higher SES, and higher SES is associated with increased risk for ASD. B. Spontaneous genetic mutations are more common in the sperm cells of older men. C. Environmental stressors over the man's lifetime could lead to changes in the way genes are expressed. D. Older fathers are more likely to have learned about genetics and be more aware about the way their genes affect their children, leading to greater detection of ASD signs and symptoms in their offspring.

C. Environmental stressors over the man's lifetime could lead to changes in the way genes are expressed

According to the definition of psychotherapy cited by the author, it is a(n): A. assessment process B. behavioral process C. interpersonal process D. evidence-based process

C. Interpersonal process

Which of the following best describes the efficacy of multidimensional family therapy? A. It is associated with reduction in substance use while traditional group therapy is not. B. It is associated with reduction in substance use, but it takes much longer to get these results than to get comparable results with family therapy. C. It is associated with greater reduction in substance use than traditional group therapy and produces more rapid results. D. It has been shown to be more efficacious than family-based education, but less efficacious than individual or group supportive therapy.

C. It is associated with greater reduction in substance use than traditional group therapy and produces more rapid results

Kristie is a 25-year-old woman who was diagnosed with ADHD when she was 7. She has smoked at least 3 cigarette packs per day since she was 15. She tells you that she and her boyfriend are expecting a child. She is about 8 weeks pregnant. Which of the following is true? A. Kristie may continue smoking, as long as she reduces the number of cigarettes to no more than 1 pack per day." B. Kristie may continue smoking as long as she does it outside her home where there is more fresh air to breathe." C. Kristie may continue smoking if she really wants to increase the chances for her baby to have a premature birth, low birth weight and complications with delivery involving hypoxia." D. Kristie may continue smoking as long as she keeps taking her Ritalin every day. This will decrease the risk for her baby to have ADHD later in life."

C. Kristie may continue smoking if she really wants to increase the changes for her baby to have a premature birth, low birth weight, and complications with delivery involving hypoxia

Which of the following is true of comorbidity? A. It is rare. B. It refers to the experience of having one disorder, recovering, and then having a different disorder. C. On average, approximately 40% of children and adolescents with one mental disorder have at least one another condition. D. It is much more common in children than in adolescence.

C. On average, approximately 40% of children and adolescents with one mental disorder have at least one another condition.

Millie has an intellectual disability (ID). She had delays sitting up and walking as an infant and has been diagnosed with a biological anomaly, though now, at age 6, she can use the toilet on her own. Which degree of intellectual disability does Millie most likely have? A. mild B. moderate C. severe D. profound

C. Severe

Several professional organizations have issued best-practice guidelines for the evidenced-based treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents and adults. These guidelines suggest that preschool-age children should receive ____________ as the first line of treatment for ADHD. A. medication B. a combination of behavior therapy and medication C. behavior therapy D. None of the above.

C. behavior therapy

The genes that place children at risk for ODD and CD have _____________________. A. have been identified as IL6 and TP53. B. have been associated with the child's gender. C. have remain elusive. D. have been clearly connected to first-degree relatives with histories of conduct problems.

C. have remain elusive

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are typically diagnosed ______. A. in the first year of life B. in the second year of life C. in preschool or kindergarten D. in high school

C. in preschool or kindergarten

Theory of mind deficits in children with ASD ______. A. can be assessed by a true belief task B. are less severe than theory of mind deficits in children with Down syndrome C. likely underlie the challenges those with ASD can have in complex social interactions D. result from making incorrect assumptions about the mental states of others

C. likely underlie the challenges those with ASD can have in complex social interactions

Regarding medications for children or adolescents with conduct problems, studies have suggested that ______________ . A. Buspirone may control the anxiety that is present in conduct problems. B. Trazodone may help with the depression that is present in conduct problems. C. There are currently no medications approved for specifically targeting conduct problems in children or adolescents. D. Any "off label" psychotropic medication will significantly diminish conduct problems.

C. there are currently no medications approved for specifically targeting conduct problems in children or adolescents.

Mikhail is deliberately lying about other children and tearing up their work in the classroom. He has been repeatedly sent to the principal and his teacher is concerned about the effects of the disruptive behavior on the other students in the class. Which of the following would be the primary reason for assessment in Mikhail's case? A. to screen him for a disorder B. to reach a diagnosis C. to plan treatment D. to remove him from the situation entirely and permanently

C. to plan treatment

Visual scene displays are especially useful for which of the following? A. individuals with well-developed speech who have relative deficits in visual-spatial processing B. older children who have already acquired the use of simple communication systems C. toddlers who have trouble using more complex pictures or symbols D. infants in the first year of life

C. toddlers who have trouble using more complex pictures or symbols

Which of the following is NOT a category of symptoms for conduct disorder (CD)? A. aggression to people or animals B. deceitfulness or theft C. Vindictiveness D. Serious violations of rules

C. vindictivness

Noah is referred to your practice for diagnosis and treatment of conduct problems. His school counselor is not sure if he has ADHD or ODD. How would you try to differentiate between one and the other? A. You will ask Noah's mother which symptoms were present earlier in the life of Noah, since ODD symptoms show up earlier than ADHD symptoms. B. You will ask Noah's mother if he has problems losing his temper, since only ADHD involves problems of that nature. C. You will ask Noah's mother if the conduct problems are exhibited in more than one setting, since ADHD requires symptoms to be present in multiple settings and ODD does not. D. You will ask Noah's mother if he shows impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning, since children with ADHD are the only ones who experience impairment in these areas.

C. you will ask Noah's mother if the conduct problems are exhibited in more than one setting, since ADHD requires symptoms to be present in multiple settings and ODD does not.

Mental health professionals have been unable to reach an agreement on what is "normal" and "abnormal" functioning among children. However, they use certain criteria that help them identify psychological problems in youth. Given the case of Johnny, a 10-year-old boy, he will be considered to be displaying abnormal behavior if: A. Johnny's behavior is relatively infrequent in the general population. B. Johnny's behavior is causing interference with his social or academic functioning. C. Johnny seems to be experiencing a significant degree of emotional distress. D. A, B, and C are all correct E. A, B, and C above should never be used as criteria to identify abnormal behaviors in children because they are fraught in problems.

D. A, B, and C above are correct.

The DSM-5 uses the following to classify mental disorders: A. It uses a categorical classification by dividing mental disorders into mutually exclusive groups or categories that are based on sets of essential criteria. B. It uses a prototypical classification that is based on the degree to which the individual's signs and symptoms map onto the ideal picture of prototype of the disorder, C. It uses a dimensional classification that is based on the assumption that disorders fall on a continuum of severity ranging from mild to severe. D. (A), (b), and (c) above are true. E. None of the above are true because the DSM-5 only uses diagnostic specifiers as an approach to classify mental disorders.

D. A, B, and C above are true

In the United States, few pediatric practices routinely schedule the time needed to conduct a complete psychiatric evaluation. Yet, primary care pediatric providers, including advanced practice nurses, routinely make treatment decisions regarding the use of stimulants and antidepressants for children. This practice may be influenced by: A. It is not an expectation of the role. B. There is limited specialized psychiatric resources for children and adolescents. C. The family comfort levels and trust with the pediatric primary care provider. D. All of the above E. Only (a) and (c)

D. All of the above

Results of a meta-analysis examining the relative effects of four classes of ADHD medications (amphetamines, methylphenidates, atomoxetine, and guanfacine) to placebo showed that: A. all medications improved ADHD symptoms better than placebo. B. the largest effects were for the stimulant medications. C. stimulant medication was associated with improvements in children's academic, cognitive, and social functioning. D. all of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Some children with conduct disorders show low sensitivity to punishment. This low sensitivity may result in ___________________. A. an inability to internalize parental rules and regulations. B. inhibited development of a conscience, and capacity for moral reasoning. C. displays of premeditated, aggressive behaviors with little regard for others' rights. D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Alyssa has been diagnosed with ADHD. She frequently forgets appointments or assignments and waits until the last minute to start school projects. She also feels a sense of subjective restlessness while sitting in class. These issues are significantly interfering with her academic success. What could be the developmental stage at which Alyssa is right now? A. Alyssa is an adolescent. B. Alyssa is in preschool. C. Alyssa is a school-age child. D. Alyssa is a college student.

D. Alyssa is a college student

The most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD fall into the following two broad classes of medications: A. anti-anxiety and antidepressants. B. anti-anxiety and mood stabilizers. C. antipsychotics and anti-anxiety. D. amphetamines and methylphenidates.

D. Amphetamines and Methylphenidates

Which of the following best describes the pattern of head growth in children with ASD? A. smaller than average head circumference at birth, larger than average head circumference at age 1, smaller than average head circumference by late childhood. B. smaller than average head circumference at birth, average head circumference at age 1, larger than average head circumference by late childhood. C. larger than average head circumference at birth, average head circumference at age 1, smaller than average head circumference by late childhood. D. average head circumference at birth, larger than average head circumference at age 1, average head circumference by late childhood.

D. Average head circumference at birth, larger than average head circumference at age 1, average circumference by late childhood.

Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents with conduct problems typically include these common features: A. Effective programs that support parents as the primary change agents. B. Socio-cultural interventions that help youths to avoid deviant peers and other environmental stressors. C. Treatment that is delivered in psychiatric hospital settings to ensure consistency of interventions and to avoid parental hurdles like lack of transportation. D. Both (a) and (b) E. None of the above

D. Both A and B

You are working as a research assistant to one of your professors. She is leading a research study about conduct problems with children 1 to 12 years old. She asks you to observe her study participants in different play settings and report to her how many children displayed normative behavior and how many displayed significant oppositional and defiant behavior during play. How can you distinguish between what is normative and what is not? A. You consider the children's overall developmental context. B. You interview siblings and/or classmates C. You record the number and frequency of children's disruptive behavior incidents that you observed. D. Both (a) and (c)

D. Both A and C

Which of the following best describes the point of the blind men and the elephant story in the text, as it pertains to mental disorders? A. Different perspectives on mental illness work for different disorders. B. No particular approach to understanding mental disorders is best overall. C. Using only one approach to understanding mental disorders will yield an understanding that does not reflect the disorder at all. D. Children's disorders are complex and multiply determined; they can be most fully understood using multiple perspectives.

D. Children's disorders are complex and multiply determined; they can be most fully understood using multiple perspectives.

Which of the following is NOT a specifier for the functioning of children with ASD in the DSM-5? A. age at which the disturbance first appeared B. medical condition or genetic disorder underlying the condition C. severity of each class of symptoms D. existence of language impairment E. None of the above.

D. Existence of language impairment

Joe has been diagnosed with cannabis use disorder, however Joe has been in treatment, and hasn't used cannabis for 2 months, despite his cravings for cannabis. Which of the following is true of Joe? A. Joe is not in remission because he still craves cannabis. B. Joe is in early remission. C. Joe is in sustained remission. D. Joe is not in remission because he has had symptoms within the past 3 months.

D. Joe is not in remission because he has had symptoms within the past 3 months

It has been 3 months since Melissa's teacher told her parents that Melissa does not talk at school even when she is asked a question directly. Any attempts to get her talk are still unsuccessful. Melissa's parents are puzzled by her behavior because she does talk when she is at home. They have taken Melissa to her pediatrician who reports that he cannot find anything wrong with her health. What could be possibly going on with Melissa? A. Melissa could be suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder. B. Melissa could be suffering from Separation Anxiety Disorder. C. Melissa could be suffering from a specific phobia to school. D. Melissa could be suffering from Selective Mutism.

D. Melissa could be suffering from selective mutism

Two months ago, Debbie had her first panic attack. She has been worried about having another one ever since. Her panic attack occurred while she was having a business lunch at a restaurant with a couple of co-workers. This happened when she saw her husband eating at another corner of the restaurant with an unfamiliar woman and found out that they were having an affair. So she now avoids going out for business lunches with her co-workers. This is significantly limiting her ability to be included in the work-related decisions that her co-workers make. Would you diagnose Debbie with a panic disorder? A. Yes, because she has been worried for more than a month about having another attack. B. No, because her worry needs to be present for a minimum of 3 months in order to be diagnosed with a panic disorder. C. Yes, because her fear of having business lunches with her co-workers is sufficient to constitute clinically signi

D. No, because she has not experienced recurrent panic attacks

Which disorder is NOT related to obsessive-compulsive disorder? A. Excoriation Disorder B. Trichotillomania C. Hoarding Disorder D. Panic Disorder

D. Panic Disorders

Jenny's mom says, "You can go ride your bike, but first you have to do your homework." This is an example of ______. A. negative reinforcement B. parent -child interaction training C. token economy D. Premack's principle

D. Premack's principle

ADHD is a specific, unique predictor for: A. alcohol use. B. Prescription pain medications. C. Marijuana. D. Smoking and vaping.

D. Smoking and vaping

Probabilistic epigenesis is ______. A. not endorsed by developmental psychopathologists B. the belief that development is characterized by distinct levels of analysis that do not interact C. the belief that genes determine the psychopathological outcome of a child D. the belief that different levels of analysis, such as brain structure and peer relationships, interact to shape children's developmental outcomes

D. The belief that different levels of analysis, such as brain structure and peer relationships, interact to shape children's developmental outcomes.

Which of the following best describes the results of the Autism Genome Project? A. The majority of children with ASD have deletions or duplications of genetic material on specific chromosomes. B. The majority of children with ASD have a genetic abnormality or mutation on a single portion of one gene. C. The majority of children with ASD show the absence of neurexin 1, which produces proteins important to early brain development. D. The majority of children with ASD have causes that have not yet been explained.

D. The majority of children with ASD have causes that have not yet been explained

What is the difference between how typically developing individuals and individuals with ASD process facial information? A. Those with ASD take much longer to process faces than typically developing individuals do, preventing them from processing emotions in the time needed to have typical emotional interactions. B. Those with ASD process faces in the left fusiform gyrus, the area typically used for processing information about objects, while typically developing individuals process faces in the right fusiform gyrus. C. Those with ASD process faces in the right fusiform gyrus, the area typically used for processing information about objects, while typically developing individuals process faces in the left fusiform gyrus. D. Those with ASD process faces in the inferior temporal gyrus, the area typically used for processing information about objects, while typically developing individuals process faces in the right fu

D. Those with ASD process faces in the inferior temporal gyrus, the area typically used for processing information about objects, while typically developing individuals process faces in the right fusiform gyrus

How is adaptive functioning typically assessed? A. via the child's self-report B. via an intelligence test C. via a checklist that parents fill out D. via a semistructured interview given to caregivers

D. Via a semistructured interview given to caregivers

Jessica is in 5th grade. Her mother brings her to your outpatient practice because she is concerned that Jessica does not seem to be capable of sustaining attention over time. Her teacher is not noticing this at school, but at home, she has not been listening to her parents, following through with assignments, organizing tasks, and remembering the location of important objects for the past several weeks. Jessica's mother is worried that Jessica might be developing ADHD and is angry at Jessica's father because he does not seem to care. Jessica's parents are going through a divorce right now. Would you diagnose Jessica with ADHD? A. Yes, because she shows difficulties with inattention, and inattention is the key feature of ADHD with predominantly inattentive presentation. B. Yes, because she clearly has difficulty completing tasks that require attention. C. No, because her lack of attention is only present at home and

D. You will not make a final decision until you have the opportunity to gather more information.

Emma has had an alcohol substance use problem for several years. Recently, she has been going to a therapist for cognitive behavioral therapy. Emma has now been sober for 6 months. However, last weekend was her high school reunion. While there, she was with friends she used to drink with, and she had one shot of vodka. After that, she was full of guilt and thought to herself, "I'm so stupid. I'm just an addict and I'll never be cured." She had four more shots. This is an example of ______. A. risky relapse B. motivational deficit C. situational cuing D. abstinence violation effect

D. abstinence violation effect

In order to be diagnosed with a Substance Use Disorder, a person must ______. A. be exhibiting tolerance and/or withdrawal B. have at least two symptoms from each of the four symptom categories C. use large amounts of the substance D. experience clinically significant impairment or distress

D. experience clinically significant impairment or distress

A pediatrician asks a psychologist to conduct a brief evaluation for a toddler who is showing delays in language acquisition and social skills. This is an example of: A. a diagnostic interview B. a projective test C. reaching a diagnosis D. screening

D. screening

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the relationship between conduct problems and substance use? A. Youths with conduct disorders are more likely to use substances than those without conduct disorder. B. Youths with conduct disorders begin using substances at earlier ages than those without conduct disorder. C. ODD and CD may be important, unique predictors of adolescent substance use problems. D. The relationship between conduct problems and substance use is mediated by ADHD.

D. the relationship between conduct problems and substance use is mediated by ADHD

The most common use of medication to address substance use disorders is ______. A. as substitution therapy B. used for detoxification during withdrawal C. used to block the effects of the substance, making it less pleasurable to use D. used to treat comorbid disorders

D. used to treat comorbid disorders

Dr. Richards is a child psychiatrist who has practiced for 20 years. She adheres to evidence-based practice when treating children and adolescents. That means that she probably asks herself the following question(s) when treating all of her patients: A. According to the research literature, what methods of assessment and forms of treatment work best for children with this particular problem? B. According to my own professional experience and knowledge, what is the best way for me to assess and treat this child? C. How might the child's personal and family characteristics affect the way I help them? D. Only (a) is true. E. (A), (b), and (c) are true.

E. A, B, C are true

Jaden is 6 months old. His parents see him as having a difficult temperament. He is quick to cry and fuss, easily frustrated, and have difficulty adjusting to change. This type of temperament could lead to the emergence of conduct problems by __________________. A. interfering with the development of effective emotion-regulation skills. B. compromising the quality of parent-child interactions. C. experiencing peer rejection later on in life. D. Only (a) and (c) E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Amy has just been diagnosed with ADHD and her parents are in your office asking if this is something they "gave" Amy. In an effort to explain to them the main causes of ADHD, you tell them that: A. children with ADHD are more likely to have a biological parent with the disorder than children without ADHD. B. adults with ADHD have a 57% chance of having at least one child with the disorder. C. siblings of children with ADHD are 3 to 5 times more likely to have the disorder compared to controls. D. None of the above is true. E. All of the above is true.

E. All of the above is true

According to Barkley, the capacity for behavioral inhibition permits the development of basic executive functions. Which of the following are recognized as basic executive functions? A. Working memory and creative problem-solving B. Internalized speech and emotion regulation C. Internalized associations and muscle relaxation D. Long-term memory and and internalized associations E. Both (a) and (b)

E. Both A and B

Dr. Jones, a child psychologist, uses the DSM-5 to diagnose Olivia, a 15-year old girl. Dr. Jones most pay attention to both the signs and symptoms of Olivia's presenting problems. Please select the correct answer regarding the difference between a "sign" and a "symptom": A. Olivia has lost significant weight. This is a sign indicating that something is wrong. B. Olivia has lost significant weight. This is a symptom suggesting that something is wrong. C. Olivia reports that she does not feel like getting up in the morning and remains sleepy for most of the day. This is a sign indicating that something is wrong. D. Olivia reports that she does not feel like getting up in the morning and remains sleepy for most of the day. This is a symptom suggesting that something is wrong. E. Both (a) and (d) are correct. F. Both (b) and (c) are correct

E. Both A and D are correct

Clarabelle is a 7-year old girl who is in first grade. She has great difficulty reading and her teacher suspects she might suffer from dyslexia. Clarabelle's parents were never interested in school and failed a couple of grades during their school years. They dropped out of high school when Clarabelle's mother got pregnant. Clarabelle's father abandoned them soon after, and she is being raised by her mother and maternal grandparents in a farm 10 miles away from their closest town. They have no access to the internet. Clarabelle's teacher is upset with Clarabelle's mother because she has not responded to multiple requests for her to attend a parent-teacher conference. The teacher has arrived to the conclusion that Clarabelle's mother does not care for her daughter. Clarabelle's classmates frequently make fun of her because she does not want to read out loud in class and she has come to school with a head full of lice

Evocative, active and passive

Abstinence is the primary goal of motivational enhancement therapy. True or False

False

Intelligence and achievement are two words for the same thing; intelligence refers to nonacademic domains and achievement refers to the scholastic domain. True or False

False

Which of the following is NOT one of the three interdependent ecological factors targeted in family therapy? A. relationships with parents B. home environment C. school D. peer relationships

Peer relationships

Psychotic symptoms have been associated with the use of cannabis. True or False

True

There is a higher rate of suicide attempts among adolescents with substance use disorder than among adolescents without substance use disorder. True or False

True