China and Europeans

The Opium War

1839-1842; China tried to forcibly stop the opium trade and war broke out; the Chinese forces were overpowered and defeated; Britain gained control of the region near Nanjing; the Treaty of Nanjing (1842); China gave up Hong Kong; five ports open to Britain; British subjects governed by British laws; extraterritoriality; China is not controlling citizens in its own land

Why did the Qing distrust the Jesuits and their converts?

Possible Answer: They realized that converts might be more loyal to the pope than to Chinese rulers.

How did the Taiping Rebellion affect foreign relations with China?

Possible Answer: Weakened by the rebellion, China was forced to give in to trade demands of foreign nations, as well as their political interference.

extraterritoriality

Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation; Extraterritoriality was imposed upon China in the Treaty of Nanking, resulting from the First Opium War; allowed foreigners to follow laws of home country

Opium War

The Opium Wars lasted from 1839 to 1860, it began due to a trade dispute between China and the United Kingdom over British smuggling of opium into China and the Chinese government's efforts to enforce its drug laws; The First Opium War ended with the Treaty of Nanjing, the first of what became known as the unequal treaties for China.

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan, was a revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing Government in China in the mid-1800s; The Taiping Rebellion, eventually unsuccessful, also called the "Heavenly Rebellion" was influenced by Christianity and involved over one million rebels.

Jesuit monks came to China from a. Spain. c. England. b. Portugal. d. Italy.

b. Portugal.

Which treaty gave the British five ports in China and forced China to give up control Hong Kong? a. Treaty of Hong Kong b. Treaty of Nanjing c. Treaty of Yangtze d. Treaty of Taiping

b. Treaty of Nanjing

British and Dutch merchants came to China for a. sugar. c. tea. b. coffee. d. slaves.

c. tea.

The term free trade can be best described as a. the government promotion of private businesses. b. full government control of imports and exports that. contribute to the nation's GDP. c. trade without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions. d. trade that occurs between imperial colonies.

c. trade without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions.

Trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion which gave Western powers trade benefits are best known as a. Treaties of Nanjing c. unequal treaties b. extraterritoriality treaties d. Treaties of Taiping

c. unequal treaties

Britain used opium as a trade product to meet the demand for ________.

tea

free trade

Trade between countries without quotas, tariffs, or other restrictions; Free trade in China led to the creation of the world's first paper currency.

The first Europeans to establish a trade relationship with China were the a. Dutch. c. French. b. British. d. Portuguese.

d. Portuguese.

Treaties signed under threat of force were known as a. free trade treaties. c. extraterritorial treaties. b. imbalance of trade treaties. d. unequal treaties.

d. unequal treaties.

The ________ were the first Europeans to establish a trade relationship with China.

Portuguese

Opium Trade

China did not want opium; the BEIC paid for its tea purchases with cotton from India; there was a limited demand for cotton but a growing demand for tea; China did not want any more cotton; Britain chose opium to trade for tea; many Chinese became addicted, and Chinese officials were alarmed; silver supply paid for opium; there was a huge trade imbalance; they demanded that opium sales stop; the Chinese wrote a letter to Queen Victoria and asked her to stop trading the opium, but she said no

Treaty of Nanjing

In the Treaty of Nanjing that ended the First Opium War in 1842, Britain made China pay a huge indemnity (payment for losses in the war). Britain also gained Hong Kong; The Treaty of Nanjing is the treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War and would have a lasting effect on East -West relations.

The Portuguese

Portugal is on the coast of the Iberian peninsula and became a great trading empire; Portuguese ships reached China and established a trading station at Macao in 1557; Jesuit missionaries came from Portugal and used their knowledge of astronomy; they revised the Chinese calendar; this allowed the emperor to track growing seasons, so he loved the Jesuits and appointed them to government positions so that they gained power; the Jesuits' power brought about jealousy and concern; Chinese Catholics expected to promise faith and allegiance to the pope; the emperor of China denounced Christianity as anti-confucian, which led to Christians being prosecuted and distrusted; European missionaries deported to Macao and Chinese Christians stopped going to church

How did the British opium trade affect the Chinese economy?

Possible Answer: It caused too much silver to flow out of China, creating a trade imbalance.

Discuss the failure of China and Britain's relationship, and the success of the Japanese relationship with the Dutch.

Possible Answer: The Chinese tried to maintain control of the British traders, but their attempts to contain the traders backfired. When the British first arrived, they were given only minimal access to China: they only dealt with the one company, the government-sponsored British East India company. Furthermore, the British were allowed to trade only with a select group of Chinese merchants, and the British were only allowed to enter one port. However, free trade ideas broke up this monopoly, and competition among the new group of British traders brought opium into China. Introduced to help the British obtain tea, opium soon put a drain on China's economy. Attempts to stop the opium trade led to the Opium War, a war in which the British prevailed over the Chinese. British victory spurred unequal treaties that gave Britain more ports, self-rule, and low, fixed tariffs. Soon other nations followed the British lead. Attempts to stop the advance of the British had led to disaster. The Japanese dealt primarily with the Dutch. The Dutch made trading simple by coming to Japan on a trade-only basis, without imposing their religious or cultural customs on the Japanese. The Dutch were given access to a small amount of ports. Their trade was directly controlled by the shogunate. Some Dutch merchants were allowed to live in Japan. The British came to Asia wanting everything. By the time China decided it didn't want to give the British anything, it was too late. The Dutch did not demand much, and the Japanese gave them a little. Both parties were satisfied. Compromise was the way to success.

unequal treaties

Trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion, giving Western powers trade benefits; The unequal treaties were signed by several East Asian states, with mainly Western foreign powers, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

The Portuguese came to China to both trade and spread Christianity.

True

Free Trade Ideas

a reaction to mercantilism (a way of restricting trade: colonies supplied raw materials to the mother country and the mother country would send the finished materials back to the colonies and colonies could not trade with anyone else); free trade established that the government should not or could not restrict or interfere with trade; the British government put forth mercantilism but there were now protests by people wanting free trade; they wanted to have extra markets within China and open more ports with China but they said no; in 1816 Britain abolished the British East Indian Company

What did the Treaty of Nanjing do? a. It allowed the Portuguese to remain trade relations in China. c. It gave China the right to expel any merchant country which violated their system of beliefs. b. It gave the British rights to ports and low tariffs. d. It allowed the Japanese to remain independent of China in government and trade.

b. It gave the British rights to ports and low tariffs.

Before the demands of free trade, who held a monopoly on Chinese trade? a. Chinese merchants c. The Portuguese b. The British d. Japan

b. The British

In response to the importation of opium by the British East India Company, the Chinese government __________. a. offered to trade cotton in exchange for the opium b. demanded that the sale of opium immediately stop c. prohibited trade with Britain and shut down all British ports d. encouraged the trade to help boost the Chinese economy

b. demanded that the sale of opium immediately stop

Allowing foreigners to live by the rules of their home country instead of the country in which they live is known as a. territoriality. c. sovereignty. b. extraterritoriality. d. free trade.

b. extraterritoriality.

Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing, China gave the British control of __________. a. the Yangtze River b. Hong Kong c. Beijing d. the port at Macao Please select the best answer from the choices provided

b. Hong Kong

The Taiping Rebellion was based on a. mercantilist theory. c. Buddhist thought. b. Descartes's teachings. d. Christian teachings.

d. Christian teachings.

In China, which of the following events occurred first? a. The outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion. b. The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. c. The first battle of the Opium War. d. The establishment of the Macao port.

d. The establishment of the Macao port.

Shortly after arriving in China, Portuguese Jesuits did all of the following except a. revise the Chinese calendar. c. gain economic, political, and spiritual power. b. rise to official positions. d. denounce Confucianism as anti-Christian.

d. denounce Confucianism as anti-Christian.

All of the following were results of the Treaty of Nanjing EXCEPT: a. the end the First Opium War b. China was forced to pay huge indemnities c. Britain gained control of Hong Kong d. the start of free trade within China

d. the start of free trade within China

The British: More Concessions

other Western powers demanded trade treaties with China; they wrote unequal treaties that gave more power and advantages to the Westerners; Macao was also given up; China agreed to the treaties under fear of invasion; benefits were given to foreign powers; in 1856, there was another war and another unequal treaty that brought France into this whole mess; China is gradually losing parts of itself; China was defeated by France and England; additional ports opened up along the Yangtze; Embassy opened in Beijing; Christian missionaries/converts protected

Rebellions

the Taiping Rebellion; people rebelled against China; Hong Xiuquan was a very important person who was influenced by Christian teachings so much so that he wanted to establish a new Christian-based dynasty in China; he established against the dynasty and started the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864); "Heavenly Kingdom" and 1 million followers; his brothers were poor beaurocrats; they ruled southern China and the Yangtze valley; Muslims rebelled; the Qing put down all the rebellions and the dynasty was weakened; China's sovereignty was undermined

Chinese Restrictions

the foreigners were only allowed to dock at Guangzhou and had to live in a separate city outside of the Great Wall; the Chinese would choose trade reps; this caused bad relationships with the Chinese; the British wanted more ports

The British

trading post established at Guangzhou in the 1600s; The British Trading Company was established and wanted silk and tea; China's tea was the best in the world and Europeans wanted it; the BTC monopolized tea trade in China; China is a closed country and don't like that the Portuguese and Britain are coming in so they restricted them