China + Korea: Chapter 33
General Timeline (Korea)
-Goryeo Dynasty -Joseon (Choson) Dynasty •1910: Japan annexes Korea •1945, after WW II, Korea gains its independence through Western Allies + Soviet Union •1948: splits into 2 republics: -South Korea (Republic of Korea, which becomes a modern industrial nation + its artists are exposed/influenced by global art) and -North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
General Timeline (China)
1. Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368): Mongolian (East-central Asia) invasion of China by Genghis Khan -his grandson Kublai Khan establishes Yuan dyn 2. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644): starts w/ uprising of the people- Mongols kicked out. 3. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911): under Manchus (from North) invasion, yet they embrace Chinese culture 4. People's Republic of China (1912-1980): communist control w/ Marxist idealism
-Ming gardens in the palace -gardens designed to look unplanned; organic -fantastic rock work -artificial elements intended to reproduce the irregularities of nature -opposite of the Ming palace, which is tightly organized
What are the Suzhou gardens?
-overglaze colors -fuse to the glazed surface in an additional firing at a much lower temperature -offer ceramic painters a much brighter palette -used in porcelain
What is enamel?
-technique of wet on wet -used to create dream-like atmosphere -mist -atmospheric perspective
What is ink wash?
-a characteristic feature of Shitao's art -applying ink very heavily and expressively
What is massed ink?
-new imperial palace complex in Beijing -built during the Ming dynasty -very restricted access -emperor would receive official visitors -strict symmetry: order emperor brings
What is the Forbidden City?
-toward the end of Goryeo dynasty, Ming emperors attempted to take control of NE Korea -a general repelled and founded Joseon
What is the Joseon Dynasty?
-emperor declares himself Son of Heaven -grandest Ming architectural project: Forbidden City -large patronage to the Orchard Factory for lacquer covered wood
What is the Ming dynasty?
-precise, academic painting -parallels Northern Chan Buddhism -professional, highly trained court painters
What is the Northern painting school?
-workshop in Beijing that created many lacquer-covered wood objects for the Ming court -lacquer was carved into with floral motifs and imperial dragon and phoenix, etc
What is the Orchard Factory?
-overthrow of Qing dynasty: established Republic of China under the Nationalist Party -communists took control and founded the People's Republic -state-sponsored art supposed to promote Marxist ideas and official government propaganda
What is the People's Republic of China?
-Manchus of Manchuria overrun China in 17th century and establish Qing dynasty -adapted themselves to Chinese life -cultivated knowledge of Chinese arts, including literati painting
What is the Qing dynasty?
-subjective, freer painting -parallels Southern Chan Buddhism -literati, with freer and more expressive style
What is the Southern painting school?
-first foreign dynasty to rule all of China -Kublai Khan invades North China and proclaims it Yuan -Some Yuan Mongolian Emperors master Chinese language; others only used Mongolian language -many Chinese refuse to work for Mongolian control so they created literati circles where landscape painting and calligraphy flourish + Jingdezhen cobalt porcelain
What is the Yuan Dynasty?
-scholar-artists -emerged during Song dynasty -men and women from prominent families who painted primarily for a small audience of their social peers -highly educated and steeped in traditional Chinese culture -valued calligraphy, poetry, painting -often shows nostalgia for the past -rejected Mongol rule
What is the literati?
Wu Zhen, Huang Gongwang, Ni Zan, Wang Meng
Who are the 4 Great Masters of Yuan painting?
-group of people that invaded China and overthrew the Ming government -established the Qing dynasty
Who are the Manchus of Manchuria?
-one of the 4 great masters of Yuan painting -former civil servant and teacher of Daoism -sketched whole scene in one burst and then added to it over several years
Who is Huang Gongwang?
-one of the 4 great masters of Yuan painting -still active in the Ming dynasty -painting epitome of literati painting
Who is Ni Zan?
-one of the 4 great masters of Yuan painting -Youngest, least famous then but major influence on much later Chinese art -he was a maternal grandson of Zhao Mengfu, thus making him a descendant of the Song Dynasty's royal bloodline
Who is Wang Meng?
-one of the 4 great masters of yuan painting -shunned Mongol court and lived as hermit -a literati -Bamboo; popular subject as symbolizes: bends in adversity but does not break = ideal Chinese gentleman + parallel bamboo/calligraphy
Who is Wu Zhen?
Shitao
Who is the 1st Chinese expressionist painter?
Dong Qichang -his work foreshadows developments in 19th century European landscape painting
Who was the 1st modernist painter?