CHLS, AIS, AFRS, ASAM 319 Exam 1

Diversity of Latinx community: How much of u.s population

(19%)

13th, 14th, 15th amendment

13th: freedom/abolishment of slavery 14th: all of us citizens are guaranteed equal rights/protection 15th: freedom to vote/suffrage

14th Amendment and Birthright Citizenship in United States vs. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

14th Amendment (1868): Birthright Citizenship He won this Legal challenges were important for Chinese Americans because they did not have political power Wong gets into Angel Island in San Francisco and is refused entry because they don't believe he's a US citizen through birthright, he sues the US government up until the Supreme Court for his right to re-entry to the US with birthright citizenship If a child's US citizenship by birthright it doesn't matter what the status of their parents is was said by the Supreme Court

In what historical moments has the racialization of citizenship occurred?

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Naturalized citizenship only available to whites 1898 Filipino - Spanish - Cuban - American War Jones act ( 1917) 1945-1991 - Cold War period Cuban adjustment (1966) Refugees and asylum seekers from the Caribbean and Central America (1970 - today )

The ratio between largest national origin group in relation to following ones

60% Mexican origin, 9% next group, not equally distributed

Young Lords Party

A multiethnic and african american, latino/x, women, LGBTQ membership, self-identified as a revolutionist who rallied for Puerto Rico's independence and power to the people.

the "Gentlemen's Agreement" (1906)

An agreement between Japan and the US that restricted Japanese laborers from coming to America. Permitted the immigration of wives, children, and parents.

Anna May Wong

An american actress, considered the first chinese american film star in Hollywood, as well as the first chinese american actress to gain international recognition.

Genocide as defined by the United Nations and international law (canary effect)

Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, or religious group: Killing members of a group: Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part Imposing measures intended to prevent births within a group Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group

What are the benefits/ advantages, disadvantages, and or points of contention (like exclusion) in these collective terms?

Asian Americans: - Collective noun for a pan-ethnic community created and adopted in the1960s as a strategy for political solidarity,mobilization, and unity in struggles for civil rights, social justice, and rights to a relevant education (Asian American Movement) - Recognition of shared histories of colonialism, oppression, and discriminatory Practices.

Driving population growth (birth v. migration)

Birth rates went up higher over the years during the early 2000 whereas migration had dramatically dropped around that time.

Asian American and Pasifika communities/settlements in CA

Carson's population of Native Hawaiians (Kanaka Maoli) and Pasikia is about 2.65% Three top cities in CA of Pacific Islander population: Carson, Long Beach, & Compton

The cold war period: 1960's -1980's ( Guerra)

Continued history of Pre WWll intervention to protect US capital US support for right wings regimes in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, The Dominican Republic, and Haiti Withholding of refugee status for those fleeing US-backed conflicts.

Various acts and modes of resistance

Coyote space piece, CSULB protests, land acknowledgment (political and cultural resistance), revitalizing ancestral traditions, legal resistance, survival is resistance

Modes of resistance in the black freedom movement

Cultural Legal Social activist Armed

Modes of resistance to enslavement

Cultural: retention of memory, language, moral and spiritual values, family, humanity Day to day: Strikes, work slowdowns, breaking tools, destroying crops, setting fires to houses, buildings, and fields, attacks on the enslavers. Abolitionism: struggling to abolish enslavement Emigration: leave the US and return to Africa or go to Haiti, Canada, Mexico, South America, or any other place. Armed resistance: Ship mutinies, revolts, guerrilla warfare, alliances with Afro-Mexicans and Afro-Native Americans.

Major goals of the Million Man March/Day of Absence

D.C 1995 Responsibility and engagement of men Family and male/female relations Social economic and environmental justice Independent politics

History, definition, and fundamental aspects

Definition: struggle and record of people in the process of shaping their world 4 major struggles: nature, society, others, ourselves

Gold rush

Due to the overpopulation of native Americans the gold seekers initiated a holocaust on California's Native peoples that scarcely diminished in intensity until the end of the nineteenth century.

The Immigration Reform Act of 1965 and The Refugee Assistance Act (1975) and how they affected demographics in Asian America

Eliminated racial tendencies and removed racial quotas allowing more Asians, Asian women and Families to come to the US. Reimbursements to states with refugees

Brown v. board of education

Ended racial segregation in schools after Linda Brown, an African American child was forced to attend school much further away from home in Topeka, Kansas because of her race.

Def of ethnocracy and why Latinx millennials used Latinx as both a racial and ethnic category (NFG citizens but not Americans)

Ethnocracy: A form of government in which a particular ethnic group holds a disproportionate amount of government power. Racialization of birthplace (undocumented) Citizenship legally and historically has been defined as white (Treaty of Guadalupe)

Mendez v. Westminster

Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez took legal action after their children were not allowed to enroll at their neighborhood school in Westminster. Their case, Mendez v. Westminster, would go on to outlaw forced school segregation in California.

Ecomienda System (Missions)

Forced and violent labor conditions Inhumane living conditions The destruction of native food sources resulted in malnutrition and starvation Disease and illness Suppression of culture, language, religion

Difference between Hispanic and Latinx

Hispanic has roots in Spain/Spanish colonization and is more top-down/not grassroots, Latino emerges out of an effort to distance itself from Spanish colonization and focuses on geography

Ethnic group

Historical or national origin Distinctive cultural traits and practices A sense of community

Effects of the American War in Vietnam (Vietnam War) and Southeast Asia on flows of migration to US

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and the refugee flows starting in 1975, the number of Asian Americans have increased significantly. It has become the fastest growing population in the nation, even outpacing the growth of the Latino population.

Asian Pacific Islander Desi American:

Includes every group and corner of the Asian and Pacific regions

Johnson-Reed Act of 1924

Influenced by eugenicist science Established quotas for immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe Quotas based on percentages recorded in the US census Limited visas for non-western Europeans to 150 - 165 thousand - an 80% reduction Co - existed with Asian exclusion Created the US border patrol The western hemisphere was excluded but a $10 border tax was charged for Mexicans.

Fundamental aspect of history:

It is human in the fullest and most diverse sense of the world It is social by and about people and definite social situations in a definite relation to others, themselves, and nature. It is conflictual, full of contradictions, conflicts, and struggles to solve conflicts, It is fluid and changeable, with constant movement Is manageable, subject to be controlled and directed change

Why do Latinx millennials feel like they are citizens but not Americans?

Latinix milennials feel that they are not considered to be part of American culture.

Luisa Moreno

Leader of the United States labor movement in the 1930's Deported out of the US back to Guatemala due to her communist beliefs

Moral vs. Commercial Interpretation of Enslavement

Moral enslavement is the destruction of human culture, life, and possibility Commercial enslavement is for trade and financial gain

Holocaust of enslavement

Morally monstrous destruction of human life, human culture, and human possibility Human life: 10 - 100 million murdered, maimed, tortured, torn apart, and rendered culturally and socially dead Human culture great works of art, literature, music, cities, towns, villages, countries, empires, culture-makers, and culture-keepers Human Possibility destruction of life chances (reparations), imposition of cultural and social death, and disregard objectification, reducing Africans to objects of labor, sex, and entertainment

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Naturalized citizenship only available to whites Ended the mexican-american war, US gained more than half of mexico's territory Although the govt initially promised to protect native Mexican/Native Americans before the treaty was signed, more white settlers began to come into the land and native people began to be seen as "foreigners"

Ancient classical civilizations in Africa

Nubia Kemet (Ancient Egypt) 3100 BCE - 31 CE light/ temple of the world fountain of spiritual and ethical teachings Ethiopia (100 CE - now) Economic and cultural exchange between Africans and peoples of southwestern Arabia international trade (ivory, glass, crystal, copper, brass, etc.) Western Sudanic Civilizations Ghana, Tunka, Kumbi Saleh (300 CE - 1240 CE) Mali, Mansa, Niani (1230 CE - 1468 CE) Songhai, Askia, Timbuktu (1468 CE - 1591 CE)

Achievements of African American Freedom Movement

Organization, political education, revolt, self-defense, community control, and development Desegregation, affirmative action, national reassessment Expanded realm of freedom Re-Africanization Basis for a multicultural university Independent institutions Internationalization of struggle Model of human liberation

How is the idea of who can fully claim to be an American racialized?

People may be born in the U.S. but cultural aspects of citizenship keep them from claiming

Pasifika

Peoples, cultures, and language of Pacific groups (including: Sāmoa, Tonga, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and other smaller Pacific nations). Is preferred term and takes into account migration in search or education and economic opportunities

Difference between formal, political citizenship, and cultural citizenship

Political: impacts political and social rights Cultural: shared cultures, values, belonging, and assimilation are required to belong Formal: based on documentation

Positive and limiting aspects of panethnicity

Pos: allows for those in smaller minority groups to be a part of bigger ones Neg: representation of all groups is not equal and concerns of smaller groups may get lost

Luisa Capetillo

Puerto Rico's famous labor leader

Which places are the most populous, and what that diversity looks like

Roughly 200 in CA California has the highest Native American population in the country - 12% of the total Native American population (approximately 720,000) 574 federally recognized tribes in the U.S

Difference between settler and extractive colonialism (three key characteristics: what how when)

Settler colonialism: seeks to replace the original population of a colonized territory with a new society of settlers Extractive colonialism: involves the exploitation of natural resources and indigenous population

History of CSULB in relation to first peoples and sacred sites

Since CSULB is on the native land of the Puvungna, an ancient Gabrielino/Tongva village and the birthplace of an American-Indian religion, CSULB hosts an annual celebration. The resting place of the Tognva was violated when campus workers were digging a trench. Respectfully CSULB reburied and protected the sacred land of the peoples.

Major goals of the Million Woman March

Sisterhood Spirituality Family Partnership Social Action

The Hart-Cellar Act of 1965

Sought to diversify the immigrant population from the Western European dominance Imposed a quota for all areas including the western hemisphere Prioritized relatives of citizens refugees and skilled workers Shaped by domestic civil rights movement and decolonization movements

Contention:

South Asians & Southeast Asians do not feel recognized under this umbrella term Face a lot of colorism,classism, and not a lot of understanding about who Southeast Asians are and how we fit into the Asian American context. they are excluded from the Asian American umbrella because of their cultural, religious, and other differences - resulting in lack of representation in Asian American Studies, narratives, and media representations.

Mission system:

The Indian land seized was then held in trust by the Spanish crown under the encomienda system, by which the Spanish administered their colonies.

Genocide relationship to the logic of elimination

The Logic of Elimination is the organizing principle of settler colonialism and requires the practical elimination of Natives in order to establish itself on Native territory. In settler societies, genocide is a way to eliminate native populations to enact the principle of logic of elimination

Public Education in Tape v. Hurley (1885)

The Supreme Court of California ruled that excluding children of Chinese parents from public schools violated state law and the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Angel Island and its role in Asian immigrant experiences

The U.S military used the immigration station on Angel Island as a processing center for prisoners of war, as well as a detention center for hundreds of japanese immigrants from Hawaii and the mainland United States.

Family Reunification ( chain migration):

The right to petition a family from their homeland can enter the US with them, must have a job, money, and if you bring someone over you are responsible for that person, housing and everything. Preference for professionals, engineers, scientists, investors, and " artists of exceptional promise" If you show you can do any of these you can get a preferential visa transformed Asian American demographics by eliminating racial quotas and allowing for a more diverse range of immigrants to enter the United States.

Missing treaties

The treaties were then conveniently "lost" in the Senate archives and not rediscovered until 1905. The treaties were never ratified and then "lost" the Indians were forced to give up virtually all of the promised lands and settle instead for small temporary rancherias and farms, a mere fraction of the original 8.5 million acres that were promised.

What were the conditions that motivated activists to join the young lord party?

They wanted to advocate for their community to have access to healthcare, education, housing, and employment.

Understanding of the history of colonialism and genocide in CA

Three waves of colonization Spanish: to convert Indians to Christianity and to use Indian labor to further Spanish economic aims. Mexican: after the Mexican revolution the constitution formally secularized the mission system. It was essentially the same as Spanish rule, neither Spain nor Mexico acknowledged Indian ownership of the land United States: A pastoral California, with its Indian population, Spanish missions, and Mexican ranchos was quickly overturned by the gold seekers, a holocaust of the California Indians was ensured.

Sacred sights and first people of LA - Prof. Craig Stone, Prof. Cindy Alvitri

Twenty two-acre green space at CSULB adjacent to Bellflower Boulevard on lower campus to the Puvungna and Tongva

How is Latinx population distributed geographically

West primarily where Latinx population is, metropolitan areas (CA, TX)

California statehood:

When California statehood occurred (1850), Congress appropriated funds to appoint three commissioners to "negotiate treaties with the various tribes of California."

Holocaust:

a morally monstrous act of genocide which is not only against the people themselves but also a crime against humanity

What is race?

a socio-biological concept constructed to assign human worth and social status, using Europeans as the paradigm

What is racism? Definition and three key aspects (imposition...)

a system of denial, deformation, and destruction of people's history ability to turn attitude into public policy and sanctioned practice, systemic and systematic expressions of racism: imposition (domination, violence: physically, psychological, social), ideology (justification), and institutional arrangement (structures, processes to perpetuate and promote imposition and ideology)

Weber bill AB 1460

all CSU students take ethnic studies class started at CSULB Basic Assumption: Quality education by definition is a multicultural education with Ethnic Studies at its center

Resistance

any and all personal and collective efforts to reduce and end oppression, injustice, and domination cultural: maintain world values, language, and customs maintain self-conception or identity forge a larger identity for cooperation and struggle institution building maintain social structure cultural revival and resistance legal judicial initiatives, court cases legislative initiatives, changes, new laws social activist demonstrations, strikes, etc. armed conventional wars, battles, guerilla warfare, raids, self-defense

Cultural genocide

commission of acts to destroy a people's views, values, beliefs, practices, family relations, leaders and intellectuals, organizations and institutions, language, land relationship and other essentials that define them as people

Settler Colonialism does what?

coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, policies, structures, and practices different strategies of elimination become favored in particular historical circumstances, eliminating Native peoples was encouraged bounty hunting in CA, the government would set aside funds to compensate those who killed Native peoples (pay depended on age/race) spatial removal, mass killings, assimilation policies, incarceration, abduction of children, cultural appropriation, "statistical" extermination, etc.

Fundamental forms of resistance to oppression

cultural (retention of one's language, arts, traditions, etc.) - legal (judicial and legislative, judicial being court cases while legislative being new laws being made/changes in laws) - social activism (marches, rallies, protests, etc.) - armed

Illegal immigration reform and immigrant responsibility act (1996) and Khmer Americans

effects of poverty, lack of info, family separation Role of community-based organizations 2002: "Agreement" between U.S. and Cambodia, Cambodia forced to accept repatriates. Cambodians who did not apply for US citizenship can be deported even for misdemeanors, even after they serve their prison time, regardless of green card (permanent resident status) or marriage to a US citizen. Most deportees are 1.5 gen (born outside of Cambodia, grew up in refugee camps or the US, do not speak Khmer). Deportees can never return to the US. Deportations are global issues: family separation.

Is Hispanic/ Latinx race or ethnicity on the census (citizens but not Americans piece)

ethnicity

Origins of hispanics

founded in Spain, first used the 1980 census, decided between government and groups

Asian/Pacific Islander

government issued term for census purposes - contention: want term retired because it lumps them in with colonizer, want to be separate from asian americans, - pacific islanders feel overshadowed and do not get sufficient resources under umbrella term - undermines fight for sovereignty, getting back their own land, and self determination

Ethnocentrism

intense feeling of commitment to and preference for one's own ethnic group, seeing it as the major or exclusive center of one's concerns and activities (negative) sense of superiority, negative judgment of others by own standards/values, and denial of others rights and equal access (domination, degradation, and deprivation) (positive) centering and grounding own community and culture, preference for own culture, openness to mutually respectfully relations and exchanges with others

Perez v. Sharp

is a 1948 case decided by the Supreme Court of California in which the court held by a 4-3 majority that the state's ban on interracial marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The primary motive of settler colonialism: land and territorial occupation

land and territorial occupation

how is it undertaken (settler colonialism)

logic of elimination, white supremacy, enslavement, and genocide

Latinx and gender-inclusive terms

more gender inclusive, latine is easier to translate for Spanish speakers

Difference between native and colonial relationships to land

native people did not see land as a commodity, or property, to be sold, but as a relative, not something to own

when does it occur:

ongoing, ceaseless process, not an isolated moment, as long as any Native people still exist, they remain "in the way" of settler colonialism & signal a failure of the settler colonial project

Race, Labor, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882):

prohibited Chinese laborers- defined as "both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining"- from entering the country prevented Chinese Laborers who had left the US from returning.

What does "economic refugee" mean, and how and why do Hawaiians become "economic refugees"

refers to a person who is forced to leave their home country due to economic reasons, such as poverty or lack of job opportunities. It is important to note that the term "economic refugee" is not a legal category, but rather a descriptive term. as economic refugees from an economy that is skewed toward tourism, the military, and other economic forces economic refugees have to go outside of Hawaii to find jobs, make a livable wage Carson, Long Beach, and Compton have the highest Asian american populations in CA

Plessy v Ferguson

separate but equal (1896)

Eurocentrism

thought and practice rooted in the assumption that the greatest relevance and value are centered in European peoples and culture and that all other peoples are at best marginal and at worst, irrelevant

Civil rights and black power

two phases: civil rights (1955-1965) employment, ownership, activism, marches black power (1965-1975) self-determination self-respect self-defense basic goals: freedom, justice, equality, power

Race and "whiteness" in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)

whether Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian immigrant, could be classified as "white" and therefore eligible for naturalization as a U.S. citizen. The Supreme Court ruled that even though Thind was of high caste Aryan descent, he did not meet the racial criteria for being considered "white" under U.S. law. This case highlighted the complex and arbitrary nature of racial classifications and the exclusionary practices of immigration and naturalization policies at the time.