CHM Exam 4 (Chapter 3) Study Guide
In Table 3.3 the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere was 396 ppm. However, in 2012 it rose above ____
400 ppm
When looking at a balanced chemical reaction, be able to compare the number of moles of each species. For example, in the following reaction: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O ----> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
6 moles of CO2 react with 6 moles of H2O to form 1 mole of C6H12O6 and 6 moles of O2.
1 mole of an element contains ________ atoms of that element.
6.022 x 10²³
T/F: The greenhouse effect and global warming are the exact same thing.
False
T/F: Weather and climate are identical (they refer to the exact same concept in every detail).
False
T/F: Chemists Never Use Moles when Discussing Chemical Reactions.
False (always)
Does CO₂ lead to higher global temperatures?
CO2 absorbs heat, and can reside in the atmosphere, which acts as a greenhouse; CO2 concentrations and earth's temperature have been directly related The molecules (like CO2) absorb the radiation coming from space and from the surface of the planet...then they give off the energy (emit it), and it returns to the surface of the earth.
Which of the following are greenhouse gases? -CO₂ (carbon dioxide) -H₂O (water) -CH₄ (methane) -CFCs -HFCs -Nitrogen -Oxygen
CO2, H2O, CH4, CFCs, HFCs
What are the two main greenhosue gases?
Carbon dioxide and water
Which is the definition of a chemical mole? a. 1 of something b. 2 of something c. 36 of something d. 6.022 x 10²³ of something
D
What was one of the major statements made by Dr. Alan Finkel in the video watched in class (the answer is on the slide where the video was imbedded).
"The temperature's going up, what will that do to climate? That's where it gets very, very difficult. Now you're into the world of modelling."
What is the charge of Hydrogen and Lithium?
+1
What are some climate mitigation strategies?
-Reduce the Amount of CO2 Emissions. -Improve Energy Efficiency. -Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) -Reforestation
What are some steps that governments have taken in helping to prevent climate change? Have they been completely successful (meaning all countries have joined the accords)?
-United Nations Climate Conference, 2007 -Paris Climate Change Agreement, 2015
What are some of the phenomena occurring globally that indicate major changes in the earth's climate?
-declining krill populations -the great barrier reef is now "dead" -reindeer are getting smaller -frequent wildfires and floods -prolonged droughts -migration patterns for disease carrying insects are changing
What are some factors that can affect the Earth's climate?
-periodic changes in the earth's orbit -tilt of the Earth's axis. -Ice ages -volcanic activity -Fluctuations in earth's orbit -changes in reflectivity (amount of light hitting planet) -cloud cover -airborne dust -carbon dioxide and methane changes -Tilt of the sun -seasons
What are the major greenhouse gases?
-water vapor (H2O) -carbon dioxide (CO2) -methane (CH4) -nitrous oxide (N2O) -CFCs -HFCs
What are some natural sources for methane production?
-wetlands (major contributor) -bacteria decomposing organic matter (without the use of molecular oxygen) -thawing of permafrost -oceans -termites -cattle and sheep -landfills (from partial decomposition of organic matter)
How many moles are in 10.0 grams of Magnesium (Mg)?
0.411 grams
What is the molecular weight of water?
18.015 g/mol
Who said this?: "The temperature's going up, what will that do to climate? That's where it gets very, very difficult. Now you're into the world of modelling."
Dr. Alan Finkel
Tetrahedral and bent molecules can also stretch and bend, thereby absorbing ____ _____.
IR radiation
Why is it important to know how many elementary particles are reacting?
Knowing the numbers of particles in a mole allows us to calculate the number of elementary particles of any substance by measuring the mass of the sample.
The ______, an international and legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases emissions world wide, entered into force in 2005.
Kyoto Protocol
______ established goals to stabilize and reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases. (limit of greenhouse gas emissions)
Kyoto Protocol
How can we have some degree of certainty a model is accurate displaying climate events?
Scientists are using all of the available evidence to come up with programs to model the global climate. They are using supercomputers, chemistry, biology, geology, archaeology, paleontology and other disciplines to come up with programs (Can be tested against past and current data and see if they have some predictive power)
Are the processes we humans use to live our lives contributing to the greenhouse effect such that we're endangering the earth? Yes, no, not enough information...
The vast majority of scientists agree that global warming is occurring and that humans are contributing to it. The evidence that climate change is occurring and that humans are contributing to it continues to grow. Humans put vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; that's playing a role in the planet warming up. Just in the past 50 yrs alone, we're up in over 400 ppm of CO2. In the past 1,000 years alone, we see that the amt of CO2 in the atmosphere has dramatically increased.
Are the changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and temperatures correlated?
There are trends linking the amt of greenhouse gases and temperatures to correlate. In the past 160,000 years, CO2 concentrations and earth's temperature have been directly related. ---They're correlated, but it can't be concluded that increasing greenhouse gases has caused an increase in temperature.
Has the average global temperature increased or decreased in the last 50 to 100 years?
There has been an increase in average global temperature during the past century (the overall trend is up) (In the past 50 years, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased significantly.)
What are some natural sources to periodic changes in global sources?
There is geological evidence that releases of trapped methane have occurred in the past and led to higher global temperatures.
Do the highs and lows in carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures correlate on the chart?
They correlate with one another, but they might not be linked as a cause for one another; there's not enough information present to make a firm statement.
"The Highs and lows in carbon dioxide concentration (blue) and global temperatures (red) match remarkably well. However...". Know the major conclusion from this slide:
This data doesn't allow us to determine a cause and effect. You can not draw conclusions based on. There's not enough information to make a firm statement and draw a conclusion.
T/F: A mole of two different substances weigh different amounts.
True
T/F: CO₂ concentrations and earth's temperature have been directly related
True
T/F: Climate Mitigation - reducing climate change - involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the "sinks" that accumulate and store these gases (such as the oceans, forests and soil). The goal of mitigation is to avoid significant human interference with the climate system, and "stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner"
True
T/F: Climate change is affecting plant and animal life (including humans) on the planet earth
True
T/F: Many gases play a role on climate change and are often more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CO2.
True
T/F: Radiative forcings take into account both natural and anthropogenic (human) factors
True
T/F: The US and China have reached an agreement to limit carbon emissions.
True
T/F: The burning of coal, natural gas and petroleum products accounts for over 90% of all the energy produced and consumed worldwide.
True
yearly conferences held in the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Climate Conference
Be able to explain (in terms of energy from the sun that passes through the atmosphere) what is happening.
Visible and UV light come through the atmosphere, hit the planet, and then some of that energy that's absorbed is given off as heat (Infrared radiation); of the stuff that's omitted, and heads up, about 60% is omitted from the atmosphere and the other 9% is omitted from the surface of the planet, but then there's this bit that's reabsorbed into the atmosphere; the thing is, the atmosphere can now absorb this infrared radiation (or heat); it doesn't block the UV visible (other than the high energies) but, it can absorb the heat, and then that heat can be pushed back down, making the earth warmer than it would be if it wasn't there.
What is the difference between climate and weather?
Weather is what happens on a day to day basis and climate happens over decades in sections. Weather is experienced on a daily and weekly basis, climate is a much longer timescale (at least 30,40, 60 years). Weather is short term, climate is long term.
Has Concentration of CO₂ increased over the past century?
Yes
Do humans contribute to CO2 in the atmosphere?
Yes, Humans contribute to CO2 in the atmosphere.
Is the greenhouse effect real? If so, have humans caused it or is it "natural"?
Yes, the greenhouse effect is real. There are both natural and human causes, but humans are primarily responsible.
Is there experimental evidence that carbon dioxide and water vapor absorb infrared radiation?
Yes; John Tyndall (1820 - 1893) discovered that both CO2 and water vapor absorb infrared radiation (heat). It was known that these things could absorb heat before climate change was discussed.
Have the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases changed over time?
Yes; they have risen.
Which of the following are expected or predicted effects of climate change?: -sea levels rising -flooding in coastal cities -out of control wildfires -more severe droughts -more severe weather events -more flooding -loss of plant and animal life -expanding (or growing) glaciers
all but expanding (or growing) glaciers
Which factors listed below should be considered when deciding which greenhouse gases should be targeted for control?: -greenhouse factor -relative abundance -atmospheric lifetime
all fo them
Burning fossil fuels are a form of ________ reason for the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentrations
anthropogenic (human)
Our ______ is essential; we need it to breathe and to protect us from UV radiation, and to keep this planet warm.
atmosphere
The _____ mass is always measured in g/mol
atomic
Avagadro's number is used to find _____.
atoms
Which of the following processes will (or should) help reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere?: a. clear-cutting of forests b. car pooling c. using more renewable resources d. generating more electricity with power sources that do not produce CO₂ (such as nuclear, hydroelectric, solar, etc.) d. carbon capture and storage e. improve energy efficiency f. increase the amount of CO₂ emissions
b, c, d, and e
The shapes of molecules are very important in ______ systems.
biological
____ _____ like CO2, can stretch and bend, thereby absorbing IR radiation.
chemical molecules
____ _____ like H2O, can stretch and bend, thereby absorbing IR radiation.
chemical molecules
Earths' _____ has been directly affected by periodic changes in the earth's orbit and the tilt of the Earth's axis. Ice ages and other factors like: volcanic activity, (Fluctuations in earth's orbit, changes in reflectivity (amount of light hitting planet) cloud cover, airborne dust, carbon dioxide and methane changes.) Tilt of the sun, seasons, etc.
climate
_____ change is affecting plant, insect and animal species around the world.
climate
consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term global warming and its related effects
climate change mitigation
generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).
climate change mitigation
What are these part of?: -Reduce the Amount of CO2 Emissions. -Improve Energy Efficiency. -Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) -Reforestation
climate mitigation strategies
negative radiative forcings (going to the left) have a _____ effect.
cooling
Not all species exist as ______ molecules.
discrete
The increase in both CO2 and temperature in the ocean is putting entire _____ at risk.
ecosystems
The increase in both CO2 and temperature in the ocean is putting entire ______ at risk.
ecosystems
Based on global warming potential, The most ____ greenhouse gases have the highest global warming potential.
efficient
Gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide (and many other molecule) interact with ______ ________ (infrared or heat). They are greenhouse gases bc they trap the heat. (Methane is also a greenhouse gas that comes from human activities. Water is also a greenhouse gas. The CFCs and HFCs are greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is focused on so much because it is there is the largest amounts (humans generate a lot of it). Carbon dioxide and water are the main greenhouse gases.)
electromagnetic radiation
A mole of atoms of any element will have a mass in grams _____ to the atomic weight of the element.
equal
Moles relates directly to _____ in the periodic table using the atomic weight.
grams
The _____ ______ has been on this planet since it developed an atmosphere; it is a warming of the planet earth bc we have an atmosphere; energy from the sun hits the earth and the oceans and they absorb some of that energy; visible an UV light come through the atmosphere, hit the planet, and then some of that energy is given off as heat (infrared radiation). Of the stuff that heads up, about 60% is omitted from the atmosphere; the atmosphere can't absorb IR radiation or heat. This is what makes our earth warmer
greenhouse effect
the warming of the planet when heat is trapped by gases in the atmosphere and returned to the planet.
greenhouse effect
CO2 and many other molecule are _______
greenhouse gases
The greater the amt of _____ _______, the more likely heat is to be absorbed by the atmosphere, and the warmer it will be. (The higher the concentration of these, the greater the likelihood of more heat being absorbed and global temperatures rising.)
greenhouse gases
These are the major ____ _____: Carbon Dioxide, Water, Methane CFCs, HFCs
greenhouse gases
_____ ______ absorb heat from the earth and then re-emit it back to earth
greenhouse gases
2 Common examples of the greenhouse effect:
greenhouses and cars
The higher the concentration of greenhouse gases, the greater the likelihood of more ___ being absorbed and global temperatures rising.
heat
_____ goes into the vibrations of atoms in bonds that can absorb them. Shape plays an important role in how a molecule vibrates, and these vibrations allow molecules to absorb it.
heat (IR Radiation)
(in the graph), atmospheric lifetime refers to:
how long the gas stays in the atmosphere
Experimental evidence implicates carbon dioxide from ________ sources as the cause of recent global warming
human-related (anthropogenic)
The vast majority of scientists agree that global warming is occurring and that _____ are contributing to it.
humans
Where does the heat (or IR radiation) go in chemical molecules that an absorb them?
into the vibrations of atoms in bonds
Most elements exist as a mixture of _____
isotopes
The greenhouse effect is necessary for ____ on this planet
life
A ____ is a unit that represents an immense number.
mole
Chemists use the _____ because we are dealing with an immense number of particles and we don't want to deal with single particles.
mole
The ____ is the link between the macroscopic world and the atomic world
mole
___ literally means 'Huge Pile'.
mole
Climate change is currently affecting plant, insect and animal life, including humans, on the planet. There are no ______ sources to account for these phenomena.
natural
Are these greenhouse gases?: Nitrogen, Oxygen
no
Did the guest on "the newsroom" predict that there was any way to stop the negative consequences of climate change?
no
If a problem just asks for moles or grams, do you need avagadro's number?
no
Does the data below (on graph) allow one to conclude that increasing greenhouse gases cause increased temperature changes?
no (although the two variables track amazingly well, the precision of the data do not allow assignment of cause and effect. It is difficult to conclusively conclude that increasing greenhouse gases caused the temperature changes.
______ and _____ account for well over 70% of human generated CO2 emissions
power/heating stations and transportation
the natural and anthropogenic factors that influence the balance of the Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation. (long-lived greenhouse gases, ozone, surface albedo, total areosol: direct effect and cloud albedo effect, solar irradiance)
radiative forcings
When looking at the models, that all of them point to _____ average global temperatures (even if we keep emissions at current levels)
rising
_____ plays an important role in how a molecule vibrates, and these vibrations allow molecules to absorb infrared radiation.
shape
_____ play an integral role in determining the properties of chemical molecules.
shapes
_____ play an integral role in determining whether a chemical is a greenhouse gas.
shapes
The numerical relationship between chemical quantities in a balanced equation is called reaction is called _______
stoichiometry
________ involves taking a balanced chemical equation and using it to make predictions
stoichiometry
Chemical molecules, like O2, are _____ and so do not absorb infrared radiation.
symmetrical
What is the least abundant greenhouse gas in the earth's atmosphere based on the table below?
the one with the lowest number under concentration
(in the graph), global warming potential refers to:
the risk that the gas puts us at for global warming (how high the potential is to cause it)
Atmospheric gases (such as CO2) ____ and ____ a major portion of the heat radiating from the Earth.
trap and return
T/F: A mole of two different substances weigh different amounts
true
T/F: Infrared (IR) radiation and heat are identical (they refer to the exact same concept in every detail).
true
T/F: Protons and neutrons won't be fractions of a particle
true
True or False. There are 10.81 grams of Boron in 1 mole of Boron.
true (If you look at the periodic table, the mass number is 10.81 g/mole.)
T/F: Consider the clip from the HBO series The Newsroom in 2012; Based on the evidence presented, the concentration of carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii has now risen higher than 400 ppm.
true (this is also confirmed by several graphs presented in the notes.)
Thawing permafrost amplifies ______ and might release trapped CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CH4 (methane) into the atmosphere.
warming
positive radiative forcings (going to the right) have a _____ effect
warming
Is the increase in CO₂ is due to human activity?
we are Virtually certain
Is the CO₂ generated by human activity is responsible for global temperature increase?
we are Virtually certain (evidence has been growing for a long time)
Has there been an increase in global temperature the past century?
yes
Can we distinguish natural climate variability from human (or anthropogenic) influences?
yes; there are small fluctuations between weather naturally, but the climate is also being affected by human influences. This is difficult to do, though.
What is humanity's role in Global warming? If humans are contributing to it, what is the major source of the contribution?
• Deforestation • Burning of Fossil fuels • Etc.
How much does 1 mole of 12C atoms weigh?
12 grams
What is the atomic mass of a carbon atom?
12.011 g/mol
More and more carbon dioxide is being absorbed by the oceans. What might occur to the acidity levels of the ocean if this continues?
Carbon dioxide is weakly soluble in water and forms carbonic acid, changing the ocean's pH levels. Sea-levels are rising primarily because as water warms up, it expands.
Even better news is that this year, The U.S. and ____- the world's largest economies and greenhouse gas emitters - have formally approved the Paris Agreement, solidifying a new global framework to address climate change.
China
refers to the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variabilities and extremes) to moderate potential damage.
Climate Adaption
Which produces more CO2? Volcanoes or fossil fuels? Know the general conclusion.
Fossil fuels produce more CO2. (Volcanoes produce only 1.8% as much CO2 per years as petroleum. (And that's only petroleum...not Coal, natural gas, wood, etc.))
_____ ______ is the popular term used to describe the increase in average global temperatures. It's the actual rise in temp
Global warming
_____ _____ is the actual rise in temp and the ____ _____ involves the trapping of heat. They're linked to one another (why it's called the enhanced greenhouse effect)
Global warming , greenhouse effect
• Can we distinguish natural climate variability from human (or anthropogenic) influences?
Natural phenomena cannot fully explain what's going on w climate change. Humanity faces some difficult decisions; these people are in situations where they're damned if they do and they're damned if they don't .. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atomosphere keeps going up, and so is the temperature.
What's the between ppm (parts per million) and ppb (parts per billion)
Ppm is a much greater amount than Ppb; 1 ppm=1,000 ppb)
True or False: The average global temperature will continue to increase as human generated emission of greenhouse gases increases.
Probably true
Global warming skeptics often claim that the temperature of the planet has decreased (or stayed relatively constant) the past several decades. Does the graph below provide support for this claim?
No, the graph does not support the conclusion at all. The average temperature of the planet has increased over the past century, and especially the past three decades
Are droughts, floods, summer heat waves evidence for global warming?
No. Droughts, floods, and summer heat waves are anecdote and personal experience, not evidence for global warming.
The highs and lows in carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures match remarkably well (As do concentrations of methane, another greenhouse gas). 1.) Does the precision of the data allow an assignment of cause and effect? 2.) Can one conclusively conclude that increasing greenhouse gases caused the temperature changes?
No; No; this is too difficult to do from the chart
_________ are the judge of many aspects of global warming and greenhouse emissions.
Observations
in December 2015 where 195 countries adopted the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate deal. The agreement commits countries to: Tell the world how they're going to fight climate change, report regularly on their emissions and their efforts (subject to international review) and, every five years, say what they'll do next.
Paris Climate Change Agreement
How can scientists measure the probable temperature of the planet hundreds of thousands of years ago?
The Geological record has recorded such events for hundreds of millions to billions of years...
What would life be like on this planet without the greenhouse effect?
The average temperature without greenhouse effect would be very cold: -18 degrees C (0 degrees F) and be covered in ice. Life as we know it would not be able to survive (it wouldn't exist). We need the greenhouse effect to be warm. Too much of a good thing can be a bad thing w the green house effect, though.
What happens if we use our best available data and try to decrease human contributions to greenhouse gas emissions using the best technology available?
The conveniences will be costly.
What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect involves the trapping of heat.
Some greenhouse gases are more efficient than others...if given a compound and its greenhouse factor, be able to say which is the most efficient. Can find this information in Table 3.3 that's in the text and in the notes.
The higher the number of the global warming potential (like in the graps), the more efficient it is (higher number = more efficient)
Why is modelling future climate events so challenging?
The magnitude of future emissions, and warming, also depend on population size, economic growth, and the rate of development of less carbon-intensive energy sources.
Are there human sources for methane production? If so, what are they?
The major human source of methane is agriculture, such as rice paddies. Methane is also released from the extraction of fossil fuels. (rice paddies and fossil fuels)
What is the primary cause of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations?
The primary cause of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations is the burning of fossil fuels.