Choi Test 1

#11 select statistic tasks (week 6) consider several factors (readings)

1st - sampling method 2nd - distribution of the variables within the population 3rd - the level of measurement of all the variables 4th -the amount of statistical power that is desirable 5th - the robustness of the tests being considered

#12 appropriate central tendency with nominal level of data (week 5)

Mode only "most common" (51) a typical attribute would be the one that best represents the distribution of attributes within the data set. (page 56)

#14 educational level is measured by actual years of education they receive. What will be the level of measurement?

Ordinal (pg 11)

#16 when data has a normal distribution what percent of all cases would fall within one standard deviation

Page 72 normal bell curve 68.26%

#15 relationship between power of statistical test and sample size

Prior to data collection, a statistical analysis can be used to help us select an appropriate data collection instrument or to design, evaluate, and fine-tune an existing one. Or, it can also help us to ascertain the optimal size of a research sample for our proposed study. After the data have been collected, a statistical analysis can help us to: summarize the characteristics of our research sample; (page 23)

concept of research hypothesis meaning

relationship btw or among variables -Directional; positive, negative -Non-directional; null hypothesis (page 15) A research hypothesis (also called a substantive hypothesis or an experimental hypothesis) can assume three different forms: 1. It can state that variables are related and predict the direction of their relationship (a one-tailed or directional research hypothesis). 2. It can state that variables are related but not predict the direction of their relationship (a two-tailed or nondirectional research hypothesis). 3. It can state that two variables are unrelated (sometimes referred to as a null research hypothesis

#8 most powerful level of measurements

•ratio is the most powerful

#9 different between variable and consent

variable is a trait or characteristic that differs in quantity or quality among the people (or objects) within any given data set. Variables are mea- sured using indicators (more about this latter). All research studies focus on the measurement of a limited number of variables. The potential list of variables among human beings is practically endless. Examples are educational level, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, motivational level, and stress level. constant—unlike a variable—is a trait or characteristic that does not differ in quantity or quality among people (or objects). This might seem obvious but here it goes... a constant does not vary and a variable varies. A constant among all human beings, for example, is mortality. Life expectancy, on the other hand, is a variable, as it varies among human beings.

#13 one tail or directional research hypothesis (directional is one tail hypothesis) (negative and positive types)

•Directional (one-tailed) research hypotheses -Positive or negative relationship btw variables Ex. Female medical social workers will have higher levels of job satisfaction than male medical social workers. •Non-directional (two-tailed) research hypotheses -Does not predict direction of relationship •The null research hypotheses -No relationship btw variables

#2-5 actual research hypothesis identify independent and dependent variables.

•Independent variable -Influencing, affecting, causing factor does not depend on other Ex: medication •Dependent variable -Influenced by IV •Predictor variable & Outcome (Criterion) variable -Used for prediction, focusing on covariance Ex: participants

#10 nominal level of measurement

•Nominal level; frequencies and mode lowest level of measurement

#6 what are characteristics of ordinal variables

•Ordinal -Rank-order ( high to low, most to least)

#7 characteristic of normal distribution

•Tend to cluster around the mean •Symmetrical •bell-shaped frequency polygon •Mode, median, mean all occur at the highest point, in the center of distribution •3 units of SD to the left of the mean and 3 units of SD to the right of the mean •99.74% of polygon area lies btw -3SD and +3SD