CHP 12

anitmiscegenation

probition of interracial marragie , cohabition, or sexual interaction

exogamy

refers to marriage to someone from a different social group.

family

According to sociologists, a family is defined as a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three. define as a family may or may not share a household but always are interdependent and have a sense of mutual responsibility for one another's care. This more open-ended definition takes into account the diversity among today's families. •The U.S. Census Bureau defines family as two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption living in the same household.

Cohabitation

living together in an intimate relationship without being married

Which theoretical approach views marriage as constructed through rituals and everyday interactions?

symbolic interactionism

expressive tasks

the emotional work necessary to support family members (such as remembering a relative's birthday or playing with the children)

the sandwich generation

the generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children life expectancy has gone up, people are getting married later in life, boomerang kids come back to live at home after college •The American population is aging because of the Baby Boom generation (the large number of Americans born in the post-World War II era). •Life expectancy in the United States is 79 (2015), with women living an average of five years longer than men. •Retired citizens may have limited financial resources, putting them at risk of poverty. •As of 2015, 9.3 percent of the elderly live below the poverty line. •Social Security benefits are a major source of income for about 65 percent of the elderly. •The care of the elderly is no longer a primary function of family. •Some senior citizens live with family members, creating a "sandwich generation," though 46 percent of women age 75+ are living alone (2016). •9 percent of those age 85+ lived in institutional settings, such as a nursing home (2016). •Coping with the transitions of retirement, widowhood, declining health, and death are central tasks for seniors.

custody

the physical and legal responsibility of caring for children; assigned by a court for divorced or unmarried parents •Mothers still disproportionately receive custody (physical and legal responsibility for children, assigned by a court), but there is now a trend toward joint custody. •Women are more likely to suffer downward economic mobility after divorce, especially if they retain custody of their children. This relates to "the feminization of poverty" that we discussed previously. Being the sole provider has a negative financial implication on women, which tends to lower their socioeconomic status and earning potential.

Since 2005, the majority of American adults are ____________.

unmarried

second shift

unpaid labor inside the home that is often expected of women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home Arlie Hochschild's 1989 study of working couples and parents found that women were indeed working two jobs: paid labor outside the home and unpaid labor inside the home.

structural functionalism

views the family as one of the basic institutions that keeps society running smoothly by providing functions such as producing and socializing children, economic production, instrumental and emotional support, and sexual control. (no sex with siblings, parents)

child and elder abuse

•Children and the elderly may also suffer at the hands of abusive family members. •Child and elder abuse are underreported, due in part to the relative powerlessness of the victims and the private settings of the abuse.

Which of the following is NOT a current trend in the population of American families?

There are more married couples.

elder abuse

can include violence and abuse, as well as financial exploitation, theft, neglect, and abandonment. •Many states have special laws that give extra protection to elderly or minor individuals. For instance, the punishment for child abuse or elder abuse may be harsher than for the abuse of an individual who is neither a child nor elderly.

fictive kin

close relations with people we consider "like family" but who are not related to us by blood or marriage

Feminist and queer theorists

examine how assumptions about gender and sexuality affect family relationships. critiques of the notion of a "traditional family" as both heteronormative and inegalitarian.

symbolic interactionists

examine the types of social dynamics and interactions that create and sustain families, emphasizing the ways that our experiences of family bonds are socially created rather than naturally existing. (personal family- people who help each other out and care for each other and who express that care are family whether they are legally or biologically related)

Women are likely to experience upward economic mobility after divorce.

false

instrumental tasks

the practical physical tasks necessary to maintain family life (such as washing dishes and cutting grass).

structural functionalism

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might note that the main role of the family is to socialize children?

cycle of violence

a common behavior pattern in abusive relationships; the cycle begins happily, then the relationship grows tense, and the tension explodes in abuse, followed by a period of contrition that allows the cycle to repeat A four-stage cycle of violence seems to occur in almost every abusive relationship. •Stage one: relationship seems normal. •Stage two: the victim "walks on eggshells" to avoid arguments. •Stage three: acute battering and violence occur, lasting for seconds, hours, or even days. The abuser blames the victim. •Stage four: the abuser apologizes profusely and promises that it will never happen again.

neglect

a form of abuse in which the caregiver fails to provide adequate nutrition, sufficient clothing or shelter, or hygienic and safe living conditions, affects children and the elderly―accounts for 75 percent of child abuse. •incest (proscribed sexual contact between family members; this is a form of child abuse when it occurs between a child and a caregiver).

polyamory

a system of multiple-person partnership •is a type of multiple-person partnership where each person is in a relationship with each of the other individuals belonging to the group.

conflict theorist

believe that society revolves around conflict over scarce resources, and that conflict within the family is also about the competition for resources: time, energy, and the leisure to pursue recreational activities.

family and the life course

•Children's experiences are shaped by family size, birth order, presence or absence of parents, socioeconomic status, and other sociological variables. In turn, the presence of children affects the lives of parents. For example, marital satisfaction tends to decline where there are small children in the house, and a couple's gendered division of labor tends to become more traditional when children are born. When a family has a child (whether the first or the tenth), a new dynamic is introduced to a system, which causes instability. The instability isn't permanent; however, there is always friction when an existing arrangement is changed.

postmodern family: The New Normal

•Families adapting to the challenges of a postmodern society may create family structures that look very different from the "traditional" family and can include ex-spouses, new partners and children, other kin, and even nonkin, such as friends and co-workers.

breaking up

•In 2016, 134 million persons (55 percent) were married while about 25 million (10 percent) were divorced. •Remarriage is common; 64 percent of previously married men remarry, compared to 52 percent of previously married women.

relationship trends

•Increases have occurred in the numbers of: •single people. •people who are cohabitating. •single parents. •people who are living in intentional communities. Married couples were the dominant household model through the 1950s, but their numbers have decreased from nearly 80 percent in 1960 to 48 percent in 2016. •Currently, 28 percent of all households are made up of people who live alone. •Currently, more than 18 million people or about 7 percent of all households are occupied by couples who are cohabitating, living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple, which includes both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. •Currently, 40 percent of all first births are to unmarried partners. •Intentional communities are any of a variety of groups of people who form communal living arrangements outside marriage. •Research has found that a new baby can have as large of a negative impact on happiness and wellbeing as divorce, unemployment, or death of a partner.

intimate partner violence

•Intimate partner violence involves violence between individuals who are or were in a close relationship such as a marriage or dating relationship. The five main types of intimate partner violence include physical violence, sexual violence, stalking, psychological aggression, and control of reproductive or sexual health •More than 37 percent of women are the victim of sexual violence, physical violence, or stalking over the course of their lifetimes Almost 50 percent of women have experienced psychological aggression over their lifetimes

the work of family

•Men and women have always performed different roles to ensure the survival of their families, but these roles were not considered unequal until after the Industrial Revolution. •Women nowadays have two jobs: paid labor outside the home and unpaid labor inside the home. With the Industrial Revolution, work started taking place outside of the home, for a paid wage. As a result, the kind of work that became valuable was the kind that happened outside of the home. This is when "housework" became unvalued, because it was not associated with a wage.

polygamy

•a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time Polygamy is practiced among some subcultures around the world, but is not widely acknowledged as a legitimate form of marriage. You may hear of polygamous relationships, even in the United States. Individuals may claim to be married to multiple people, but those ties have no legal meaning and would not hold up in a court •There are two types of polygamy. •The more common form of polygamy is polygyny, which is a system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives. •Polyandry, a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands, is a more rare form of polygamy.

nuclear family

•is a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household. we tend to think of "traditional" families; however, it is important to note that nuclear families don't necessarily include a married couple. There are many different ways that a nuclear family can be formed

extendend family

•is a large group of kin, defined as relatives or relations usually related by common descent. Extended families usually including at least three generations living either in one household or in close proximity. •commonly includes a family with children and one or more sets of grandparents, although that is not the only arrangement. When you think of kin, you might think of the family that you see at a reunion. You may know some of the people that you see, but there are also probably people you don't know, or at least that you don't know well. However, some common ancestry ties you together and makes you kin or kinfolk.

domestic abuse

•is by far the most common form of family violence. It includes behaviors abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims. (married couples) •Forms of Abuse: •Physical •Verbal •Financial •Sexual Psychological •Rates of domestic abuse are about equal across racial and ethnic groups, sexual orientations, and religious groups. •People are more likely to be killed or attacked by family members than anyone else.' violence is far more common among people who know one another. It is also important to recognize that this kind of violence can occur on college campuses

propinquity

•is the tendency to marry or have relationships with people in close geographic proximity. Propinquity is logical; we are likely to find possible mates among the people in our neighborhood, at work, or at school. The internet makes courtship and romance possible across much greater geographical areas, as we can now meet and converse with people in all parts of the world, so our pool of potential mates moves beyond local boundaries

homogamy

•means "like marries like," and is demonstrated by the fact that we tend to choose mates who are similar to us in class, race, ethnicity, age, religion, education, and even levels of attractiveness. technology may intensify homogamy by bringing together people with very specific interests and identities.

endogamy

•refers to marriage to someone within one's social group (such as race, ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality). •Endogamy tends to be more common for a variety of reasons. •From the time of slavery through the 1960s, many states had antimiscegenation laws (the prohibition of interracial marriage, cohabitation, or sexual interaction). Antimiscegenation laws were effectively ended by the Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967). This was a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court, by a 9-0 vote, declared Virginia's antimiscegenation statute, the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, unconstitutional, thereby ending all race-based legal restrictions on marriage in the United States. •Yet, we still tend to have de facto segregation in our society (as a result of housing patterns, economic patterns, etc.), so we tend to meet people of similar backgrounds. •There are also social pressures to marry people of similar backgrounds. •Exogamy is becoming more commonly acceptable, but is still less common than endogamy.

monogamy

•the practice of marrying (or being in a relationship with) one person at a time, is still considered the only legal form of marriage in modern western culture. •is the most common, and only legal, form of romantic relationship in the United States.