CHP 3 NUTRITION KMS

Put the digestive system organs in the proper order needed to digest and absorb nutrients from food?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Insoluble fiber made of straight chains of glucose molecules

cellulose

Lipids are broken down into

fatty acids and glycerol

The treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes

insulin

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

pepsin

Linda has been experiencing some problems with bowel regularity. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

In the cells, chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into

ATP

Starch?

Amylopectin

Mucus?

Serves as protective lining for digestive tract organs.

Linda's mother complains that she is frequently constipated. All of the following are useful strategies for alleviating constipation EXCEPT?

Take calcium or iron supplements to help alleviate constipation.

In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called ____________ .

chyme

Located near the throat, the ____________ is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

Do NOT Produce Enzymes for Carbohydrate Digestion

esophagus, stomach, live,r gallbladder, large intestine

The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move.

false

A term that refers to the stomach is ____________ .

gastric

Carbohydrates are broken down into

glucose

Insoluble fiber made of xylose, galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides

hemicellulose

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to

hydrochloric acid in chyme

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels?

increase

All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the

liver

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Soluble fiber with chains of galacturonic acid that is usually found in plant cell walls?

pectin

Muscular contractions occurring throughout the GI tract that move food along are collectively called _____________

peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when

the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.

Amylase?

Breaks starch down to maltose

Individuals with type 1 diabetes?

do not produce insulin.

Produce Enzymes for Carbohydrate Digestion?

mouth, pancreas, small intestine

Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to?

return to about normal.

Type 2 diabetes can be treated with injection of insulin.

true

Enzymes?

Promotes digestion of nutrients into components that are small enough for absorption.

Insulin?

allows cells to take in glucose.

The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?

temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of concentration gradient

Maltase?

Breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose

Fiber?

Cellulose

Soluble fiber slows down absorption of glucose from the small intestine?

Improves diabetes management

Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.

Individuals with type 2 diabetes?

do not respond to insulin.

Type 1 diabetes in obese patients can be treated with metformin.?

false

When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases.

false

The primary nutrient that bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing is ____________ .

fat

Bile is stored and concentrated in the ____________ .

gallbladder

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release _______________ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.

glucagon

If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing ___________________?

hemorrhoids

Linda has a history of ulcers and lately has been experiencing heartburn and occasional ulcerative flare-ups. She may benefit from all of the following diet/lifestyle changes EXCEPT?

increasing consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach

The stomach produces an important substance called ____________ that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

intrinsic factor

How often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolyze sucrose?

many times

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Soluble fiber found primarily in seaweed; consists of galactose, mannose and other monosaccharide chains

mucilage

In early stages of type 2 diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because?

muscle and liver cells do not respond to insulin.

In type 1 diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because ?

no insulin is released

Glucagon and insulin are two hormones that regulate glucose levels and both are produced in the ____________ .

pancreas

The oldest alternative sweetener is ____________ , which in North America is marketed as ____________ .

saccharin, Sweet N Low

In 2008, FDA approved a sweetener derived from a South American shrub called ____________ ; you can purchase this sweetener as a dietary supplement called ____________ .

stevia, Sweet Leaf

Bicarbonate is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it moves from the ____________ to the ____________ .

stomach, small intestine

Chemically adding three chlorines to a sucrose molecule creates ____________ , and you find this artificial sweetener marketed in stores and restaurants as ____________ .

sucralose, Splenda

Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.

true

Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various stages of life and gender. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrate. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1-3 have very high carbohydrate needs that are equal to the number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1-3 and adults?

130 grams

Starch?

Amylose

Sucrase?

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

Lactase?

Breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose

Galactose + Glucose =?

Lactose (milk)

Fiber?

Legnin

Sphincters are muscles that control the transit of food and waste throughout the digestive system. Drag the sphincter name to its appropriate location in the digestive tract.

Lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, lleocecal speincter, anal sprincter.

Glucose + Glucose =?

Maltose (alcohol, fermentation)

______ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Persistalsis

Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and increases regularity?

Promotes colon health

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine. Label the diagram of the small intestine to indicate the route that chyme follows as it moves from the stomach through the small intestine.

Stomach, Pyloric spincter, duodenum, jejunum, lleum

Glucose + Fructose =?

Sucrose (sugar)

The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine?

Vitamin K & biotin

The sweetener ____________ is often combined with aspartame in soft drinks; it contains potassium and is marketed as ____________ .

acesulfame-K, Sunette

A moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharynx is called a ____________ .

bolus

At the base of the stomach is the ____________ , which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

When these pouches are inflamed and painful, the condition is known as ______________. During periods of inflammation, a ______________ diet is indicated.

diverticulitis, low-fiber

What organ produces bile?

liver

The primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the

small intestine

If pouches in the large intestine exist without painful symptoms, the condition is known as _______________. In this case, a ________________ diet can ease stool elimination and prevent future attacks.

diverticulosis, high-fiber

The ____________ is a long tube in the GI tract that connects the throat with the stomach.

esophagus

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of?

fat

Fibrous noncarbohydrate found in whole grains and wheat bran; comprised of a multiringed alcohol structure that makes it nonfermentable

lignin

There are multiple levels of organization of the human body. Put the levels in order from smallest to largest as to how they contribute to the makeup of the human body?

Chemical level, cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

Lots of pressure in the colon caused by excessive straining during defecation can cause small pouches called __________________ to protrude through the large intestine wall.

diverticula

You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases __________________, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

epinephrine

Which of the following correctly traces the path of food through the gastrointestinal tract?

esophagus, stomach, small intestine

Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of carbohydrates?

false

True or false: Glucose, protein, glycerol, and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream.

false

Which of the following does NOT stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?

secretin

Fiber plays an important role in bowel health. A diet that is low in fiber and/or water leads to ______________ stools. This condition is known as ___________?

small,hard, constipation

Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.

true

True or false: Proteins are made of amino acids.

true

Larry is a 39-year-old male who is overweight. He is working with a Registered Dietitian and she has recommended an 1,800-kcal diet for gradual weight loss. Larry wants to ensure he is obtaining enough carbohydrate to meet his energy needs. If Larry follows an 1,800-kcal diet and wants to achieve the recommended 45-65% of his total calories from carbohydrate, how many GRAMS of carbohydrate per day should he be eating?

203-293 grams of carbohydrate per day

Fiber increases satiety?

Helps promote weight loss

Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion?

Reduces cardiovascular disease risk

For what activities does the body use ATP?

Studying for test, biking up hill, walking to class

A sweetener that is made by combining the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid with methanol is called ____________ and it is marketed as ____________ .

aspartame, Equal

After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases ______________ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

insulin

Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the ____________ .

liver

The throat is otherwise known as the ____________ , an organ that is located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities.

pharynx