Chpt 20 respiratory

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) expiratory D) baroreceptor E) chemoreceptor

a

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.

a

The apneustic centers of the pons A) inhibit the pneumotaxic center. B) provide stimulation to the DRG to promote inhalation. C) monitor blood gas levels. D) alter chemoreceptor sensitivity. E) generate the gasp reflex.

a

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is A) respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.

a

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.

c

The respiratory mucosa consists of A) epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue. B) dense irregular connective and adipose tissue. C) ciliated stratified squamous and columnar cells. D) fibrocartilage and mucous cells. E) dense regular connective and areolar tissue.

A

Which of the following is greater? A) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air B) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

a

Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2 C) Neither is greater.

a

The pneumotaxic center A) is in the pons. B) excites the apneustic center. C) inhibits the apneustic center. D) both is in the pons and excites the apneustic center. E) both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

e

Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) both rectus abdominis and internal intercostals

e

Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume? A) sternocleidomastoid B) pectoralis minor C) scalenes D) serratus anterior E) all of the above

e

Which statement about the chloride shift is false? A) involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs B) depends on the chloride-bicarbonate counter-transporter C) involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma D) is driven by a rise in PCO2 E) causes RBCs to swell

e

Which of the following is greatest? A) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood B) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar air C) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air D) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air E) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

a

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A) decrease the rate of breathing. B) increase the rate of breathing. C) decrease pulmonary ventilation. D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E) decrease the vital capacity.

b

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the A) olfactory epithelium. B) medullary chemoreceptors. C) aortic body. D) carotid body. E) all of the above

a

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to A) changes in PCO2. B) changes in PO2. C) changes in pH. D) changes in blood pressure.

a

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, A) a person would stop breathing. B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. C) the respiratory minute volume would increase. D) tidal volumes would increase. E) alveolar ventilation would increase.

a

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.

a

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.

a

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.

a

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) they are equal. B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

a

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? A) respiratory minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomical dead space E) forced vital capacity

a

Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade C) Neither is greater.

a

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intraalveolar pressure. E) less than intrapulmonic pressure.

b

Alveolar ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

b

Asthma is A) a collapsed lung. B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. C) an obstructive tumor. D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. E) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

b

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 50 E) 75

b

External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

b

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, except A) cortical association areas. B) the precentral motor gyrus. C) the limbic system. D) the hypothalamus. E) Broca's center.

b

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) carbon dioxide transport. D) hemoglobin synthesis. E) acid-base balance.

b

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.

b

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in A) increased respiratory rate. B) more intense inhalation. C) a shorter respiratory cycle. D) less activity in the DRG center. E) decreased vital capacity.

b

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) bicarbonate ion. D) sodium ion. E) hemoglobin.

b

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately A) 35 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 55 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.

b

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.

b

The term hypercapnia refers to A) the cessation of breathing. B) elevated PCO2. C) elevated PO2. D) an increase in pH. E) labored breathing.

b

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is A) mm Hg. B) torr. C) cm H2O. D) all of the above E) none of the above

b

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside

b

What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"? A) alveolar pressure B) intrapulmonary pressure C) subalveolar pressure D) subatmospheric pressure E) atmospheric pressure

b

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A) decreased temperature B) decreased pH C) increased tissue PO2 D) decreased amounts of DPG E) none of the above

b

Which of the following would be greater? A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low C) Neither is greater.

b

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe A) increased cardiac output from the right ventricle. B) increased cardiac output from the left ventricle. C) increased thickness of the right ventricular wall. D) distension of the pulmonary veins from the right lung. E) no appreciable changes in heart structure or function.

c

Boyle's law states that gas volume is A) directly proportional to pressure. B) directly proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to pressure. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.

c

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s). A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior

c

Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

c

In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) none of the above

c

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.

c

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.

c

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center. A) ventral respiratory group (VRG) B) pneumotaxic C) apneustic D) expiratory E) both apneustic and expiratory

c

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called A) asthma. B) bronchitis. C) emphysema. D) tuberculosis. E) pneumonia.

c

The pneumotaxic center of the pons A) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. B) prolongs inspiration. C) modifies the rate and depth of breathing. D) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. E) both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

c

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs. A) 25 percent B) 50 percent C) 75 percent D) 90 percent E) 100 percent

c

What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside

c

Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1"? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) both rectus abdominis and external intercostals

c

Which of these age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) The lung's compliance changes. C) Vital capacity increases. D) Respiratory muscles weaken. E) Costal cartilages become more flexible.

c

Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance

c

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

c

Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

d

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) diameter of an alveolus. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

d

In emphysema, which of these occur? A) alveoli collapse B) compliance increases C) elevated PCO2 in the blood D) all of the above E) none of the above

d

The inflation reflex A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. D) protects the lungs from damage due to over-inflation. E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.

d

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). A) Vital capacity B) Respiratory minute volume C) Pulmonary ventilation rate D) Alveolar ventilation rate E) External respiration rate

d

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

d

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) more than 90

e

Boyle's Law of Gases states that A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal. B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up. C) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. D) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure. E) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

e

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to A) increase the temperature of the plasma. B) increase the partial pressure of oxygen. C) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. D) increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs. E) either increase the partial pressure of oxygen or decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

e

Carbonic anhydrase A) is in RBCs. B) is an enzyme. C) can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. D) can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. E) all of the above

e

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the A) PCO2 should be high. B) pH should be slightly acidic. C) PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg. D) BPG levels in the red blood cells should be high. E) PCO2 should be low.

e

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.

e

Pneumotaxic centers in the pons A) inhibit the apneustic centers. B) promote passive or active exhalation. C) receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum. D) modify respiratory rate and depth. E) all of the above

e

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 95 mm Hg.

e