CHPT 6

Proteins must be digested to ________ for absorption across the small intestine to occur.

amino acids

How is gluten intolerance determined by a physician?

blood test and biopsy of intestine

Most Americans, inactive and active, currently consume more than twice the current RDA for protein. Based upon these numbers, would you suggest that the average person looking to build more muscle needs additional protein in their diet?

no

All of the following are important roles proteins play in the body EXCEPT: -maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. -maintaining acid-base balance. -providing an unlimited supply of energy. -serving as antibodies.

providing an unlimited supply of energy.

Gluten is an example of which nutrient?

protein

Proteins play several important roles in the body. What is NOT one of these?

providing an unlimited supply of energy

Which statement regarding digestion and absorption of proteins is true?

Cells in the small intestine possess different sites for absorbing different types of amino acids, which causes competition among amino acids at the absorption sites.

Where in a cell are the directions for making every protein?

DNA

What advice would you give to a friend who has started a gluten-free diet to lose weight?

Gluten-free weight-loss diets offer no advantages over other low-calorie diets.

What is an important function of the amino acid tyrosine?

It is used to make the brown pigment melanin.

What is NOT one of the beneficial characteristics of a vegetarian diet?

It provides more saturated fat.

The human body is able to synthesize them

Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

Would you recommend an amino acid supplement to a friend who is recovering from illness and wants to promote muscle mass gain? Why or why not?

No; Whole protein is better handled by the digestive system and will promote muscle mass gain better than amino acid supplements.

Contains nitrogen in the amine group

Only proteins

Made according to instructions from DNA

Only proteins

In which of the following situations are amino acids NOT wasted?

The diet supplies sufficient protein of high-quality essential amino acids.

All of the following individuals are in nitrogen equilibrium EXCEPT: -a teacher -a child -a college student. -a young retiree

a child.

Based on Vicky's weight, how much protein should she be consuming on a daily basis?

about 56 g

Gluten is commonly found in

cereal grains

The most easily digestible form of protein can be found in which of the following foods?

eggs

Which of the following would NOT be eaten by a lactovegetarian?

eggs

Which protein-rich foods that are included in Vicky's new lacto-ovo vegetarian diet are well-digested and absorbed (from most to least)?

eggs > legumes > grains

All hormones are proteins.

false

In general, amino acids from plant proteins are most easily digested and absorbed.

false

Most people with gluten intolerance can safely consume small amounts of desserts such as cakes and pies.

false

Recommendations for protein intake assume a diet that consists of animal protein only.

false

Proteins can be denatured by all of the following EXCEPT: -radiation -mercury -stomach acid -freezing -heat

freezing

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of protein deficiency?

increased nutrient absorption from the digestive tract

Which of the following organs is most often injured by the gluten.

intestine

Because she is so active, cardiovascular fitness is important to Vicky. She learns that hemoglobin is an important globular protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen, and that adequate dietary protein and which mineral are needed for her body to build enough hemoglobin?

iron

Vicky also knows that it's possible to consume too much protein. Which of the following health conditions are associated with the overconsumption of protein?

kidney disease

When kwashiorkor occurs, the victim's belly often bulges with a fatty liver and edema.

true

Vicky is concerned about getting all the essential amino acids from her diet. Of the 20 amino acids that are commonly found in living tissues, how many of them are considered essential and cannot be made by a healthy adult?

9

Kwashiorkor may result from too little protein to support body functions.

true

Oats are generally not used on a gluten free diet because of cross contamination

true

Wheat can safely be used on a diet for someone with celiac disease.

False

Which protein-rich food would be a good source of calcium for vegetarians?

almonds

The variable part of an amino acid is the

side chain

In human beings, a high-protein diet worsens existing kidney problems.

true

Protein-energy malnutrition is the most widespread form of malnutrition in the world today.

true

Rice is a grain that is typically used on a gluten free diet.

true

There is a possible correlation between high intakes of meats and some types of cancers.

true

Which of the following foods has the highest amount of protein? -2 oz. chicken breast -1/2 cup strawberries -1/2 cup corn -They all have the same amount of protein.

2 oz. chicken breast

The DRI committee set an upper limit for protein of no more than ________ percent of total calories.

35

Using the DRI recommendation of 0.8 g/kg, calculate the protein requirement of a 150-pound individual.

54 grams

Heavy use of soy products in place of meat can inhibit absorption of what nutrient?

Iron

All of the following are true concerning protein and amino acid supplements EXCEPT: -In the skilled hands of clinical dietitians, formulas with supplemental protein or amino acids may help to reverse malnutrition in some critically ill patients. -No level of amino acid supplementation can be assumed safe. -Protein supplements do not improve athletic performance beyond the gains from well-timed meals of ordinary foods. -People with chronic or acute mental or physical illnesses should take amino acid supplements

People with chronic or acute mental or physical illnesses should take amino acid supplements

All of the following are true concerning vegetarian diets EXCEPT: -Pregnant women following a vegan diet can easily meet their B12 requirements through a variety of legumes and nuts. -Vegetarians have significantly lower rates of certain cancers than the general population. -Vegetarians tend to weigh less than nonvegetarians. -People consuming plant-based diets die less often from heart disease than do meat-eating people.

Pregnant women following a vegan diet can easily meet their B12 requirements through a variety of legumes and nuts.

Which of the following will occur if an essential amino acid is unavailable for more than a day?

The cells will limit the breakdown of their working protein and reduce their use of amino acids for fuel.

Who would benefit most from eating a variety of protein foods so that amino acids that are low in some foods will be supplied by the others?

a vegan

What is required for legumes to "fix" nitrogen?

bacteria

Which is NOT an example of mutual supplementation? -minestrone soup (noodles and legumes) -beans and tortillas -bagel and jam -a peanut butter sandwich

bagel and jam

Every cell in the body makes every human protein possible.

false

Proteins are one of the three ____________ found in the diet and important structural molecules in living organisms. Proteins help provide structure to cells and are the major component of enzymes that participate in biological reactions. While all macronutrients share similarities, proteins are different than both carbohydrates and lipids in important ways.

macronutrients

Of the 20 amino acids utilized in the body, 11 are considered _________, which means that the body is able to produce enough to meet physiological needs and they therefore, do not need to be obtained from the diet. A conditionally essential amino acid is an amino acid that becomes __________ as a result of certain disorders or illnesses, but is usually _________ under normal healthy circumstances.

non-essential, essential, non-essential

All of the following are correct concerning proteins and protein structure EXCEPT: -peptide bonds give the protein molecule its unique character. -strands of protein do not remain a straight chain. -standard amino acid sequences exist for each protein. -some protein strands cluster together in order to become functional.

peptide bonds give the protein molecule its unique character.

Muscle mass is built when net protein balance is:

positive

When nitrogen consumption is greater than nitrogen excretion, a _________ is in positive nitrogen balance.

positive

A major role of protein in the body is to ___________. A slight overload on the muscle triggers cellular breakdown and then protein synthesis of each muscle cell in order to adapt.

remodel and build cells

Vicky knows that most plant-based foods are deficient in at least one essential amino acid. To prevent a dietary deficiency, Vicky focuses on the concept of complementary proteins. Which combination below complements each other the best?

rice and beans

The proteins in the body are made of combinations of individual amino acids, known as the building blocks of protein. Amino acids are composed of a central carbon connected to a hydrogen atom, an acid group, an amine group, and a side chain. The _________ is the group that varies for each amino acid.

side chain

Where in Vicky's body are tripeptides and dipeptides split into single amino acids that are readily absorbed?

small intestine

Which of the following foods contains proteins with the same quality as meat?

soy

Within a few months of changing to a vegetarian diet, Vicky develops insomnia and mild depression and loses her appetite. She decided to do some research on vegetarian diets and depression and found out that amino acids help to aid in the production of serotonin. Which amino acid helps to build serotonin?

tryptophan

The process of protein turnover involves the

use of amino acids that have been conserved from the breakdown of old cells

To which of the following individuals are complementary proteins important?

vegans

All of the following are correct concerning iron intakes of vegetarians EXCEPT: -the iron in plant foods is poorly absorbed. -vegetarians experience iron deficiency more than non-vegetarians do. -iron absorption can be enhanced by vitamin C. -the DRI committee suggests that vegetarians need 1.8 times the amount of iron recommended for the general population.

vegetarians experience iron deficiency more than non-vegetarians do.