CHPT 9 U.S. PRESIDENCY
HARDING'S PRESIDENCY DID MANAGE TO ADD TO THE ARSENAL OF PRESIDENTIAL TECHNIQUES FOR LEADING PUBLIC OPINION
TRUE
HARDING'S PUBLIC REPUTATION WHICH REMAINED HIGH WHILE HE WAS ALIVE, SUFFERED TREMENDOUSLY FROM THE SCANDALOUS REVELATIONS THAT ROCKED WASHINGTON
TRUE
PRESIDENT HARDING MADE LITTLE EFFORT TO LEAD CONGRESS
TRUE
PRESIDENT HARDING'S EXPRESSION WAS TO REIGN RATHER THAN RULE
TRUE
PRESIDENT WILSON REQUESTED THE RESIGNATION OF POSTMASTER FRANK S. MYERS FOR "AUTOCRATIC" BEHAVIOR AT HIS PORTLAND, OREGON, POST OFFICE. WHEN MYERS REFUSED TO COMPLY, WILSON REMOVED HIM BY ORDER OF THE POSTMASTER GENERAL
TRUE
SENATOR GEORGE NORRIS WAS THE MAIN AUTHOR OF THE 20TH AMENDMENT
TRUE
SENATOR HENRY CABOT LODGE WHO AS THE LEADER OF THE COMMITTEE THAT OFFICIALLY NOTIFIED HARDING OF HIS NOMINATION BY THE 1920 CONVENTION, PRESENTED THE CANDIDATE WITH SOMETHING OF AN ULTIMATUM
TRUE
SHARING COOLIDGE'S RESPECT FOR THE AUTONOMY OF THE LEGISLATURE, HOOVER DID LITTLE TO LEAD THE SPECIAL SESSION OF CONGRESS THAT HE CALLED IN 1929.
TRUE
SINCLAIR, DOHENY, AND FALL, WHO HAD RESIGNED AS SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR BEFORE THE SCANDAL BROKE, WERE CHARGED WITH CONSPIRACY TO DEFRAUD THE GOV
TRUE
SOME OF HARDING'S APPOINTMENTS WERE EXCELLENT LIKE HIS SELECTION OF HOOVER AS SECRETARY OF COMMERCE AND HUGHES AS SECRETARY OF STATE. MANY OTHERS, HOWEVER, WERE REMINISCENT OF THE GRANT ERA.
TRUE
TAFT'S MAJORITY OPINION IN MYERS V. U.S. (1926) GAVE CONSTITUTIONAL SANCTION TO A SWEEPING INTERPRETATION OF THE PRESIDENT'S REMOVAL POWER
TRUE
TAFT'S OPINION EXPRESSED HIS POSITION, DEMONSTRATED IN EFFORTS TOWARD THE END OF HIS TENURE IN THE WHITE HOUSE TO STRENGTHEN THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY OVER FISCAL POLICY, THAT CONSTITUTIONALLY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE COULD GOVERN ENERGETICALLY WITHIN HIS BRANCH OF GOV
TRUE
TEAPOT DOME, ONE OF THE MOST NOTORIOUS POLITICAL SCANDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY, ORIGINATED WITH THE EFFORTS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF HARDING TO MODIFY, AND IN SOME CASES REVERSE, THE CONSERVATION POLICIES OF ROOSEVELT, TAFT, AND WILSON
TRUE
THE 12 AMENDMENT WAS THE FIRST AMENDMENT IN HISTORY TO WIN UNANIMOUS RATIFICATION WHEN INITIALLY CONSIDERED
TRUE
THE 20 AMENDMENT WAS WRITTEN MAINLY TO SHORTEN THE TIME BETWEEN THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT, VICE PRESIDENT, AND THE MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AND THEIR ENTRY INTO OFFICE
TRUE
THE BUDGET AND ACCOUNTING ACT OF 1921 CARRIED INTO EFFECT THE MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 1913 COMMISSION ON ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY CREATED BY PRESIDENT TAFT
TRUE
THE CONGRESSIONAL REVOLT OF 1910 WHICH DETHRONED THE SPEAKER, HAD WEAKENED THE BONDS OF PARTY IN THE HOUSE. GONE WERE THE DAYS WHEN THE PRESIDENT AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE COULD BRING TOGETHER THE EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES OF GOV THROUGH QUIET CONVERSATION
TRUE
THE COOLIDGE ADMINISTRATION ARRANGED FOR RADIO STATIONS TO BROADCAST THE CONVENTION, MARKING THE 1ST TIME THE AMERICAN PEOPLE COULD LISTEN TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE QUADRENNIAL PARTY GATHERING
TRUE
THE ENACTMENT IN 1913 OF THE 17th AMENDMENT WHICH PROVIDED THAT THE PEOPLE NOT THE STATE LEGISLATURES WOULD ELECT SENATORS, FURTHER DETERMINED PARTY DISCIPLINE IN THE UPPER HOUSE
TRUE
THE GREAT DEPRESSION STRUCK WITH FULL FORCE WHEN THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED IN OCT 1929, LESS THAN SEVEN MONTHS AFTER HOOVER WAS INAUGURATED. BUT THE HOOVER ADMINISTRATION WAS IN TROUBLE EVEN BEFORE THE CRASH
TRUE
THE HIATUS FOR NEWLY ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATORS (UNLESS THE PRESIDENT CALLED CONGRESS INTO SPECIAL SESSION AS HOOVER DID IN 1929), HAD BEEN 13 MONTHS: FROM ELECTION DY IN NOV UNTIL THE 1ST MONDAY UN DEC OF THE FOLLOWING YEAR, THE DATE ESTABLISHED BY ARTICLE 1 OF THE CONSTITUTION AS THE INITIAL MEETING TIME FOR EACH NEW CONGRESS. THE DELAY FOR PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS HAD BEEN ABOUT FOUR MONTHS, FROM ELECTION DAY UNTIL MARCH 4, THE INAUGURATION DATE THAT WAS ENSHRINED IN A LAW PASSED BY CONGRESS IN 1792
TRUE
THE LEGALITY OF WILSON'S ACTION WAS UPHELD BY A SUPREME COURT WHOSE CHIEF JUSTICE (TAFT) HAD ENDORSED, EVEN WHILE SERVING AS PRESIDENT, A NARROW THEORY OF EXECUTIVE POWER
TRUE
THE POLITICS COOLIDGE KNOWS HOW TO PLAY WAS A POLITICS OF PERSONALITY THAT EMBODIED HIS KEEN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PUBLIC'S INTEREST IN THE HUMAN SIDE OF THE PRESIDENCY
TRUE
THE PRESIDENT WAS ABLE TO EXERT GREATER AUTHORITY IN BUDGETARY MATTERS WITH THE NEW ACT THAN WITH OUT IT.
TRUE
THE PRIME MOVER IN THE TEAPOT DOME AFFAIR WAS HARDING'S SECRETARY OF INTERIOR, ALBERT B. FALL, WHO WANTED TO PREVENT THE NAVY FROM CONTINUING TO WITHDRAW PETROLEUM RICH LANDS FROM PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT, A PRACTICE DEVISED TO PROVIDE A RELIABLE SUPPLY OF OIL IN FUTURE NAVAL EMERGENCIES
TRUE
THE REPUBLICAN CONGRESS HAD PASSED SUCH A MEASURE IN 1920 BUT WILSON VETOED THE BILL BECAUSE IT RESTRICTED THE PRESIDENT'S POWER TO REMOVE THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL, WHO IS THE HEAD OF THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE
TRUE
THE REPUBLICAN CONTROLLED CONGRESS WAS NOT SO ACCOMMODATING WHEN THE ISSUE WAS TARIFFS
TRUE
THE SENATE TOO HAD BEEN AFFECTED BY AN INSURGENT REVOLT AGAINST STRONG PARTY LEADERSHIP
TRUE
THE SUPREME COURT EVENTUALLY WOULD RESTRICT SOMEWHAT THE APPLICATION OF TAFT'S RULING. BUT THE MYERS DECISION ON THE HEELS OF THE BUDGET AND ACCOUNTING ACT, WAS ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE THAT, REGARDLESS OF WHO WAS PRESIDENT, THE PRESIDENCY WAS UNLIKELY TO RETURN TO ITS MORE MODEST 19TH CENTURY STATUS
TRUE
THE TRIALS AND MANEUVERING LASTED ALMOST 6 YEARS, AFTER WHICH FALL WAS SENTENCED TO A YEAR IN JAIL AND A $100,000 FINE AND SINCLAIR RECEIVED A SIX MONTH SENTENCE. BUT DOHENY WAS ACQUITTED, A RIDICULOUS VERDICT CONSIDERING THAT FALL HAD BEEN CONVICTED OF TAKING A BRIBE FROM HIM.
TRUE
THE TYPICAL SENATOR, ONE OBSERVER WROTE IN 1922, "CAME TO THINK MORE IN TERMS OF HIMSELF AND HIS REELECTION, NEARLY ALWAYS AN IMPELLING MOTIVE, AND LESS IN TERMS OF PARTY"
TRUE
THE WASHINGTON NAVAL DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE SUCCESSFULLY WORKED OUT AN AGREEMENT NOT ONLY NAVAL ARMAMENTS BUT ALSO ON RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAJOR PACIFIC POWERS.
TRUE
TO REMEDY THE LAME DUCK AND TWO PRESIDENTS PROBLEM, SECTION 1 OF THE 20TH AMENDMENT NOON ON JAN 20 AS THE BEGINNING OF THE PRESIDENT'S AND VICE PRESIDENT'S FOUR YEAR TERM AND NOON ON JAN 3 AS THE START OF THE TERM FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS
TRUE
UNCOMFORTABLE WITH THE POLITICS AND POLITICIANS, HOOVER PROVED UNABLE TO FORM CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS WITH REPORTERS OR TO BUILD ON COOLIDGE'S PIONEERING EFFORTS IN RADIO BROADCAST
TRUE
UNDER COOLIDGE THE PRESS CONFERENCE BECAME A WASHINGTON INSTITUTION THAT FUTURE PRESIDENTS COULD NOT EASILY ABANDON
TRUE
WHAT HOOVER REALIZED AND HIS PARTY DID NOT WAS THAT HIGH TARIFFS, HOWEVER USEFUL THEY MAY HAVE BEEN AT FOSTERING DOMESTIC MANUFACTURING IN THE 19TH CENTURY, HAD BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL IN THE NEWLY INTEGRATING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
TRUE
WHEN HERBERT HOOVER, CAPITALIZING ON COOLIDGE'S POPULARITY, HANDILY DEFEATED NY DEMOCRATIC GOV AL SMITH IN THE 1928 ELECTION , MANY EXPECTED HOOVER WOULD BE AN ABLE, EVEN BRILLIANT NATIONAL LEADER
TRUE
WHEN IT CAME TO EXERTING HIS WILL ON MATTERS OF PUBLIC POLICY, COOLIDGE FELT EVEN LESS RESPONSIBILITY THAN HARDING TO ACT
TRUE
WHEN THE VETERANS BUREAU SCANDAL WAS QUICKLY FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER IN THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S OFFICE, HARDING BECAME CONVINCED THAT HIS ADMINISTRATION WAS DEEPLY TAINTED BY CORRUPTION
TRUE
WHILE REPUBLICAN SENATORS FOUGHT A LOSING BATTLE FOR THE WORLD COURT TREATY, COOLIDGE USED A WHITE HOUSE LUNCH WITH PROMINENT WRITERS AND EDITORS TO DISPLAY THE MOST BENIGN FACETS OF HIS PERSONALITY
TRUE
WILSON HAD BEEN WILLING TO MANIPULATE THE CIVIL SERVICE WHEN PARTY PATRONAGE PROVED USEFUL IN GETTING HIS PROGRAM THROUGH CONGRESS
TRUE
WILSON'S BOLD METHODS OF PARTY LEADERSHIP HAD FORGED, AT LEAST FOR A TIME, NEW CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS.
TRUE
WITH A REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION IN OFFICE IN 1921, CONGRESS PASSED THE BILL AGAIN AND PRESIDENT HARDING MORE WILLING THAN WILSON TO SHARE HIS POWER WITH CONGRESS, SIGNED IT
TRUE
HARDING TURNED TO WELLIVER TO COMPOSE BRIEF REMARKS FOR CEREMONIAL EVENTS AS WELL AS THE FINAL DRAFTS OF MAJOR ADDRESSES
TRUE ***BUT USING A SPEECHWRITER DISTANCED THE PRESIDENT FROM THE WORDS HE SPOKE
HOOVER MARSHALED THE ENTIRE EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO ENCOURAGE PRIVATE AND LOCAL GROUPS TO PROVIDE THE NEEDY WITH RELIEF FROM THE DEPRESSION BUT REFUSED TO OFFER DIRECT FEDERAL AID
TRUE ***HOOVER ADMONISHED THE RED CROSS TO FEED PEOPLE, AS IT HAD IN THE MISSISSIPPI FLOOD, RATHER THAN HAVE THE FEDERAL GOV DO IT **WHEN THE RED CROSS BALKED AND CONGRESS DEMANDED THAT THE GOV ACTS, HOOVER STILL DEMURRED STATING THAT DIRECT FEDERAL ASSISTANCE WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL
AMERICA'S TRADING PARTNERS RESPONDED TO SMOOT-HAWLEY BY RAISING THEIR OWN TARIFFS, AND TRAD GROUND TO A STANDSTILL
TRUE **HOOVER SAW THIS COMING BUT THE PROSPECT OF A CONTROVERSY WITH HIS OWN PARTY SILENCED HIM, AND AS FAR AS ONE CAN JUDGE BY HIS PUBLIC ACTS HE ABDICATED ALL CLAIMS TO LEADERSHIP IN THE TARIFF BATTLE
What was the landslide election that brought HARDING to office fought on what issues?
IT WAS FOUGHT ON THE ISSUES OF WORLD WAR I AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
BY THE END OF 1931, HOOVER WAS MORE WILLING TO RELAX HIS STALWART DEFENSE OF RUGGED INDIVIDUALISM
***HOOVER VETOED THE GARNER-WARNER RELIEF BILL ON JULY 11, 1932 **BUT THEN HOOVER ACCEPTED A COMPROMISE MEASURE CALLED THE RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION ACT WHICH HE SIGNED ON JUY 21 AFTER FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT ACCEPTED THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINATION. THE ACT AUTHORIZED THE RFC TO FINANCE $1.5 BILLION IN SELF-LIQUIDATING PUBLIC WORKS AND TO LOAN $300 MILLION TO THE STATES FOR RELIEF. BUT THIS CONCESSION WAS TOO LITTLE AND CAME TOO LATE
What caused Harding's relations with congress to become aggravated?
A BATTLE OVER BONUS PAYMENTS TO WORLD WAR I VETERANS
What was a the Teapot Dome scandal?
A COMPLICATED AND SUBTLE PLOT TO DEFRAUD THE GOV THAT WAS HATCHED AND EXECUTED DURING HARDING'S PRESIDENCY
SENATOR NORRIS SOUGHT TO REMEDY 3 MAJOR FLAWS IN THE TRADITIONAL ARRANGEMENT, WHICH HE REGARDED AS SUITED TO THE AGE WHEN TRAVEL WAS DIFFICULT AND TIME CONSUMING AND THE BUSINESS OF THE FEDERAL GOV WAS RELATIVELY MINOR:
1. BIENNIAL LAME DUCK SESSION OF CONGRESS WHICH TYPICALLY LASTED FROM THE DECEMBER AFTER THE ELECTION UNTIL THE FOLLOWING MARCH AND WHICH INCLUDED MANY OUTGOING MEMBERS OF THE DEFEATED PARTY 2. BY NOT HAVING CONGRESS BEGIN ITS TERM BEFORE THE PRESIDENT, EXISTING PROCEDURES AUTHORIZED THE LAME DUCK NOT THE NEWLY ELECTED ONE TO CHOOSE THE PRESIDENT IN THE EVENT OF A DEADLOCK IN THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE AS IT HAPPENED IN 1801 AND 1825 3. FOUR MONTHS IS TOO LONG FOR THE NATION TO HAVE IN EFFECT TWO PRESIDENTS: AN OUT GOING INCUMBENT AND AN INCOMING PRESIDENT ELECT
TWO EVENTS THAT HAPPENED DURING THE TIME OF THE 20TH AMENDMENT'S PASSAGE TESTIFIED TOO ITS VALUE:
1. FROM NOV 1932 TO MARCH 1933, IN THE LAST FOUR MONTHS OF TRANSITION, THE NATION ENDURED A LONG AND AWKWARD INTERREGNUM BETWEEN HOOVER, THE DISCREDITED AND DEFEATED PRESIDENT AND FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT, HIS SUCCESSOR- ALL IN THE MIDST OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 2. ON FEB 15, 1933, NINE DAYS AFTER THE 20TH AMENDMENT ENTERED THE CONSTITUTION, PRESIDENT ELECT ROOSEVELT NARROWLY ESCAPED AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT IN MIAMI, FL
When did Republicans resume power?
IN MARCH 1921, MILITANT IN THEIR DETERMINATION TO RESTORE CONGRESS AND THE PARTY ORGANIZATION TO THEIR FORMER STATURE
MUCH OF HOOVER'S DIFFICULTY AS PRESIDENT STEMMED FROM WHAT CONTRAST?
BETWEEN HIS DESIRE TO BRING ABOUT IMPORTANT CHANGES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY AND HIS UNWILLINGNESS OR INABILITY TO UNDERTAKE THE TASKS OF LEADERSHIP THAT COULD MAKE THESE CHANGES POSSIBLE
How did Harding disguise Welliver's true function in the White House?
BY HIRING WELLIVER WITH THE TITLE "CHIEF CLERK"
What did the BUDGET ACT REQUIRE THE PRESIDENT TO DO?
COMPILE AN ANNUAL, COMPREHENSIVE EXECUTIVE BUDGET BASED ON ESTIMATES OF BOTH THE GOV'S FINANCIAL NEEDS AND ITS REVENUES FOR THE COMING FISCAL YEAR
Who was the Socialist Party candidate, that won 3.4% of the vote, even though he was in jail for urging resistance to the draft violation of the 1918 wartime Sedition Act?
EUGENE V. DEBS
HARDING CAPITALIZED ON THE POPULAR REACTION AGAINST WHAT THE REPUBLICANS CALLED ?
EXECUTIVE AUTOCRACY
What was one consequence of Harding's forbearance (TOLERATION, PATIENCE) of Harding's program to address the problems of the postwar economy through high tariffs and low taxes?
IT MAKE LITTLE HEADWAY IN THE LEGISLATURE *INSTEAD CONGRESS BECAME BOGGED DOWN ITS OWN DISAGREEMENTS ABOUT WHAT TO DO
Which president's appointees produced the worst corruption of any administration since the advent of the civil service reform ?
HARDING
Who was the only 20th century president to embrace the spoils system as worthy in its own right?
HARDING **ACCORDING TO PAUL VAN RIPER, "BY THE MIDDLE OF THE SUMMER OF 1921 THE SPOILS EFFORTS OF THE REPUBLICANS BEGAN TO ASSUME THE PROPORTIONS OF A SIZABLE IF NOT FULL SCALE RAID"
It was under what president that the WHITE HOUSE SPOKESMAN ruse came into being to convey info from the administration to the public without directly attributing it to the president
HARDING **HARDING RECOGNIZED THAT THIS VEIL BETWEEN HIMSELF AND THE NEWSPAPER READERS GAVE HIM ROOM TO MANEUVER
What decision was the U.S. Supreme court's 1st foray into the long struggle between the president and Congress for possession of the removal power?
MYERS DECISION
Was Harding reluctant to manipulate the remaining unclassified service, which now constituted around one-fourth of the federal work force?
NO
DID THE STEADY EXTENSION OF THE MERIT CIVIL SERVICE THAT HAD BEGUN WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE PENDLETON ACT IN 1883 AND CONTINUED AFTERWARD, ESPECIALLY DURING THEODORE ROOSEVELT'S PRESIDENCY GO ANY FURTHER IN THE HARDING ADMINISTRATION?
NO BECAUSE HARDING'S PLEDGE TO RESTORE NORMALCY ALSO INCLUDED AN ENTHUSIASM FOR PATRONAGE APPOINTMENTS
In the wake of Theodore Roosevelt and Wilson, what critical ingredient had become a part of a successful presidential leadership?
PUBLIC RELATIONS
ALTHOUGH NEITHER HARDING NOR COOLIDGE ASPIRED TO BE A LAWGIVER OR TRIBUNE OF THE PEOPLE IN THE MANNER EMBRACED BY ROOSEVELT AND WILSON, EACH FOUND THAT THEY COULD NOT ADVANCE THE LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMIC POLICIES THAT THEY PREFERRED WITHOUT TAKING A STRONG HAND IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES
TRUE
THE 12 YEAR TENURE OF HARDING, COOLIDGE, AND HOOVER IS GENERALLY REGARDED AS WHAT?
REGARDED AS THE NADIR (THE LOWEST PT, ALL TIME LOW) OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE 20TH CENTURY
What did the 1876 STATUTE THAT WAS AT THE ISSUE IN THE MYERS CASE REQUIRE?
REQUIRED THE PRESIDENT TO OBTAIN THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE BEFORE REMOVING A FIRST CLASS POST MASTER FROM OFFICE
What became the theme of the 1920 Republican presidential campaign?
RETURN TO NORMALCY ***NORMALCY CAPTURED THE TEMPER OF THE TIMES AS IT RELATED NOT JUST TO PUBLIC POLICY, BUT TO THE PRESIDENCY AS WELL
ALTHOUGH REPEAL OF THE TENURE OF OFFICE ACT IN 1887 HAD ELIMINATED ONE OBSTACLE TO PRESIDENTIAL REMOVAL, NOTHING PREVENTED CONGRESS FROM DECIDING TO ENACT A SIMILAR STATUE IN THE FUTURE
TRUE
DESPITE HOOVER'S LACK OF ASSERTIVENESS, HIS FARM BILL WAS ENACTED
TRUE
DESPITE OF COOLIDGE'S LACK OF SUCCESS WITH CONGRESS, HE FORGED A STRONG BOND WITH THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
TRUE
ALLUDING TO THE TRANSFER OF POWER FROM CONGRESS TO THE PRESIDENCY DURING THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION, LODGE REMINDED HARDING THAT "THE MAKERS OF THE CONSTITUTION INTENDED TO COORDINATE THE THREE GREAT ELEMENTS OF GOV AND STROVE TO GUARD AGAINST EITHER USURPATION OR TRESPASS BY ONE BRANCH AT THE EXPENSE OF THE OTHER" **IN THAT SPIRIT, THE SENATOR ADDED, "WE ALL KNOW WELL, YOU WILL ENTER UPON YOUR GREAT RESPONSIBILITY"
TRUE
ALTHOUGH FORMALLY PART OF THE TREASURY DEPT, THE BUREAU OF THE BUDGET WAS MEANT TO SERVE AS A PRESIDENTIAL STAFF AGENCY
TRUE
DESPITE OF HIS LIMITATIONS, COOLIDGE WAS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR PRESIDENTS IN HISTORY
TRUE
What BUREAU did the BUDGET ACT establish and WHY?
THE BUREAU OF BUDGET TO HELP TO HELP THE PRESIDENT EXERCISE THE NEW BUDGET AUTHORITY
What bureau did the AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT OF 1929 create?
THE FEDERAL FARM BUREAU TO ADMINISTER LOANS SO THAT AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES COULD HELP FARMERS PRODUCE AND MARKET THEIR CROPS.
The BUDGET ACT created what OFFICE?
THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE AS AN AUDITING ARM OF CONGRESS
What was one of the few legislation measures that Coolidge promoted vigorously?
THE MELLON TAX REDUCTION PLAN OF 1923, WHICH TOOK ITS NAME FROM ANDREW MELLON, THE CONSERVATIVE TREASURY SECRETARY WHO SERVED DURING HARDING AND COOLIDGE ADMINS
What happened with the passage of the BUDGET ACT?
THE PRESIDENT FINALLY OBTAINED LEGAL AUTHORITY TO OVERSEE THE ALLOCATION OF EXPENDITURES IN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH ***IN THE PAST EACH DEPT HAD SENT ITS ANNUAL BUDGET REQUEST STRAIGHT TO CONGRESS)
The national gov's involvement in domestic affairs could not have been reduced without support from who?
THE PUBLIC (PUBLIC SUPPORT)
In rejecting the league of nations, which is closely identified with Wilson and his aspirations for national and international reform, what were voters expressing?
THEIR GENERAL DESIRE FOR QUIETER TIMES AFTER TWO DECADES OF FAR REACHING AND FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL CHANGE *****THE RETURN TO ISOLATION FROM WORLD AFFAIRS, WHICH THE REPUDIATION OF THE LEAGUE INAUGURATED, WAS ACCOMPANIED AT HOME BY A RETURN TO LAISSEZ-FAIRE APPROACH TO GOVERNING- THAT IS A PARTIAL RESTORATION OF THE WALL THAT HAD SEPARATED GOV FROM THE ECONOMY BEFORE THE ADVENT OF PROGRESSIVISM
HARDING, COOLIDGE, AND HOOVER'S UNDERSTANDING OF EXECUTIVE POWER OWED MORE TO WHO?
TO WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT THAN TO THEODORE ROOSEVELT
What did not allow for a complete return to the old order where Congress was strong?
TRANSFORMED SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND THE PRECEDENTS THAT THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND WILSON HAD ESTABLISHED
A SPECIAL COMMISSION APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT COOLIDGE INITIATED CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS IN EARLY JUNE 1924
TRUE
AFTER HARDING DIED, VICE PRESIDENT CALVIN COOLIDGE, GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS, BECAME PRESIDENT
TRUE
ALTHOUGH HOOVER CALLED FOR PROGRAMS LIKE THE RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION (RFC) WHICH WOULD PROVIDE FEDERAL LOANS TO BANKS, RAILROADS, AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS, HE DID LITTLE TO RALLY POPULAR SUPPORT FOR THESE PROGRAMS TO ENSURE THEIR EFFECTIVE OPERATION
TRUE
AN EXHAUSTIVE SENATE INVESTIGATION CHAIRED BY MONTANA SENATOR THOMAS J. WALSH DISCLOSED THAT FALL HAD ENTERED INTO A CORRUPT BARGAIN WITH THE OIL COMPANIES OF EDWARD L. DOHENY AND HARRY F. SINCLAIR, GRANTING THEM ACCESS TO SOME VALUABLE PETROLEUM DEPOSITS THAT PRESIDENT WILSON HAD RESERVED FOR THE NAVY. THE ELK HILL, CALIFORNIA, OIL RESERVE WAS LEASED TO DOHENY, AND THE TEAPOT DOME OIL RESERVE IN WYOMING TO SINCLAIR. IN RETURN FOR THE LEASES, DOHENY AND SINCLAIR BUILT SOME PIPELINES AND STORAGE FACILITIES FOR THE NAVY ON THE WEST COAST AND AT PEARL HARBOR IN HAWAII, BUT FALL PERSONALLY RECEIVED AT LEAST $100,000 FROM DOHENY AND $300,000 FROM SINCLAIR
TRUE
AS CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE U.S., TAFT DECLARED BOTH THE 1876 STATUTE AND THE 1867TENURE OF OFFICE ACT UNCONSTITUTIONAL
TRUE
AS ELMER E. CORNWELL HAS OBSERVED. " THE STATURE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE IN THE EYES OF THE PUBLIC, WHICH HAD BEEN GROWING SINCE 1990, AND WAS GIVEN POWERFUL IMPETUS DURING THE WILSON YEARS, AT LEAST HELD ITS OWN IF DID NOT ACTUALLY CONTINUE TO GROW AFTER 1920"
TRUE
AS IN EARLIER ERAS OF AMERICAN HISTORY, A PERIOD OF STRONG EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP WAS FOLLOWED BY PASSIVITY AND DRIFT
TRUE
AS PRESIDENT HARDING REVIVED THE PRACTICE OF HOLDING REGULAR PRESS CONFERENCES, WHICH WILSON HAD BEGUN BUT THEN ALLOWED TO TAPER OFF AFTER 1915
TRUE
AS SECRETARY OF COMMERCE UNDER COOLIDGE, HOOVER DEALT WITH THE MASSIVE MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOOD OF 1927, WHICH WASHED OUT MILLIONS OF ACRES OF FARMS AND DISPLACED 600,000 PEOPLE, BY SECURING CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE RED CROSS AND THE RAILROADS TO PROVIDE RELIEF.
TRUE
AS THE BUDGET ACT'S RESTRICTION ON THE PRESIDENT'S POWER TO REMOVE THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL ILLUSTRATES, CONGRESS CONTINUED TO LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S ABILITY TO CREATE NEW FEDERAL OFFICES AND TO ESTABLISH THE PROCEDURES FOR FILLING THEM
TRUE
AS WILSON'S FOOD ADMINISTRATOR DURING WW1, HOOVER ESCHEWED GOV RATIONING; INSTEAD HOOVER'S SKILLFUL USE OF SLOGANS AND MASS MARKETING TECHNIQUES ENCOURAGED VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE
TRUE
ASIDE FROM BILLS SUCH AS THE TAX CUT THAT REDUCED THE NATIONAL GOV'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE ECONOMY, COOLIDGE MAINTAINED A PUBLIC SILENCE ABOUT LEGISLATION THAT WOULD HAVE BEFITTED (APPROPRIATE FOR) A 19TH CENTURY PRESIDENT
TRUE
BOWING TO THE LEGISLATIVE BILL, HARDING CONVENED AN INTERNATIONAL DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN WASHINGTON IN LATE 1921 AND EARLY 1922
TRUE
BY 1921. THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE AND THE EXPANDING NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF THE PRESIDENT WERE FUELING A GREATER DEMAND FOR PRESIDENTIAL RHETORIC
TRUE
CALVIN COOLIDGE WAS AN UNLIKE HEIR TO THE INCREASINGLY PUBLIC PRESIDENCY
TRUE
CONVINCED THAT NEWS ABOUT HIS PERSONAL ACTIVITIES WOULD PAVE THE WAY FOR POPULAR ACCEPTANCE OF HIS MORE SERIOUS PRONOUNCEMENTS, THE SHY COOLIDGE THREW OPEN HIS PRIVATE LIFE TO UNPRECEDENTED PRESS SCRUTINY
TRUE
COOLIDGE ALSO BENEFITED FROM THE RISE OF THE FILM INDUSTRY AND THE RAPID INCREASE IN MOVIE ATTENDANCE DURING THE 1920s TO ABOUT HALF THE POPULATION EVERY WEEK. THE ADDITION OF NEWSREELS TO THE EVENING THEATER PROGRAMS ALLOWED AMERICANS TO SEE THEIR PRESIDENT IN MOTION ON A REGULAR BASIS
TRUE
COOLIDGE BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE TOO MANY FEDERAL PROGRAMS AND THAT THE PRESIDENT'S ENERGIES SHOULD BE SPENT ADMINISTERING THE GOV ECONOMICALLY AND EFFICIENTLY
TRUE
COOLIDGE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE GROWING POWER AND PROMINENCE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE COULD BE USED AS EFFECTIVELY BY A PRESIDENT WHO WANTED ONLY TO PRESIDE AS ONE WHO, LIKE THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND WILSON, WANTED TO LEAD
TRUE
COOLIDGE HAD A DISTASTE FOR LEGISLATION
TRUE
COOLIDGE HELD 520 PRESS CONFERENCES DURING HIS FIVE YEARS IN OFFICE, MORE PER MONTH THAN ANY OTHER PRESIDENT, EVEN THE GREGACIOUS FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
TRUE
COOLIDGE INSPIRED THE PEOPLE BY PERSUADING THEM AS HE PUT IN HIS 1925 INAUGURAL ADDRESS, THAT HIS PROGRAM REFLECTED IDEALISM IN ITS MOST PRACTICAL FORM
TRUE
COOLIDGE MADE LITTLE EFFORT TO JOIN WITH REPUBLICAN LEADERS IN CONGRESS TO ADVANCE A LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM
TRUE
COOLIDGE USED THE RADIO LESS TO ROUSE PUBLIC OPINION SUPPORT FOR HIS POLICIES THAN TO ENHANCE HIS POPULARITY
TRUE
COOLIDGE WAS PLAIN IN APPEARANCE AND SO SPARING WITH WORDS THAT HE WAS DUBBED "SILENT CAL", COOLIDGE'S PUBLIC PERSONA WAS ORDINARY AT A TIME WHEN THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE SEEMED TO REQUIRE PERSONS OF HEROIC DEMEANOR
TRUE
COOLIDGE'S ENORMOUS POPULARITY WAS GROUNDED NOT JUST IN HIS COMMITMENT TO BUSINESS BUT ALSO IN HIS ABILITY TO EXPRESS THAT COMMITMENT IN WORDS THAT EXALTED (PLACED AT A HIGHER LEVEL) THE GOVERNING PRINCIPLES OF THE ERA
TRUE
COOLIDGE'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS IN 1925 REACHED A RADIO AUDIENCE OF ABOUT 20 MILLION PEOPLE, MORE THAN HAD HEARD ALL OF ANY PREVIOUS PRESIDENT'S SPEECHES COMBINED
TRUE
COOLIDGE'S SHREWD (INTELLIGENT) SENSE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS REINFORCED HIS POPULARITY
TRUE
COOLIDGE'S STERN YANKEE DEMEANOR AND BUSINESS LIKE ADMINISTRATIVE STYLE OFFERED A WELCOME RESPITE FROM THE SCANDALS OF THE HARDING ADMINISTRATION
TRUE
COOLIDGE'S TENURE SUGGESTED THAT A PRESIDENT WITH A SHREWD SENSE OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS COULD THRIVE IN THE NEW POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF THE 20TH CENTURY, EVEN A PRESIDENT WHO WAS PHILOSOPHICALLY OPPOSED TO EXPANDING GOV PROGRAMS AND EXECUTIVE POWER
TRUE
DEDICATED TO A CONCEPT OF PARTY POLITICS AND CONGRESSIONAL SUPREMACY THAT NO LONGER SEEMED PRACTICAL, HARDING ALWAYS FOUND THE WHITE HOUSE TO BE AN UNCOMFORTABLE PLACE
TRUE
DEDICATED TO HIS REPUBLICAN PREDECESSORS' PRO-BUSINESS POLICIES, AND CONFIDENT THAT KNOWLEDGEABLE AND EFFICIENT ADMINISTRATION IN WASHINGTON COULD BUILD A STRONG FOUNDATION FOR NATIONAL PROSPERITY, HOOVER SEEMED PERFECTLY QUALIFIED TO CONSOLIDATE THE GAINS OF THE POSTWAR ECONOMIC RECOVERY
TRUE
DESPONDENT AND IN POOR HEALTH , HARDING DECIDED TO ESCAPE WASHINGTON ON A CROSS COUNTRY SPEAKING TOUR THAT WOULD CULMINATE IN ALASKA. IN THE COURSE OF HIS RETURN TRIP, HE FELL ILL WITH PTOMAINE POISONING, THEN PNEUMONIA, AND DIED OF EMBOLISM IN SAN FRANCISCO ON AUG 2, 1923.
TRUE
DURING HARDING'S TENURE, THE FIRST NATIONAL BUDGET SYSTEM WAS CREATED, ENHANCING SIGNIFICANTLY THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO OVERSEE THE EXPENDITURES OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPTS AND AGENCIES.
TRUE
EARLY IN HIS PRESIDENCY, HOOVER CALLED A SPECIAL SESSION OF CONGRESS TO RECOMMEND A SIGNIFICANT LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM. HOOVER CALLED FOR MAJOR CHANGES IN TARIFFS, TAXES, CONSERVATION, AND GOV ORGANIZATION. HE URGED CONGRESS TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS TO DEAL WITH THE NATION'S ALREADY LONG STANDING DEPRESSION IN AGRICULTURE
TRUE
FALL PROBABLY DID NOT REQUIRE PAYOFFS TO PURSUE MOST OF HIS POLICIES; THE LEASING PROGRAM MESHED WITH HIS IDEAS ABOUT RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. BUT THE SECRETARY'S GREED GO THE BETTER OF HIM, THEREBY EXPOSING HIS POLICIES TO ATTACK FROM CONSERVATIONISTS AND THEIR ALLIES IN THE SENATE
TRUE
FEARING FOR HIS REPUTATION AND THE FORTUNES OF HIS PARTY, HARDING REPORTEDLY LAMENTED TO JOURNALIST WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE, " MY GOD THIS IS A HELL OF A JOB! I HAVE NO TROUBLE WITH MY ENEMIES. I CAN TAKE CARE OF MY ENEMIES ALL RIGHT. BUT MY DAMN FRIENDS, MY FRIENDS, WHITE, THEY'RE THE ONES THAT KEEP ME WALKING THE FLOORS AT NIGHT"
TRUE
FRESH FROM ITS DEFEAT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATION'S CONGRESS WAS DETERMINED TO INFLUENCE FOREIGN AFFAIRS DURING HARDING'S TERM
TRUE
HARDIN'G VICTORY IN TENNESSEE MARKED THE 1ST TIME SINCE THE END OF THE RECONSTRUCTION THAT ONE OF THE ELEVEN STATES OF THE CONFEDERACY VOTED FOR A REPUBLICAN FOR PRESIDENT
TRUE
HARDING ALLOWED SECRETARY OF STATE CHARLES EVANS HUGHES TO TAKE THE LEAD IN THE DISARMAMENT TREATY NEGOTIATIONS PARTLY TO AVOID THE MISTAKES OF WILSON IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FIGHT
TRUE
HARDING ALSO APPOINTED CABOT LODGE AND OSCAR W. UNDERWOOD, THE RANKING MEMBERS OF THE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE, TO THE AMERICAN DELEGATION. HARDING THEN GAVE LODGE AND UNDERWOOD FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR STEERING THE TREATIES NEGOTIATED AT THE CONFERENCE THROUGH THE SENATE.
TRUE
HARDING ALSO MADE AN INDIRECT CONTRIBUTION TO THE PRESIDENT'S CONTROL OF ADMINISTRATIVE AFFAIRS BY APPOINTING WILLIAM HARD TAFT AS CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE U.S. IN 1921
TRUE
HARDING AND THE 1ST DIRECTOR OF THE BUDGET BUREAU, CHARLES G. DAWES, MADE EFFECTIVE USE OF THE AUTHORITY THAT A NEW LAW PLACED IN THE PRESIDENT'S HANDS.
TRUE
HARDING CARRIED EVERY STATE OUTSIDE THE SOUTH, AND HE MANAGED TO WIN 40% OF THE POPULAR VOTE BELOW THE MASON-DIXON LINE
TRUE
HARDING DECIDED TO RETAIN WILSON'S PRACTICE OF DELIVERING THE ANNUAL STATE OF THE UNION MESSAGE TO CONGRESS IN PERSON
TRUE
HARDING DIED ON AUG 2, 1923 WELL BEFORE THE AMERICAN PEOPLE REALIZED HIS SHORTCOMINGS
TRUE
HARDING FOSTERED GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE PRESS THROUGH PERSONAL COURTESIES AND INSTITUTIONAL INVITATIONS. DURING THE 1920 CAMPAIGN, HARDING HAD A THREE ROOM COTTAGE BUILT NEAR HIS HOME IN MARION TO ACCOMMODATE THE PRESS. THERE, HARDING WOULD MEET WITH REPORTERS DAILY TO DISCUSS POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN FRANK, OFF-THE RECORD SESSIONS. HARDING CONTINUED TO CULTIVATE THE JOURNALISTIC FRATERNITY DURING THE POSTELECTION TRANSITION PERIOD AS HE WAITED TO BE INAUGURATED.
TRUE
HARDING HELD HIS CABINET TO A STERN FISCAL PROGRAM THAT IN 1923 ACHIEVED ALMOST $2 BILLION IN SAVINGS- NEARLY 40% REDUCTION IN FEDERAL SPENDING THAT PRODUCED ANNUAL BUDGET SURPLUSES FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE DECADE
TRUE
HARDING SERVED BARELY TWO YEARS IN OFFICE AND SCHOLARS HAVE NUMBERED HIM AMONG THE LEAST SUCCESSFUL PRESIDENTS
TRUE
HARDING WAS NOT ONE TO ENGAGE CONGRESS IN A BITTER AND PROTRACTED STRUGGLE
TRUE
HARDING WAS NOT THE FIRST PRESIDENT TO ADVOCATE A NATIONAL BUDGET SYSTEM
TRUE
HARDING WAS THE FIRST PERSIDENT TO RECOGNIZE THAT THE PRESS COULD BE COURTED IN CASUAL AS WELL AS FORMAL ENCOUNTERS, EVEN TO THE EXTENT OF PLAYING GOLF WITH CERTAIN CORRESPONDENTS
TRUE
HARDING WENT BEFORE CONGRESS ON JULY 12, 1921 TO CHIDE (SCOLD) THE HOUSE AND ESPECIALLY THE SENATE FOR INACTION ON HIS ECONOMIC PROGRAM, HE DID NOT FOLLOW THROUGH WITH THE SORT OF FORCEFUL AND PAINSTAKING EFFORTS AT PUBLIC OR PERSONAL PERSUASION THAT MIGHT HAVE MOVED HIS FRACTIOUS PARTY TO ACTION. HARDING DID NOT BOW DOWN TO CONGRESS, BUT NEITHER DID HE HAVE THE DESIRE OR ABILITY TO LEAD IT
TRUE
HARDING WON 60% OF THE NATIONAL POPULAR VOTE AGAINST DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE, OHIO GOVERNOR JAMES M. COX, WHO RECEIVED ONLY 34%
TRUE
HARDING WOULD ANNOUNCE HIS LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM, WHICH THE CONSTITUTION DIRECTED HIM TO DO, BUT AFTER THAT, LAWMAKING WOULD BE THE WORK OF CONGRESS
TRUE
HARDING'S 1920 CALL FOR A RETURN TO NORMALCY, HAD INCLUDED A PLEDGE TO REDUCE GOV SPENDING
TRUE
HARDING'S ELECTION COULD BE EXPLAINED IN NO SMALL PART BY HIS IDENTIFICATION WITH THE NATION'S LONGING FOR A MORATORIUM ON CHANGE. IN MAY 1920 HE TOLD THE HOME MARKET CLUB IN BOSTON, "AMERICA'S PRESENT NEED IS NOT HEROICS, BUT HEALING; NOT NOSTRUMS BUT NORMALCY; NOT REVOLUTION BUT RESTORATION....NOT SURGERY BUT SERENITY
TRUE
HARDING'S INNOVATIONS IN PRESS RELATIONS HELPED AMPLIFY THE EFFECTS OF HIS WARM AND ENGAGING PERSONALITY AND WIN SUPPORT FOR HIS ADMINISTRATION'S POLICIES
TRUE
HARDING'S OUTSTANDING FOREIGN POLICY ACCOMPLISHMENT WAS THE RESULT OF A SENATE INITIATIVE, AN INDICATION OF HOW GREAT HAD BEEN THE REACTION AGAINST THE WILSONIAN TYPE OF EXECUTIVE
TRUE
HARDING'S PASSIVITY GUARANTEED DEADLOCK AND CONFUSION
TRUE
HARDING'S PLEDGE TO RESTORE NORMALCY INCLUDED A REVIVED ENTHUSIASM FOR PATRONAGE APPOINTMENTS
TRUE
HAVING SERVED AS THE EDITOR AND PUBLISHER OF THE MARION STAR IN OHIO BEFORE ENTERING POLITICS, HARDING HAD A GOOD SENSE OF HOW THE PRESS WOULD WORK. HE DEVELOPED AN INTIMACY WITH JOURNALISTS THAT GREATLY BENEFITED BOTH HIS 1920 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, AND UNTIL THE SCANDALS BEGAN TO BREAK IN 1923, HIS IMAGE AS PRESIDENT
TRUE
HERBERT HOOVER WAS KNOWN AS THE GREAT EMPEROR, BROUGHT TO THE WHITE HOUSE A TREMENDOUS REPUTATION FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT AND PUBLIC SERVICE FROM HIS TENURE AS FOOD ADMINISTRATOR DURING THE WILSON ADMINISTRATION AND AS SECRETARY OF COMMERCE UNDER HARDING AND COOLIDGE
TRUE
HOOVER ABANDONED WILSON'S PRACTICE OF APPEARING IN PERSON TO DELIVER MAJOR SPEECHES BEFORE CONGRESS AND HE FOUGHT LOOSING BATTLES TO KEEP HIS PRIVATE LIFE AND HIS BEHIND THE SCENES EFFORTS TO INFLUENCE POLICY OUT OF THE PUBLIC'S VIEW
TRUE
HOOVER BELIEVED THAT HIS ADMINISTRATION SHOULD MOBILIZE INDUSTRIAL AND CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS TO FACILITATE BETTER ECONOMIC COORDINATION AND ENHANCED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
TRUE
HOOVER RESISTED GROWING PUBLIC DEMANDS THAT HE ASSUMED THE MANTLE OF LEGISLATIVE LEADER AND PROD CONGRESS TO PRODUCE A BODY OF LAW THAT WOULD AUTHORIZE THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES TO ASSUME MORE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ECONOMIC COORDINATION AND SOCIAL SERVICES
TRUE
HOOVER SIGNED THE PROTECTIONIST SMOOT-HAWLEY ACT, WHICH HE PRIVATELY CHARACTERIZED AS "VICIOUS, EXTORTIONATE, AND OBNOXIOUS" IN THE FACE OF ARDENT PLEAS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE COUNTRY TO VETO IT.
TRUE
HOOVER TOLD THE GRIDIRON CLUB ON DEC 14, 1929, THE PRESIDENT MUST WITHIN HIS CAPACITIES, GIVE LEADERSHIP TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC FORCES OUTSIDE OF GOV WHICH MAKE FOR THE BETTERMENT OF OUR COUNTRY
TRUE
HOOVER UNWITTINGLY LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR A FUNDAMENTAL BREAK WITH THE POLITICS AND POLICIES OF THE PAST
TRUE
HOOVER WAS DIFFIDENT IN THE PRESENCE OF THE NORMAL IRRATIONALITY OF DEMOCRACY
TRUE
HOOVER'S FEAR OF BIG GOV COEXISTED WITH HIS THEODORE AND WILSON STYLE FAITH, BORN OF THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, IN THE GOV'S ABILITY TO IMPROVE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
TRUE
HOOVER'S PASSIVITY SEEMED INAPPROPRIATE TO HIS AMBITIONS FOR THE NATION
TRUE
HOOVER'S PHILOSOPHY AND PERSONALITY RENDERED HIM INCAPABLE OF PROVIDING THE BRAND OF LEADERSHIP HE ADVOCATED, ESPECIALLY AFTER THE STOCK MARKET CRASH IN OCT 1929 ACCELERATED THE ECONOMY'S RAPID DESCENT INTO DEPRESSION
TRUE
HOOVER'S REMOTE STANCE BECAME DISABLING AFTER THE REPUBLICANS LOST CONTROL OF CONGRESS IN THE 1930 MIDTERM ELECTIONS. WHEN CONGRESSIONAL DEMOCRATS REFUSED TO COOPERATE WITH HOOVER, HOOVER CHOSE TO SUFFER IN SILENCE, BEWAILING THEIR INSTRANGINCE IN THE PRIVACY OF HIS WHITE HOUSE STUDY BUT DECLINING TO GO OVER THEIR HEADS TO THE PEOPLE
TRUE
IF COOLIDGE HAD NOT FORMED A BOND WITH VOTERS THROUGH THE USE OF THE RADIO HE MIGHT HAVE FAILED TO BE NOMINATED BY HIS PARTY FOR A FULL TERM IN 1924
TRUE
IN 1921 FALL WHO WAS A STRONG ADVOCATE OF PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT, PERSUADED SECRETARY OF THE NAVY EDWIN DENBY TO TURN OVER A MANAGEMENT OF THE PETROLEUM RESERVES TO THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. FALL THEN RAPIDLY IMPLEMENTED A NEW PROGRAM TO LEASE THE RESERVES TO CERTAIN OIL COMPANIES, WHICH FAVORED HIM IN TURN WITH PERSONAL LOANS AND GIFTS
TRUE
IN EXERCISING THIS AUTHORITY, THE PRESIDENT STILL HAD TO CONTEND WITH THE POWERFUL FISCAL COMMITTEES IN CONGRESS, ESPECIALLY THE HOUSE WAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE, THE SENATE FINANCE COMMITTEE, AND THE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEES OF BOTH CHAMBERS, AS WELL AS WITH THE EXECUTIVE AGENCY HEADS, WHO FOR SO LONG DEALT DIRECTLY WITH LEGISLATORS
TRUE
IN HIS ACCEPTANCE SPEECH FOR THE REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION, HARDING TRIED TO ASSUAGE THE CONCERNS OF LODGE AND HIS SENATE COLLEAGUES. THE NOMINEE PLEDGED THAT IF ELECTED HE WOULD RESTORE "PARTY GOV AS DISTINGUISHED FROM PERSONAL GOV, INDIVIDUAL, DICTATORIAL, AUTOCRATIC, OR WHAT NOT"
TRUE
IN THE HISTORY OF PRESIDENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS, HOOVER'S PRESIDENCY WAS IMPORTANT IN A NEGATIVE SENSE.
TRUE
ISSUED BY A CONSERVATIVE CHIEF JUSTICE APPOINTED BY A CONSERVATIVE PRESIDENT, MYERS OFFERED A TELLING CONSTITUTIONAL ENDORSEMENT OF THE EXPANDING BOUNDARIES OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY
TRUE
LIKE HARDING AND COOLIDGE, HOOVER SUBSCRIBED TO A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY THAT CONFINED THE NATIONAL GOV TO THE FEW ACTIVITIES FOR WHICH IT HAD CLEVER CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY
TRUE
MCKINLEY'S STYLE OF LEADERSHIP WAS NO LONGER POSSIBLE IN THE 1920s
TRUE
NEITHER HARDING NOR HIS TWO SUCCESSORS: COOLIDGE OR HOOVER TOOK EXCEPTION TO THE SENTIMENT THAT LODGE EXPRESSED.
TRUE
NORRIS USED SECTION 3 OF THE 20TH AMENDMENT TO ADDRESS TWO OTHER POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN THE PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION PROCESS. IT PROVIDED THAT IF A PRESIDENT ELECT WERE TO DIE BEFORE THE START OF THE TERM, THE VICE PRESIDENT WOULD BE INAUGURATED AS PRESIDENT. IT ALSO STATED THAT IF BY INAUGURATION DAY NO PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE HAD RECEIVED EITHER A MAJORITY OF ELECTORAL VOTES OR THE SUPPORT OF A MAJORITY STATE DELEGATIONS IN THE HOUSE, THE VICE PRESIDENT ELECT, CHOSEN BY A SIMPLE MAJORITY VOTE OF THE SENATE, WOULD ACT AS PRESIDENT UNTIL A PRESIDENT WAS CHOSEN. (THE SAME WOULD BE TRUE IF A PRESIDENT WERE TO BE FOUND UNQUALIFIED BY VIRTUE OF AGE, CITIZENSHIP, OR RESIDENCY ). ALSO A VICE PRESIDENT ELECT MAY NOT BE CHOSEN OR THAT EITHER A WINNING PRESIDENTIAL OR VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE MIGHT DIE BEFORE RECEIVING ELECT STATUS WHEN CONGRESS COUNTED THE ELECTORAL VOTES IN EARLY JANUARY
TRUE
NOT JUST TAFT BUT ALSO WILSON HAD SUPPORTED MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY IN FISCAL AFFAIRS
TRUE
ON FEB 6, 1933, LESS THAN A MONTH BEFORE THE END OF HOOVER'S TERM THE 12 AMENDMENT BECAME PART OF THE CONSTITUTION
TRUE
ON THOSE RARE OCCASIONS WHEN HARDING DID TAKE AN INTEREST IN LEGISLATIVE MATTERS, HIS ACTIONS ALMOST ALWAYS SHOWED GREAT DEFERENCE (RESPECT) TO CONGRESS
TRUE
OUTSIDE OF WASHINGTON, HARDING IMMENSELY ENJOYED SPEECHMAKING TOURS
TRUE
THE CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICAN SENATORS WHO HAD CONTROLLED HE GOP SINCE 1912 HAD LITTLE REGARD FOR COOLIDGE
TRUE **UNLIKE HARDING, COOLIDGE WAS NOT ONE OF THEM-HIS BACKGROUND WAS IN STATE POLITICS **BUT THEY HAD LITTLE CHOICE BUT TO SUPPORT THE PRESIDENT'S BID FOR A FULL TERM IN 1924
HERBERT HOOVER WAS HARDLY THE DO-NOTHING PRESIDENT THAT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT AND THE DEMOCRATS MADE HIM OUT TO BE IN THE 1932 ELECTION.
TRUE *****HOOVER ENCOURAGED EFFORTS BY VARIOUS SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY TO PURSUE MORE RATIONAL AND JUST BUSINESS PRACTICES. WITH THE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION, HOOVER TRIED TO SUPPLY THE LEADERSHIP THAT THE PUBLIC WAS DEMANDING
EVEN HARDING'S CONCEPT OF "NORMALCY" DID NOT ENTAIL TURNING BACK THE CLOCK ENTIRELY.
TRUE ****AS HE WROTE DURING THE CAMPAIGN. "THE COMMON PEOPLE- THE PEOPLE WHOM LINCOLN SAID THAT GOD MUST HAVE LOVED THEM, BECAUSE HE MADE SO MANY OF THEM-HAVE SEEN THEMSELVES LIFTED TO A NEW LEVEL IN THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCHEME OF THE WORLD; AND OUR PROBLEMS OF THE FUTURE WILL BE TO MAINTAIN THEM THERE"
LIKE GRANT AND TAFT, HOOVER CAME TO THE PRESIDENCY WITH NO BACKGROUND IN ELECTED OFFICE. HIS EXPERIENCE HAD BEEN AS A BUILDER AND MANAGER OF ORGANIZATIONS, NOT AS A POLITICIAN WORKING TO FORGE LEGISLATIVE COALITIONS OR A POPULAR FOLLOWING
TRUE ****HOOVER WAS COMFORTABLE DEALING WITH DATA WHICH HE COULD MARSHAL TO SUPPORT A COURSE OF ACTION
COOLIDGE'S MOST SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHITE HOUSE COMMUNICATIONS WAS HIS USE OF THE RADIO TRUE
TRUE ****LACKING THE BRAINSTORMING ABILITY, OF HIS RECENT PREDECESSORS, COOLIDGE WAS BLESSED WITH HIS NEW MASS MEDIUM, WHICH HE USED EFFECTIVELY TO ENHANCE HIS IMAGE **COOLIDGE DID NOT HAVE ORATORICAL ABILITY BUT HE DID HAVE A GOOD RADIO VOICE
BEFORE CONGRESS AJOURNED IN THE SUMMER OF 1920, IT PASSED AN ACT TO REPEAL SIXTY WARTIME LAWS THAT HAD CONFERRED EXTRAORDINARY POWERS ON THE EXECUTIVE
TRUE ***A.K.A REPEAL ACT
THE REPEAL ACT WAS APPROVED BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN A 343:3 VOTE AND BY THE SENATE UNANIMOUSLY
TRUE ***AFTER CONGRESS AJOURNE WILSON POCKET-VETOED THE ACT, THEREBY RETAINING HIS WAR POWERS UNTIL CONGRESS MET AGAIN IN DEC 1920. ****HISTORIAN WILLIAM STARR MYERS HAS NOTED THAT IN DOING SO, "PRESIDENT WILSON TOOK ONE MORE STEP WHICH DECISIVELY ALIENATED THE AVERAGE AMERICAN CITIZEN"
AGAINST HOOVER'S WISHES, WESTERN PROGRESSIVES (REPUBLICAN LEADERS IN THE SENATE) HAD MOVED TO SUBSIDIZE FARMERS WHO WERE EXPORTING COMMODITIES AT PRICES LOWER THAN THE DOMESTIC RATES
TRUE ***AFTER WEEKS OF DEADLOCK, CONGRESS APPROVED THE PRESIDENT'S VERSION OF THE AGRICULTURAL MEASURE BUT WITH LITTLE HELP FROM HOOVER
THE CHIEF JUSTICE (TAFT) RULED THAT WILSON'S ORDER WAS VALID BECAUSE THE LAW RESTRICTING THE PRESIDENT'S AUTHORITY TO REMOVE POSTMASTERS WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL
TRUE ***ARGUING THAT THE REMOVAL POWER WAS INHERENTLY EXECUTIVE (THE POWER OF THE PRESIDENT), TAFT INSISTED THAT THE PRESIDENT MUST BE ABLE TO CONTROL ALL EXECUTIVE OFFICEHOLDERS, NOT JUST HIGHLY PLACED ONES
HARDING BEGAN TO REGRET HIS PLEDGE TO DEFER TO CONGRESS.
TRUE ***AS HIS POLICIES FOUNDERED (FAIL) ON CAPITOL HILL HE REPLIED TO JENNINGS: "I FIND THAT I CAN NOT CARRY OUT MY PRE-ELECTION IDEALS OF AN EXECUTIVE KEEPING HIMSELF ALOOF (DISTANT) FROM CONGRESS"
HARDING'S PRESIDENCY BEGAN SLOWLY AND ENDED DISASTROUSLY
TRUE ***BY 1923 IT WAS CLEAR THAT THE COUNTRY WAS PAYING A HEAVY PRICE FOR HARDING'S PASSIVE LEADERSHIP AND FAWNING (EXAGGERATED FLATTERING OR AFFECTION) DEFERENCE (RESPECT) TO HIS PARTY'S APPARATUS (SYSTEM)
THE FIRST SITUATION TO COME TO LIGHT INVOLVED CHARLES FORBES, THE DIRECTOR OF THE VETERANS BUREAU. IN MARCH 1923 HARDING WAS TOLD THAT FORBES HAD BEEN SELLING ITEMS FROM THE GOV'S MEDICAL SUPPLY BASE IN PERRYVILLE, MARYLAND, TO PRIVATE CONTRACTORS AT SUSPICIOUSLY LOW PRICES. FORBES AS ALSO MAKING UNDERCOVER DEALS FOR HOSPITAL BUILDING CONTRACTS AND SITE SELECTIONS.
TRUE ***FORBES WAS FORCED TO RESIGN AND HIS PRINCIPLE LEGAL ADVISER, CHARLES F. CRAMER, COMMITTED SUICIDE
HARDING WAS SENSITIVE TO ATTACKS ON HIS LEADERSHIP
TRUE ***HE MAINTAINED THE UNUSUAL AND TIME CONSUMING HABIT OF WRITING PERSONAL RESPONSES TO DOZENS OF LETTERS FROM ORDINARY CITIZENS, A HABIT WHICH INCREASED HIS WORKLOAD SIGNIFICANTLY AND EVENTUAL CONTRIBUTION TO UNDERMINING HIS HEALTH ***HARDING REPORTEDLY LAMENTED TO AN AIDE, "I AM NOT FIT FOR THIS OFFICE AND SHOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN HERE"
ON RARE OCCASION, COOLIDGE USED HIS EXCEEDINGLY CORDIAL RELATIONS WITH REPORTERS TO EXERT LEGISLATIVE LEADERSHIP
TRUE ***IN EACH OF TEN PRESS CONFERENCES BETWEEN DEC 1923 AND JUNE 1924, COOLIDGE URGED CONGRESS TO ENACT THE MELLON TAX REDUCTION PLAN. BUT MUCH OF COOLIDGE'S PUBLIC RELATIONS EFFORT WAS DESIGNED TO SELL HIMSELF RATHER THAN HIS POLICIES
THE ONLY BRIGHT SPOT FOR THE DEMOCRATS IN 1920 WAS THE IMPRESSION MADE BY THEIR 38 YEAR OLD VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, A DISTANT COUSIN OF THEODORE (TEDDY) ROOSEVELT AND THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY UNDER PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON
TRUE ***ROOSEVELT'S ENERGETIC CAMPAIGN EARNED HIM A PROMINENT NATIONAL REPUTATION AND LAUNCHED A POLITICAL CAREER THAT LED TO HIS ELECTION AS GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK IN 1928 AND PRESIDENT IN 1932, DESPITE HIS BATTLE WITH POLIO, WHICH BEGAN IN 1921 AND LASTED UNTIL HE DIED IN 1945
COOLIDGE BENEFITED FROM THE POSTWAR ECONOMIC BOOM.
TRUE ***THE HARDING-COOLIDGE ECONOMIC PROGRAM WITH ITS EMPHASIS ON UNREGULATED DOMESTIC MARKETS AND PROTECTION FROM FOREIGN COMPETITION PUT BUSINESS IN THE SADDLE
THE SENATE TOOK THE INITIATIVE TO CURB (RESTRAIN, HOLD BACK) THE NAVAL ARMS RACE THAT HAD PREOCCUPIED THE MAJOR POWERS SINCE THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR I.
TRUE ***THE REJECTION OF THE VERSAILLES TREATY HAD ENSURED THAT THE NATION'S NAVAL BUILDUP WOULD CONTINUE AFTER THE WAR. MANY PUBLIC OFFICIALS, INCLUDING HARDING BELIEVED THAT ATTAINING NAVAL SUPREMACY WAS THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE TO JOINING THE LEAGUE. YET AN ARMS RACE WOULD BE EXPENSIVE, ESPECIALLY BECAUSE GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN WERE DETERMINED TO MATCH THE AMERICAN DEPLOYMENTS
HOOVER WAS CONCERNED ABOUT SEVERAL FLAWS IN THE NATION'S RECENT PROSPERITY: THE IMBALANCE BETWEEN HIGH PRODUCTION AND LOW CONSUMPTION; THE WEAK AGRICULTURAL SECTOR; THE FEVERISH FINANCIAL SPECULATION, FUELED BY UNSOUND MONETARY AND LENDING POLICIES; THE POOR ORGANIZATION OF LABOR; AND INEFFICIENT PRACTICES IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
TRUE ***THE SOLUTION TO THESE PROBLEMS, HOOVER WAS CONVINCED, LAY NOT IN EXPANDING THE NATIONAL GOV BUT IN USING THE PRESIDENCY AND THE REST OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO ENCOURAGE PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS TO DEVELOP MORE EQUITABLE AND RATIONAL ECONOMIC ARRANGEMENTS
HOOVER WHO ENTERED OFFICE WITH GREAT EXPECTATIONS LEFT FOUR YEAR LATER AS THE OBJECT OF SCORN AND DERISION (MOCKERY)
TRUE ***THIS WAS IN PART DUE TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION WHICH WAS THE WORST ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE NATION'S HISTORY
THE MOUNTING BURDEN OF THE RHETORICAL PRESIDENCY LED HARDING TO APPOINT THE FIRST PRESIDENTIAL SPEECH WRITER JOURNALIST JUDSON WELLIVER
TRUE **ALTHOUGH EARLIER PRESIDENTS HAD SOMETIMES RELIED ON FRIENDS AND POLITICAL ALLIES TO HELP THEM PREPARE SPEECHES, MOST HAD WRITTEN THEIR OWN
IN RESPONSE TO THE NAVAL ARMS RACE DILEMMA, PROGRESSIVE REPUBLICAN SENATOR WILLIAM E. BORAH OF IDAHO ATTACHED AN AMENDMENT TO THE 1921 NAVAL APPROPRIATION BILL THAT CALLED ON THE PRESIDENT TO INVITE GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN TO A NAVAL DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE.
TRUE **ALTHOUGH HARDING TRIED TO REPLACE THE RIDER WITH A WEAKER RESOLUTION, IT PASSED **HARDING WAS NOT OPPOSED TO HAVING A CONFERENCE, BUT HE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE PRUDENT TO BUILD UP THE AMERICAN FLEET FIRST
ALTHOUGH MOST REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS, PRESSURED BY THE AMERICAN LEGION OF EX SERVICEMEN, SUPPORTED CASH COMPENSATION FOR WAR VETERANS, HARDING AND TREASURY SECRETARY ANDREW MELLON FEARED THAT THE HIGH COST OF THESE PAYMENTS THREATENED THEIR PLAN FOR SUBSTANTIAL CUTS IN TAXATION PRIOR TO THE 1922 ELECTION.
TRUE **AN OLD FRIEND OF THE PRESIDENT, MALCOLM JENNINGS WROTE HIM IN THE LATE SUMMER OF 1921 THAT EFFECTIVE "CONGRESSIONAL ACTION CAN ONLY FOLLOW THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DOMINANT LEADERSHIP UPON YOUR PART"
COOLIDGE'S FIRST SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC APPEARANCE AS PRESIDENT WAS HIS 1923 STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS, WHICH HE DELIVERED AT THE CAPITOL ON DEC 6. HIS SPEECH WAS ALSO THE FIRST PRESIDENTIAL MESSAGE TO CONGRESS TO BE BROADCAST
TRUE **FROM THEN UNTIL THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION IN JUNE 1924, COOLIDGE MADE CERTAIN TO SPEAK TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AT LEAST ONCE A MONTH IN CAREFULLY PREPARED RADIO BROADCASTS
HARDING WAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT TO BENEFIT FROM PHOTO OPPORTUNITIES
TRUE **HIS ADMINISTRATION ISSUED I.D. CARDS TO MEMBERS OF THE NEWLY FORMED WHITE HOUSE NEWS PHOTOGRAPHERS ASSOCIATION THAT GRANTED THEM ACCESS TO ALL PUBLIC AND SOME PRIVATE EVENTS AT WHICH THE PRESIDENT APPEARED. ***HARDING HIMSELF POSED WILLINGLY FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS SEVERAL TIMES A WEEK
INSTEAD WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCES PROLIFERATED (INCREASED RAPIDLY).
TRUE **HOOVER CONVENED A SERIES OF ECONOMIC STABILIZATION CONFERENCES IN THE CABINET ROOM, INVITING THE LEADERS OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES AND LABOR UNIONS TO PARTICIPATE. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THESE CONFERENCES WAS TO URGE INDUSTRIES AND WORKERS TO ACT VOLUNTARILY TO AMELIORATE (IMPROVE) THE ECONOMIC CRISIS
HOOVER FAVORED A LIMITED REVISION OF THE TARIFF SCHEDULES THAT WOULD AID ONLY STRICKEN FARMERS. BUT A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONFINE TARIFF REVISION TO THE AGRICULTURAL SCHEDULE WAS DEFEATED BY A SINGLE VOTE
TRUE **HOOVER REFUSED TO TRY TO SWING THE VOTE HE NEEDED TO PREVAIL AND HE THEN REMAINED SILENT AS CONGRESS, MAINLY THE SENATE, PROCEEDED TO INCREASE TARIFFS ON NONFARM AS WELL AS FARM COMMODITIES, EVENTUALLY PASSING A BILL THAT RAISED TARIFFS TO THEIR HIGHEST LEVELS IN HISTORY
EVEN IN THE MATTER OF THE PROTOCOL OF THE WORLD COURT, A TREATY THAT COOLIDGE SENT TO THE SENATE FOR RATIFICATION, HE GAVE NEITHER ENCOURAGEMENT NOR DIRECTION TO REPUBLICAN SENATORS
TRUE **INSTEAD COOLIDGE BARELY SPOKE A WORD AS HIS SUPPORTERS FOUGHT A VALIANT BUT, IN THE FACE OF THE ISOLATIONIST MOOD THAT GRIPPED THE NATION AFTER WWI, A LOSING BATTLE
HARDING'S DEATH CAUSED AN EXTRAORDINARY OUTPOURING OF NATIONAL EMOTION. THE CROWDS CAME OUT TO VIEW THE TRAIN CARRYING HIS BODY TO WASHINGTON WERE IMMENSE.
TRUE **THE PUBLIC'S REACTION REFLECTED THE GROWING PROMINENCE OF THE PRESIDENCY. THE STATUTE OF THE PRESIDENCY CONTINUED TO EXPAND DURING THE BRIEF HARDING ERA DUE TO THE RELENTLESS JOURNALISTIC SURVEILLANCE OF THE PRESIDENT'S ACTIVITIES THAT BEGAN DURING HARDING'S ADMIN.
THERE WAS NO RESTORATION OF CONGRESSIONAL GOV DURING THE 1920s
True
Who's election by a huge majority in 1920 marked the end of the Progressive era?
WARREN G. HARDING
WHO WAS HARDING'S MODEL?
WILLIAM MCKINLEY, WHOSE INFLUENCE ON CAPITOL HILL WAS EXERCISED THROUGH CONSULTATION AND COMPROMISE WITH HIS PARTY'S LEADERSHIP
Without what could Harding's promise of economy in gov be fullfilled?
WITHOUT THE EXPANDED FISCAL POWERS GRANTED TO THE PRESIDENT BY THE BUDGET AND ACCOUNTING ACT