Circulatory and Respiratory

alveoli

(singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls only a single cell layer thick found at the end of the respiratory bronchiole tree. Alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system with capillaries surrounding them.

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering the windpipe.

Breathing

A function in the respiratory system where the contracts, expanding your lungs and you breath in. The diaphragm relaxes and expands causing you to breath out. The medulla, or brain stem, measures the amount of Co2 to retailer how much _____________ in and out you have to do.

diaphragm

A large muscle located at the bottom of a mammal's rib cage that functions in breathing

pharynx

A passageway leading from behind the nasal cavity to the trachea. The pharynx is divided into three regions.

inferior vena cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

superior vena cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

bronchi

Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.

trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs, the large windpipe.

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that increases oxygen carrying capacity by 60x.

systolic

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. Higher value of blood pressure

arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have smooth muscle to control blood flow and thick walls to withstand high blood pressure.

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and they have valves that regulate one way blood flow. They are located near skeletal muscle to help push the blood through.

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in clotting, clotting factors cause fibrinogen, fibrin (clot).

left atrium

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.

pulmonary veins

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Atherosclerosis

Good luck spelling this. A disease caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the walls of the arteries which obrsturct blood flow, causing high blood pressure, heart attack, and possibly a stroke. Prevention would be exercise, diet, not smoking.

lungs

Main organs of the respiratory system

Lymphatic system

Network of vessels that collect fluid leaked by the circulatory system and returns it. They have lymphocytes, type of WBC, they also have some lymph nodes.

A.V node

Node that tells the ventricle to contract. Both nodes are affected by the nervous and endocrine systems.

S.A node

Pacemaker of the heart that sends an impulse telling the atria to contract. It regulates the beating of the heart.

Right ventricle

Pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs.

mitral valve

Separates left atrium and left ventricle

Medulla

The brain stem that measures the CO2 content to regulate breathing in and out.

right atrium

The chamber of the heart, where deoxygenated blood is received from the vena cava and then sent to the right ventricle.

Aorta

The largest artery in the body that carries blood away from the heart from the left ventricle to the body.

white blood cells

The other blood cell that attacks foreign substances and invading organisms.

aortic valve

The valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

lymph nodes

They act as filters in the lymphatic system and can become swollen during infection. They are involved in nutrient absorption.

Red blood cells

They are the most numerous blood cell. They transport oxygen via hemoglobin. They have no nuclei.

smoking

This can lead to several bad things. Nicotine stimulates the heart rate and blood pressure. Carbon monoxide in this is a poison that blocks hemoglobin. Tar can cause cancer. This can paralyze the cilia which leads to a buildup of smoke particles. It is addictive and can lead to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease.

Blood

This is made from 55% plasma. The (plasma is made of 90% water and 10% gases, salts, nutrients, etc.) It is also made of 45% cells, RBC's and WBC's.

Clot

This process starts with a break in the capillary wall. The platelets clump at the break site. They release thromboplastin to make thrombin. The thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which causes a ____.

Systemic

This type of circulation is where blood travels from the heart to the body and back.

Pulmonary

This type of circulation is where the blood travels from the heart to lungs and back is called ________ circulation.

capillaries

Very thin blood vessels where the site of diffusion takes place.

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

diastolic

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure in blood pressure.

left ventricle

the chamber of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta which goes to all parts of the body.

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

larynx

voice box that contains the vocal cords