CIS 388 Test 1, CIS 388 Exam 1, CIS 388 Test 1, Exam 1 ITC, CIS 380 Exam 1 - Seger, CIS 380 Exam 1

Use of information technology

is vital for organizational success

What does a feasibility study examine?

operational, technical, economic, and schedule feasibility

Transaction processing TP Systems

processes data generatd by day to day business operations

implementation

programs are written

What is application software?

programs that support day-to-day business functions and provide users with the information they need

economic feasibility

projecte benefits of a proposed system outweigh totoal cost of ownership (TCO)

What is economical feasibility?

projected benefits of a proposed system out-weigh total cost of ownership

discretionary projects

projects where management has a choice in implementing them

non-discretionary projects

projects where management has a choice in implementing them

Computer aided systems engineering (CASE) tools

provide an overall framework for systems development

How do middle managers and knowledge workers use IT?

provide direction, resources, and performance feedback to supervisors and team leaders

How do operational employees use IT?

rely on TP systems to enter and receive data they need to perform their jobs

operational employees

rely on TP systems to enter and receive data they need to perform their jobs

What is built in the systems design phase?

A physical model. Which describes how the system will be constructed.

User productivity systems ____.​

​include groupware programs that enable users to share data, collaborate on projects, and work in teams

​Project planning, an activity of a project manager, _____.

​includes identifying project tasks and estimating completion times and costs

Transaction processing (TP) systems _____.​

​process data generated by day-to-day business operations

software

controls hardware

Today, systems development is much

more team- oriented

A feasibility study examines

operational, technical, economic, and schedule factors.

A business case should

(1) Describe the project clearly, (2) provide the justification to proceed, and (3) estimate the project's financial impact

B2B

(Business-to-Business) refers to business that is conducted between companies, rather than between a company and individual consumers.

B2C

(Business-to-Customer) In a single convenient session, customers can: Do research and compare prices and features Check availability and arrange delivery Choose payment methods

6 reasons for systems request

- stronger controls -more support -improved service -better performance -more info -reduced cost

Interviews versus Questionnaires

-Interview is more familiar and personal -Questionnaire gives many people the opportunity to provide input and suggestions -Brainstorming -Structured brainstorming -Unstructured brainstorming

5 categories of system requirements: Able to classify a requirement statement

-The Web site must report online volume statistics every four hours, and hourly during peak periods -The inventory system must produce a daily report showing the part number, description, quantity on hand, quantity allocated, quantity available, and unit cost of all sorted by part number -The contact management system must generate a daily reminder list for all sales reps -The purchasing system must provide suppliers with up-to-date specifications

Rapid Application Development

-Uses a group approach like JAD JAD produces a requirements model, RAD produces a new system -Users interact with analysts to develop models and prototypes

Agile Method Advantages and Disadvantages

-Very flexible and efficient in dealing with change -Team members need a high level of technical and interpersonal skills

electronic data interchange (EDI)

-computer to computer exchange -Ecommerce was initially carried out using EDI

Information helps companies:

-increase productivity -deliver quality products and services -maintain customer loyalty -VITAL for organizational success

Agile methods attempt to develop a system

-incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements -Emphasizes continuous feedback, and each incremental step is affected by what was learned in the prior steps

system analysis phase overview

-requirements modeling -data and process modeling -object modeling -development strategies

Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

-systems planning -systems analysis -systems design -systems implementation -systems security and support

What are the goals of a business case?

1) describe the project clearly 2) provide the justification to proceed 3) estimate the project's financial impact

The Metric System characteristics (2)

1. It uses a single base unit for every quantity measured. 2. A decimal system is used were prefixes reduce or in large the basic unit.

How to apply the scientific method

1. Perform an experiment, observe, record data. 2. Analyze data, form tentative hypothesis, explain observations. 3. Conduct further experiments to test hypothesis. Determine what will happen to hypothesis.

What are the first 2 steps in constructing a context diagram?

1. Place a single process in the middle of the page (Process 0) 2. Place system entities around the perimeter of the page and use data flows to connect the entities to the central process.

After further investigation, what may happen to an original hypothesis? (3)

1. Rejected 2. Revised 3. Elevated to the status of a scientific theory

What did the book, "The Skeptical Chemist" do? (2)

1. Stated that opinions and theories are worthless until supported by experimental evidence. 2. Established the Scientific Method

system requirements

5 categories -output -input -process -performance -control

What does a DFD not show and where is this shown instead?

A DFD does not show the detailed contents of a data store - the specific structure and data elements are defined in the data dictionary.

What is required of a data store with respect to data flows and processes?

A data store must be connected to a process with a data flow.

Define: Diagram O

A diagram depicting the first level of detail below the initial context diagram. "Exploding" a process.

Describe the data store symbol and the data store name?

A flat rectangle that is open on the right side and closed on the left side. The name of the data store appears between the lines and identifies the data it contains. A data store name is a plural name consisting of a noun and adjectives, if needed.

Gantt Chart

A horizontal bar chart representing a set of tasks

What can a process connect?

A process can connect to any other symbol, including another process symbol.

Define: Functional Primitive

A process consisting of a single function that can not be exploded further.

Schedule Feasibility

A project can be implemented in an acceptable time frame

Operational Feasibility

A proposed system will be used effectively after it has been developed

Constraint

A requirement or condition that the system must satisfy or an outcome that the system must achieve

Chemistry

A science that studies the composition of matter and its properties.

Define: Attribute

A single characteristic or fact about an entity. The smallest piece of data that has meaning within an information system.

Define: Data Element

A single characteristic or fact about an entity. The smallest piece of data that has meaning within an information system. Same definition as "Attribute"

The Scientific Method

A systematic investigation of nature and requires proposing an explanation for the results of an experiment in the form of a general principle.

Define: Context Diagram

A top level view of a information system that shows its scope and boundaries.

Joint Application Development

Active user involvement formally created a successful system

Define: State

Adjective that describes an objects current status.

Systems Review Committee

Advantages: One person's bias is less likely to affect decisions Disadvantages: Action on requests must wait until the committee meets; Internal political differences could delay important decisions

RAD Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages: Systems developed more quickly with significant cost savings Disadvantages: Does not emphasize strategic business needs (system might work well in short term but miss long-term objectives)

Scientific theory

After sufficient evidence, a hypothesis becomes a...

The 5 latest trends of IT application in business are _______________.

Agile method , Cloud computing, Mobile devices, Social media and business analytics.

What era of scientific thinking did the book, "The Skeptical Chemist" cause an end to? How long did that era last to?

Alchemy lasted until the 1600's

Define: Sink

An external entity that receives data from the information system.

Define: Source

An external entity that supplies data to an information system.

Most of these projects are predictable

Annual updates to payroll Tax percentages Quarterly changes

a Project Triangle

Any change in one leg of the triangle will affect the other legs

Time estimates made by project managers

Best case-estimate (B), probable-case estimate (P), and worst-case estimate (W)

What are the time estimates by project managers?

Best-case estimate (B), probable-case estimate (P), worst-case estimate (W)

Work breakdown structure (WBS)

Breaking down a project into a series of smaller tasks

A _____ graphically displays one or more business processes, such as handling an airline reservation, filling a product order, or updating a customer account.​

Business Process Model (BPM)

​Which of the following is one of the main sectors of ecommerce?

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

Define: Data Dictionary

Central storehouse of information about a systems data. Includes the contents of data flows, data stores, entities, and processes

Supervisors and Team Leaders

Oversee operational employees and carry out day-to-day functions

Scalability

Cloud computing makes it not a big concern any more

Define: Selection

Completion of 1 of 2 or more process steps based on the results of a test or condition.

Define: Iteration

Completion of a process step that is repeated until a specific condition changes. AKA "Looping"

Define: Sequence

Completion of steps in sequential order, one after another.

Define: Polymorphism

Concept that a message gives different meanings depending on the receiver of the message.

What is not shown in the context diagram?

Data Stores

What does a system analyst describe a system in terms of?

Data and the processes that act on that data.

What is diverging data flows?

Data flow in where data travels to 2 or more locations.

What are data flows and data stores based upon?

Data structures which are composed of data elements

Planning the Preliminary Investigation Step 2

Define the project scope and constraints

Define: Method

Defines specific tasks that an object must perform. Describes how and what an object does.

Define: Cardinality

Describes how instances of one class relate to instances of another.

Define: Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Diagram that shows how the system stores, processes and transforms data.

How are images and sounds stored and treated?

Digital Form

JAD Advantages and Disadvantages

Disadvantages: is more expensive than traditional methods Advantages: Users more likely to feel a sense of ownership; Produces a more accurate statement of system requirements

What is the rule concerning data flows and processes?

Do not cross lines. Restrict the number of symbols in any DFD, lower-level DFD's shouldn't have more than 9 symbols. A data flow must have a process symbol on at least one end.

Questions analysts should ask

Does the company have the necessary hardware, software, and network resources? Does the company have the required technical expertise?

Questions to ask to predict technical feasibility?

Does the company have the necessary hardware, software, and network resources? Does the company have the required technical expertise?

What is the first step in constructing DFDs?

Draw a context diagram.

Define: Leveling

Drawing a series of increasingly detailed DFDs until reaching the desired level of detail. AKA "Exploding"

Define: Sequence Diagram

Dynamic graphical model of a use case, showing the interaction among classes during a specified time period.

Structured brainstorming

Each participant speaks when it is his or her turn, or passes

Prototyping

Early working version of an information system

Define: Balancing

Ensuring the input and outputs of the parent DFD are maintained on the "exploded" child DFD.

Define: External Entity

Entity that resides outside the normal data flow. Must be connected to the data flow to a process ONLY. CANNOT be connected to the data flow via another external entity or a data store.

Describe the volume and frequency attributes - Data Flows

Expected number of of occurrences for the data flow per unit of time.

How are external entities connected to processes?

External entities need to be connected to processes.

Requirements Modeling

Fact-finding to describe the current system Requirements for new system

A class should be responsible for itself

False

A constructor is an example of a method that is shared by all instances of a class

False

A decision tree is read from right to left with the actions along the various branches and the conditions on the far right. A decision tree might be a better way to handle complex combinations of conditions. A decision table is an effective way to describe a relatively simple process.

False

A process is a flat rectangle that is open on the right side and closed on the left side. A process name is a plural name consisting of a noun and adjective, if needed.

False

A shallow copy follows the references to all their levels and makes a new copy of each referenced object.

False

A state transition diagram is a visual summary of several related classes within a system or subsystem and identifies the system boundary. The state diagrams are placed inside the rectangle that forms the boundary.

False

Activity diagrams are based on data structures and these relationships must be documents in a data dictionary in the process model and data dictionary are consistent. With respect to a data element, its standard name and abbreviated name, or label, are provided in the data dictionary.

False

All processes are exploded to the same number of levels. The main objective is to continue until you reach functional primitives that can be translated into units of program code.

False

An object is a black box, but through encapsulation, an object allows its internal code to be altered by another object or process because all of its data and methods are shared.

False

An object should only reveal the interfaces needed to interact with it. Details not pertinent to the use of the object should be hidden from other objects.

False

Association occurs when one object must be informed by another. A stronger relationship, dependency, occurs when certain attributes of one object are determined by its interaction with another object. Aggregation occurs when an object forms part of another object, such as an employee belonging to a department.

False

Attributes are characteristics that describe the method; methods are objects that perform tasks of functions when receives a message. An instance is a specific member of a class. Alternately, systems analysts often refer to an instance on an object as a class.

False

Data flow diagrams show how data moves through an information system, program logic, and processing steps. Data flow diagrams provide a logical model that shows what the system does and how it does it.

False

Do not put the system-dependent code into your primary class. By following this directive, if the class moves to another hardware system, the code in your primary class does not have to change.

False

Encapsulation requires that fields should be public so they are accessible from other objects.

False

For ant attribute declared using the static keyword, there will be more than one copy of the attribute for all objects instantiated by the class that declares this attribute.

False

For data flow diagrams, the process numbers show that order processes are performed. Each process is considered to be available, active, and awaiting data during this specified time.

False

From a conceptual level, you can think of objects being wholly independent and having their own attributes and methods, and in OO, it is good design to provide Object A the capability to inspect of change the attributes of Object B.

False

Getters and setters provide controlled access to an object's methods, and all the user needs to know to use a method is the name of the method and the return type of method.

False

How the implementation provides the services for the user should be apparent to the user, and changes to the implementation will necessitate a change in the application code.

False

If two objects use the same class attribute, no synchronization problem can occur.

False

In OO programming objects come before the class and an object can be considered a template from which classes are made. When a class is created, we say it is instantiated.

False

In doing a bitwise copy, any object the primary object references will be copied.

False

In object-oriented analysis, the Unified Modeling Languages used to develop object models which represent information systems using such object-oriented concepts as attributes, methods, messages, classes, and instances.

False

Memory leak occurs when an object does not release the memory that it acquired during its lifecycle, and the memory is lost to the entire operating system as long as the application that created the object is executing

False

Objects have classes, which enable them to perform specific tasks. Classes resemble verbs that describe what and how, while a structure chart includes the steps required to perform a task.

False

The advantage to aborting an application when it detects a problem is that it allows the system to clean up things and put itself in a more stable state.

False

The concept of interface in this book is the same as the notion of graphical user interface, and the interface to a class should only contain what the user needs to know.

False

The data dictionary defines and describes all data structures, which are the smallest piece of data that has meaning within an information system. Data structures are combined into records.

False

The desired end result of OO design is a robust and functional object model, which forms a system. The fundamental unit of OO design is the method.

False

The employee class can belong to a subclass called person because all employees are people, and the employee class can have superclasses called manager and instructor. In this example, only the person subclass has common methods and attributes and the class and superclass only have uncommon attributes and methods

False

The lines representing data flows should not cross and this can be accomplished by restricting the number of symbols in any data flow diagram. Additionally, you can duplicate an external entity or data store to avoid crossing lines.

False

The name of the processes in lower-level data flow diagrams should use a verb followed by a descriptive noun, and there should be no more than nine process symbol per diagram. Several examples of lower-level process names are update inventory, calculate overtime, or produce report.

False

The subclass contains all the attributes and behaviors that are common to classes that inherit from it, and, when a superclass inherits from a subclass, it is considered as is-a relationship

False

Through polymorphism similar objects can respond to the same message in only one way. For example, if you have a system with many shapes, each are drawn the same way.

False

To show the details inside a process you create the context diagram, which include additional processes. The context diagram should repeat the external entities and data flows that appear in the level 0 diagram

False

Types of relationships exist. From weakest to strongest these relationships between objects are inheritance, association, aggregation, dependency.

False

Under the leveling concept, the context diagram represents the highest-level view of an information system, followed by diagram 0, which shows more detail. Larger information systems, such as a manufacturing system, might require many data flow diagram levels to reach the system's functional primitive processes.

False

When a method is defined as abstract, the superclass must provide the implementation for this method.

False

When a patient makes an appointment to see a doctor, the patient is a use case, the doctor is a use case, and so is the appointment. In the systems implementation phase, programmers transform these cases into program code.

False

When you analyze a functional primitive, the following steps are ordered and merged. This object-oriented design process uses combinations of three logical structures called order, selection, repetition using diamond shapes that represent a step or process, and rectangles that represent a condition or decision.

False

When you explode a data flow diagram, the higher -level diagram is called the parent diagram and the lower-level diagram is called the child diagram. When a data flow diagram is simple enough that no other lower-level data flow diagram is needed, the processes, data stores, and data flows can be documented in the data dictionary.

False

With respect to a data element, ts output format default value, acceptable values, the source of the data such as the form it is obtained from, and the departments or personnel that have the authority to enter or update it are provided in the data dictionary.

False

When and who signed the official metic conversion act?

Gerald Ford

Systems analysis

Goal - To build a logical model of the new system Requirements modeling: Analyst investigates business processes and documents the functions to be performed by the new system

Systems design

Goal - To create a physical model that satisfies all documented requirements

Basic unit and symbol for mass in the metric system...

Gram g

Modeling

Graphical representation of a concept or process

Define: Decision Tree

Graphical representation of the conditions, actions and rules found in a decision table.

Data and Process Modeling

Graphically represent system data and processes

Application software

Horizontal system Vertical system Legacy system

Describe the volume and frequency attributes - Data Store

How many records and how often they are accessed

What is a question that the business case answers?

How much will it cost and how long will it take?

question answered by a business case

How much will it cost and how long will it take?

What are the rules for using diverging data flows?

If the same data flows in both directions, you can use a double-headed arrow to connect the symbols. To identify specific data flows into and out of a symbol, however, you use separate data flow symbols with single arrowheads.

How did the Metric System come about and in what year?

In 1790, The French government appointed a team of scientists to make a universal system of measurement.

Where is sequence described?

In the process descriptions

What does the English system use?

Inches, pounds and gallons.

Process description - Process

Includes input and output data flows.

Define an information system and describe its components?

Information System: Set of related components that produces specific results. Components: Hardware - Physical layer of the information system Software - Controls hardware Data - Stored in tables Processes - Describe the tasks and business functions performed to achieve specific results People - Stakeholders: Individuals interested in an information system

_____ refers to the combination of hardware, software, and services that people use to manage, communicate, and share information.​

Information Technology

Define: Message

Information sent between objects to request specific behavior or information.

Interviews vs. Questionnaires

Interview is more familiar and personal questionnaire gives many people the opportunity to provide input

Agile Methods

Involve building and constantly adjusting a series of prototypes to user requirements

Questions that can help predict a system's operational feasibility

Is the project supported by management and users? Will the new system result in a workforce reduction? Do legal or ethical issues need to be considered?

Questions to predict operational feasibility:

Is the project supported by management and users? Will the new system result in a workforce reduction? Do legal or ethical issues need to be considered?

Difference between JAD and RAD

JAD produces a requirements model, RAD produces a new system

Business case

Justification for a proposal

Trends in Information Technology

Key trends Agile methods Cloud computing Mobile devices and apps IT firms now offer a mix of products, services, and support Social media Big data Business Analytics

Basic unit and symbol for volume in the metric system...

Liter L

Nondiscretionary projects

Management has no choice in implementing a project

Basic unit and symbol for length in the metric system...

Meter m

Define: Constructor Method

Method used to invoke creation of another object.

Define: Update Method

Method used to modify a existing object.

Define: Query Method

Method used to request information from a existing object.

Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers

Middle managers provide direction, resources, and performance feedback to supervisors and team leaders

_____ is a systems development technique that produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test, and modify.​

Modeling

Systems implementation

New system is constructed, programs are written, tested, and documented, and the system is installed

How are external entities named?

Nouns

Define: Inheritance

Object relationship where a object derives 1 or more of its attributes from another object.

What do external entities show?

Objects outside the system, with which the system communicates.

Describe the 5 conventions for DFDs

Outputs, inputs, processes, performance, and controls.

Business profile

Overview of a company's mission, functions, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction

What does a systems analyst do?

Plans, develops, and maintains information systems Manages IT projects, including tasks, resources, schedules, and costs Conducts meetings, delivers presentations and writes memos, reports and documentations

Project creep

Process by which projects with very general scope definitions expand gradually, without specific authorization

Strategic planning

Process of identifying long-term organizational goals, strategies, and resources

Define: Gray Hole

Process that has a input and a output BUT the input obviously is insufficient to generate the output shown.

Define: Black Hole

Process that has inputs but no outputs.

Transaction Processing (TP) Systems

Processes data generated by day-to-day business operations Examples - Customer order processing, accounts receivable, and warranty claim processing

What does a DFD's 4 symbols represent?

Processes, Data Flows, Data Stores and Entities.

Economic Feasibility

Projected benefits of a proposed system out-weigh total cost of ownership (TCO)

Discretionary projects

Projects where management has a choice in implementing them

Who wrote the book, "The Skeptical Chemist"?

Robert Boyle

Events or milestones

Recognizable reference points used to monitor progress

Operational Employees

Rely on TP systems to enter and receive data they need to perform their jobs

Define: Object

Represents a real person, place, event or transaction.

Scientific Theory vs Scientific Law

Scientific Law: a statement that describes what scientists expect happen every time under a particular set of conditions. (Measurable) Scientific Law: a well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results. (Not Measurable But an Explanation)

The project scope is well-defined and clearly stated

Scope

Basic unit and symbol for time in the metric system...

Second s

Spiral model

Series of iterations based on user feedback

Critical Path

Series of tasks which, if delayed, will affect the completion date of the overall project

Define: Record

Set of related fields that describes one instance or entity. Might have 1 or 12+ fields depending on what information is needed.

What does a logical model show?

Shows what the system must do, regardless of how it will be implemented physically.

Systems development methods

Structured analysis object oriented O_O analysis agile/ adaptive methods

Natural law

States a measurable relationship.

Define systems analysis and design?

Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems

SWOT

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats -In addition to positioning your company in the competition environment, SWOT can also be used to evaluate impacts of a IT project

Systems Analysis Skills

Strong analytical skills Interpersonal skills

Define: Data Store

Symbol used in DFD to represent where a system must retain data for use at a later time. Represented by a open rectangle. Named after Nouns.

Critical Thinking Questions Case 1-2 ​ Maddy has been performing at a very high level at a firm, and so when two of her colleagues who are currently leading other development efforts get sick or leave the company, she is asked to step in and help manage these two other efforts. When Maddy sits down at the first meeting at which the first group is gathering, she hears them discussing the feasibility study in which they are currently engaged. She knows, then, in which phase of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) this team currently is. Which phase is it?

Systems Planning

Define: Process

Tasks and business functions that users, managers and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results. Represented by a box with a number on top of the box.

Multiple Successor Tasks

Tasks that can be initiated simultaneously are termed 'concurrent' Often, two or more concurrent tasks depend on a 'predecessor task'

Dependent Tasks

Tasks that need to be completed in a sequence

User Productivity Systems

Technology that improves productivity Groupware: Enables data sharing and coordination of efforts

Define: spontaneous generation

Term used to describe unexplainable generation of data or information. Having a output with no input.

What do process numbers not suggest?

That the processes are accomplished in a sequential order.

Project management triangle indicates that _____________.

The 3 dimensions are related. Reducing development time most possibly come with increased cost or reduced project scope.

What's the basis of all modern science?

The Scientific Method

What nation was the last nation to adopt the metric system?

The U.S.

Green Chemistry

The design of chemical processes that reduce waste and hazardous substances.

What if the initial hypothesis proposal is supported by further experimentations evidence?

The hypothesis may become a scientific theory.

Hypothesis

The initial, tentative proposal of a scientific principle.

What makes one system more complex than others?

The number of components, the number of levels, and the degree of interaction among its processes, entities, data stores, and data flows.

Define: Data Flow

The path data takes during processing. Represented by a arrow. Named after a noun.

What does process 0 represent?

The process that represents the entire information system.

What is scope?

The project scope is well-defined and clearly stated

Inorganic Chemistry

The study of all other substances that don't contain carbon.

Organic Chemistry

The study of substances containing carbon.

Biochemistry

The study of substances derived from plants and animals.

What does a process appear as?

The symbol for a process is a rectangle with rounded corners. The name of the process appears inside the rectangle. The process name identifies a specific function and consists of a verb (and an adjective, if necessary) followed by a singular noun.

What is the key issues regarding data issues and time?

Time is unimportant because you are only concerned with a logical model. What is important is that a process needs to access this data at a later time.

What is each process always considered?

To be available, active, and awaiting data to be processed.

Functional Decomposition Diagrams

Top-down representation of a function or process

A Use Case diagram visually represents the interaction between users and the information system with the user depicted as an actor with a specific role. For example, the actor might be a customer and the use case may involve a credit card validation performed by the system.

True

A class serves as the blueprint for an object and is the starting block for an object. This is like relational database where the table includes fields and descriptions, which are the class. The objects would be the rows.

True

A data flow represents one or more data items, and a data flow name consists of a verb and an adverb if needed. Because a process changes data from one form into another, one data flow must enter and one information flow must exit each process symbol.

True

A data store represents a situation in which retains data because one or more processes need to use stored data at a later time. The data flow diagram does not show the detailed contents of a data store. The specific structure and data elements are defined in the data dictionary.

True

A state transition diagram shows how an object changes from ones state to another depending on events that affect the object, and all possible states must be documented. The action or event that causes a transition from one state to another is also shown

True

A student can demonstrate many different states describing his/her current status. For example, the student may be current or active and a bank account may be open, valid or current.

True

An actor initiates a use case by requesting the system to perform a function or process. For example, a patient can make an appointment. Use cases can interact with other use cases by incorporating the outcome of one use case to perform another use case.

True

An external entity is a person, department, outside organization, or other information system that provides data to the system or receives output from the system, and external entities show the boundaries of the information system. An external entity that supplies data to the system is a source, and an external entity that receives data from the system is a sink.

True

An object belongs to a group or category called a class, and all objects within a class share common attributes and methods. Objects within a class can be grouped into subclasses, which provide more specific categories within the class. For example, the vehicle class may have the car, minivan, and truck subclass.

True

Because as employees share certain attributes, the instructor object inherits many traits from the employee object. Hence, employee traits can be assumed through inheritance and do not need to be repeated in the instructor object.

True

Data flow diagrams use four basic symbols that represent processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities. A process receives input data and produces output that has a different content, form or both. The process name identifies a specific function and consists of a verb followed by a singular noun.

True

Each object is constructed separately and is allocated its own memory. However, some attributes and methods may be shared by all the objects instantiated from the same class.

True

Each subclass can possess traits that are uncommon to other members of its class. For example, the truck class in the vehicle class has a load limit that the car subclass and the minivan class do not.

True

If a subclass inherits an abstract method from a superclass, it must provide a concrete implementation or it will also be an abstract method in the subclass.

True

In OO programming, you can define the relationships between classes. This allows for code reuse and for better overall design by organizing classes and factoring in the commonalities of various classes.

True

In constructing a context diagram, you place the external entities around the perimeter of the page and use data flows to connect the entities to the central process. You do not show any data stores in the context diagram because data stores are internal to the system.

True

In data flow diagrams, a process appears as a black box where the underlying details of a project are shown. A flow is a path for data to move from one part of the data store to another.

True

In structured programming global data are a problem because it allows for uncontrolled and unpredictable access to the data. In properly designed OO code, there is no such thing as global data, which provides a high amount of data integrity.

True

Minimizing the scope of global variables is a good programming style, which is not specific to just OO programming.

True

One way to determine the minimalist interface is to initially provide no public interfaces. Then, you only add interfaces when it is requested by the user. Never assume the user needs something.

True

Rather than showing two identical data flows, a double-headed arrow is used, and, if the same data flows in both sections (in and out), a diverging data flow is used.

True

Relationships describe what objects know about each other, how objects respond to changes in other objects, and the effects of membership in classes, superclasses, and subclasses.

True

Sequence diagrams show the interaction among classes during a specified time priod by showing the classes, the messages, and the timing of the messages. Using a lifeline, the time during which the object above it can interact with other objects and the timing of the message is shown.

True

Some methods of the class are hidden because not all methods of a class are part of the public interface.

True

The Unified Modeling Language represents an object as a rectangle and the object's name, attributes, and ???? are listed inside this rectangle. An object's attributes are defined during the system's design process, and these objects can inherit, or acquire certain attributes from other objects.

True

The appropriate scope for a temporary attribute is to keep it local.

True

The behavior of an object is what the object can do. In OO programming, behaviors are contained in methods, and you can invoke a method by sending a message to it. Furthermore, you can restrict access to certain attributes of procedure through data wrapping.

True

The code included inside a constructor should set the newly created object to its initial, stable, safe state. In structured programming, a routine named housekeeping is often used for initialization purposes, which is a common function performed within a constructor.

True

The complexity of a system is indicated by the number of components, the number of levels, and the degree of interaction among its processes, external entities, data stores, and data flows.

True

The concept that a message gives different meaning to different objects called morphilization is demonstrated in the following example. The Good Night message may result in the child and parent requesting a drink of water.

True

The main objective in developing data flow diagrams is to ensure that your model is accurate. Reviewing data process models with users allows you to obtain their feedback, and the data flow diagrams should be easily understood.

True

The primary directive for all applications is that the application should never crash. Hence the programmer must check for exceptions, which are expected events that occur within the system.

True

The process of designing classes forces you to organize you code into many manageable pieces.

True

The three types of attributes are local attributes, object attributes, and class attributes, and the compiler can distinguish between attributes with the same name because they belong to different methods.

True

There are several conventions or rules that should be followed when constructing data flow diagrams. The text diagram should fit on one page, and its process name should be the name of the information system. Unique ones should be used for each set of symbols, and a unique reference number should be used for each process symbol.

True

To create a decision table, enter each condition as a separate line, and enter all potential combinations of yes-and-no for the conditions. Each column represents a numbered possibility called a rule. Finally, place an X in the action entries area for each rule to indicate which action should be taken.

True

To identify specific data flows into and out of a symbol, use separate data flow symbols with single arrowheads. For example, going into and out of the grade student work process are separate data flows, submitted work and graded work.

True

Two ways of handling an error that has been detected is to 1) check for potential problems, catch the mistake, and attempt to fix the problem and 2) throw an exception.

True

When organizing your data flow diagrams and logical models, they should be linked to the appropriate class, state transition, sequence, and activity diagram.

True

When you are using inheritance, you must know how to parent class is constructed.

True

While attributes correspond to nouns, objects are similar to adjectives that describe the characteristics of a method. The number of attributes needed depends on the business requirements of the information system. Subclasses have a few attributes; superclasses have dozens.

True

While the interface represents how the user sees the object, the implementation is the nuts and bolts of the object containing the code that represents the state of an object.

True

With respect to a use case diagram, the interaction proceeds from the top to the bottom along a vertical timeline, while horizontal arrows represent messages from one object to another.

True

With respect to documenting the process in the data dictionary, the process description is only provided if the process is a functional primitive. For functional primitives, the process description documents the processing steps and business logic.

True

With respect to modular design, each logical structure has a single entry and exit point, and the logic follows the lines in the direction indicated by arrows. The sequence structure shows the steps in sequential order. The selection structure shows the completion of one of two or more process steps based on the results of a test of condition.

True

With respect to sequence diagrams, the focus is identified by a narrow vertical rectangle covering the lifeline and indicates when an object sends or receives messages.

True

With respect to the abstraction guideline, the person class should only contain data and behaviors that are specific to a person.

True

You can catch exceptions at various levels of granularity. For example, you can catch all exceptions or just specific ones as arithmetic exceptions.

True

You do not want to coder functionality into an Employee class that is specific to supervisory functions. If you did, and then a class that does not require supervisory functionality inherited from Employee, you would have a problem.

True

Define: Association

UML symbol that links a particular actor to a use case. Represented by a arrow.

Planning the Preliminary Investigation Step 1

Understand the problem or opportunity

Top Managers

Use IT to develop long-range strategic plans

What does a process name identify and consist of?

Use the name of the information system as the process name in the context diagram. For processes in lower-level DFDs, you would use a verb followed by a descriptive noun, such as ESTABLISH GRADEBOOK, ASSIGN FINAL GRADE, or PRODUCE GRADE REPORT.

Multiple Predecessor Tasks

When the initiation of a task depends on the completion of two or more prior tasks

Rapid application development (RAD)

a compressed version of the entire development

What is the critical success factor?

a high priority objective

Gantt chart

a horizontal bar chart representing a set of task -shows planned and actual progress on a project -simplifies complex projects using a task group

schedule feasibility

a project can be implemented in an acceptable time frame

operational feasibility

a proposed system will be used effectively afterit has been developed

What is a constraint?

a requirement or condition that the system must satisfy or an outcome that the system must achieve

What is a vertical system?

a system designed to meet the unique requirements of a specific business or industry (online retailer, medical practice)

What is a horizontal system?

a system that can be adapted for use in many different types of companies (inventory, payroll)

What is systems analysis initiated by?

a systems request (starting point)

The SDLC describes

activities and functions that all systems developers perform, regardless of which approach they use

The project supports overall business strategy and operational needs

alignment

JAD advantages

allows key users to participate effectively

What is a legacy system?

an older system that the company must consider how the new system will interface with

predictable projects include:

annual updates to payroll, tax percentages, quarterly changes

unstructured brainstorming

anyone can speak at any time

Intangible benefits

are important to the company despite the inability to measure them in dollars

Tangible costs

are measured in dollars

Agile methods

attempt to develop a system incrementally by building a series of prototypes also emphasizes continuous feedback and each step is affected by what is learned in the previous step

sectors

b2c b2b

work breakdown structure (WBS)

breaking down a project into a series of smaller tasks

Business process modeling uses what model?

business process model (BPM)

A _____ is an overview that describes a company's overall functions, processes, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction.​

business profile

Application of information system in companies can result in high quality information collection and sharing, thus leads to improved business decision making. This type of information system is called _______.

business support system

How are systems requests evaluated?

by a systems review committee or a computer resources committee

What is schedule feasibility?

can a project be implemented in an acceptable timeline

change in IT

change is dramatic and continuous

scalability

cloud computing makes it not a big concern any more -systems ability to handle increased business volume and transacation

Is scalability a concern now?

cloud computing makes it not a big concern anymore

CPM( critical Path method)

developed by privaate industry to utilize a ottom up technique -useful for scheduling monitoring and controlling actual work

Information Technology (IT)

combination of hardware and software products and services used to manage access, communicate and share information

​When several tasks can start at the same time, each is called a(n) _____ task.

concurrent

What does an xy chart show?

correlation between variables

​The three legs of a project triangle are _____, scope, and time.

cost

project triangle

cost, time, space

Intangible costs

costs can significantly affect organizational performance

design

create a physical model

​A(n) _____ is a series of tasks that, if delayed, would affect the completion date of the overall project.

critical path

PERT (Program evaluation review technique)

developed by the US Navy to manage complex projects

What is Step 2 of the preliminary investigation?

define the project scope and constraints

A _____ cannot be started until a previous task is completed.​

dependent task

processes

describe the tasks and business functions performed to achieve certain tasks

What does the SLDC do?

describes the activities and functions that all systems developers perform, regardless of which approach they use

PERT chart

displays an easy-to-follow task pattern for the same project. Ex: Task 1: identify number of people Task 2: prepare questions Task 3: conduct interview

pareto chart

displays the cause of a problem

fishbone diagram

displays the causes of a problem

Pareto chart

displays the causes of a problem, in priority order, so an analyst can tackle the most important causes first.

Recognizable reference points used to monitor progress:

events or milestones

_____ enabled computer-to-computer transfer of data between companies, usually over private telecommunications networks.​

electronic data interchange (EDI)

ecommerce was initially carried out using :

electronic data interchange (EDI)

Examples of company-wide applications, called _____, include order processing systems, payroll systems, and company communications networks.​

enterprise applications

What is requirements modeling?

fact-finding to describe the current system; requirements for new system

The project goals are realistic, and tied to specific statements, assumptions, constraints, factors, and other inputs

feasibility

agile methods advantage/dis

flexible and efficient in dealing with change -frequent deliverables constantly validate the project and reduce risk

Advantages and disadvantages of agile methods

flexible and efficient in dealing with change; team members need a high level of technical and interpersonal skills

joint application development (JAD)

focuses on team based fact finding

Tangible benefits can result

from a decrease in expenses or an increase in revenues

analysis

goal- to build model

Most companies give IT budgets a high priority when economy situation is _________.

good or bad

Data and process modeling:

graphically represent system data and processes

technology that improves productivity

groupware

Information systems need what components

hardware, software, data, processes and people

An information system needs these components:

hardware, software, data, processes, people

Scrum sessions:

have specific guidelines that emphasize time blocks, interaction, and team-based activities that result in deliverable software

critical success factor

high priority factor

application software

horizontal system vertical system legacy system

What is alignment?

how well the project supports overall business strategy and operational needs

What is operational feasibility?

if a proposed system will be used effectively after it has been developed

Total cost of ownership is:

important especially if the development team is evaluating several alternatives one problem is that cost estimates tend to understand indirect costs

Total cost of ownership (TCO)

important if the development team is evaluating several alternatives

pigs

include the product owner the facilitator and the deelopment team

chickens

include users other stakeholders and managers

all systems require:

input data

UML ( Unified Modeling Language)

interaction between users and the system

all trends are

internet centric

Agile methods

involve building and constantly adjusting a series of prototypes to user requirements

agile methods

involve building and constantly adjusting a series of prototypes to user requirements

starting point

is Initiated by a systems request

UML (Unified Modeling Language)

is a standardized modeling language enabling developers to specify, visualize, construct and document artifacts of a software system.

System software

is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs

information systems

is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data.

Total cost of ownership (TCO)

is especially important if the development team is evaluating several alternatives -One problem is that cost estimates tend to understate indirect costs

Business process model (BPM)

is the activity of representing processes of an enterprise, so that the current process may be analyzed, improved, and automated.

What is a business case?

justification of a proposal

​The first step in creating a work breakdown structure (WBS) is to _____.

list all tasks

What is prototyping?

making an early working version of an information system

What does system software do?

manages the hardware components

Some feasible requests

may not be necessary and can be weeded out

JAD disadvantages

more expensive can be cumbersome if group is too large

Advantages and disadvantages of JAD

more expensive than traditional methods; users feel a sense of ownership (happier) and more accurate statement of system requirements

What are the six reasons for systems requests?

more support, stronger controls, reduced cost, more information, improved service, better performance

Define project scope by creating a list with sections called

must do, should do, could do, and won't do

What are the sections of step 2?

must do, should do, could do, won't do

​A _____ displays the same information as the Gantt chart, including task dependencies, but uses task boxes to include much more detail.

network diagram

Are all feasible request necessary?

no

Systems review committee advantages and disadvantages

one person's bias is less likely to affect decisions; action on requests must wait until the committee meets; internal political differences could delay important decisions

5 categories of system requirements

output examples, input examples, process examples, performance examples, control examples

How do supervisors and team leaders use IT?

oversee operational employees and carry out day-to-day functions

Application software is computer software designed to

perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user.

A _____ represents the work that one person can complete in one day.​

person-day

hardware

physical layer of the information system

"Scrum" chickens and pigs

pigs: product owner, facilitator, and development team chickens: users, other stakeholders, and managers

system analyst

plans, develops, and maintains information systems, and costs. conducts meetings and delivers presentations

What does a SWOT analysis do?

positions your company in the competition environment and can be used to evaluate impacts of an IT project

​Two or more concurrent tasks often depend on a single prior task, which is called a _____.

predecessor task

What is project creep?

process by which projects with very general scope definitions expand gradually, without specific authorization

What is strategic planning?

process identifying long-term organizational goals, strategies, and resources

Stragic planning overview

process of identifying long term organizational goals, strategies and resources

evenets or milestones

recognizable reference points used to monitor progress

technical feasibility

required to acquire and use the system

systems analysis phase consists of

requirements modeling, data and process modeling, object modeling, and consideration of development

What does the systems analysis phase consist of?

requirements modeling, data, and process

What does a Gantt chart show?

series of bars represent a series of tasks (schedule)

spiral model

series of interations base on user feedback

scrum

sessions have specific guidelines that emphasize time blocks interaction and team based activities that result in deliverable software

Scrum

sessions have specific guidelines that emphasize time blocks, interaction, and team-based activities that result in deliverable software

information systems

set of related components that produces specific results

Data flow diagrams DFD

show how the system stores processes and transforms data additional levels of info and detail are depicted in other realted dfd

an XY chart

shows correlation between variables which is very important to problem solving

An XY chart

shows correlation between variables, which is very important in problem solving.

What is a PERT chart?

shows tasks like a Gantt chart but shows them in an easy to follow pattern

Agile methods typically use a(n) _____ , which represents a series of iterations based on user feedback.​

spiral model

people

stakeholders

planning

starting point, goal- preliminary investigation

Systems analysis and design

step by step process for developing high quality info systems

data

stored in tables

SWOT

strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats

What does SWOT analysis stand for?

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats

What skills are required for systems analysis?

strong analytical skills and interpersonal skills

Six main reasons for systems requests

stronger controls, more support, improved service, reduced costs, more information, and better performance

Advantages and disadvantages of RAD

systems developed quickly and cheaper; does not emphasize strategic business needs (system might work well short term but miss long term objectives) and less time to develop quality, consistency, and design standards

During the _____ of the systems development life cycle (SDLC), a new system is constructed.​

systems implementation

waterfall model

systems planning, systems analysis, systems design, system implementation, and systems security and support

Larger firms may use an evaluation team or

systems review committee

Systems requests are evaluated by a

systems review committee or a computer resources committee

tangible and intangible costs and benefits

tangible costs: measured in $ intangible costs: can significantly affect organizational importance Tangible benefits: can result from a decrease in expenses or an increase in revenues intangible benefits: are important to the company despite not being able to measure them in dollars

Which of the following is correct about the tasks progress in the following figure?

task 2 is delayed

​A task that represents several activities is known as a _____.

task group

What does a fishbone diagram display?

the causes of a problem

What does a pareto chart display?

the causes of a problem in priority order

What is feasibility?

the project goals are realistic and tied to specific statements, assumptions, constraints, factors, and other inputs

information technology

the study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information.

What is the goal of systems analysis?

to build a logical model of the new system

What is the goal of systems design?

to create a physical model that satisfies all documented requirements

How do top managers use IT?

to develop long range strategic plans

Functional decomposition diagrams

top-down representation of a functions process

Systems development is team-oriented

true

What is Step 1 of the preliminary investigation?

understand the problem or opportunity

Unified modeling language (UML)

use case diagrams- interaction between users and the system

ecommerce( electronic commerce)

user interface- enables communication between a database management software and web based server *apps

What is Joint Application Development (JAD)?

user involvement creates a successful system

What is Rapid Application Development (RAD)?

users interact with analysts to develop and model prototypes

moores law

was integral to the development of hardware

The accompanying figure shows the 5 phases of a typical system development project. This method develops systems by dividing the whole project into phases and the deliverables of each phase are carried over to the next phase. Many people call this method the _______model.

waterfall

What is requirements modeling?

when an analyst investigates business procedures and documents the functions to be performed by the new system

questions answered by a business case

why are we doing this project? how much will it cost and how long will it take? are there any risks involved? how will we measure success? what alternatives exist?

​A _____ involves breaking a project down into a series of smaller tasks.

work breakdown structure (WBS)

In a typical company organizational model, middle managers _____.​

​provide direction, necessary resources, and performance feedback to supervisors and team leaders