CIS 420 Ch. 8-15

detritus

(1) an y loose material produced directly from rock disintegration (2) material resulting from the disintegration of dead organic remains (detritus = to lessen)

detritus

(1) any loose material produced directly from rock disintegration (2) material resulting from the disintegration of dead organic remains

seals

(1) any of several earless seals with a relatively short neck and small front flippers. Also known as true seals. (2) a general term that describes any of the various aquatic, carnivorous marine mammals of the families Phocidae and Otariidae (true seals are eared seals) found chiefly in the Northern Hemisphere and having a sleek, torpedo-shaped body and limbs that are modified into paddlelike flippers

plastic

(1) capable of being shaped or formed (2) composed of plastic or plastics (plasticus = molded)

Sea

(1) subdivision of an ocean, generally enclosed by land and usually composed of saltwater. Two types of seas are identifiable and defined. They are the Mediterranean seas, where a number of seas are grouped together collectively as one sea, and adjacent seas, which are connected individually to the ocean. (2) A portion of the coean where waves are being generated by wind

Frequency (f)=

(1/Period (T))

Wave steepness =

(Wave height (H) / Wave length (L))

Archaea

(achaeo=ancient) One of the three major domains of life. The domain consists of simple microscopic bacterialike creatures (including methane producers and sulfur oxidizers that inhabit deep-sea vent and seeps) and other miscroscopic life-forms that prefer evironments of extreme conditions of temperature and /or pressure

Archaebacteria

(achaeo=ancient, bakterion=a rod) A kingdom of organisms that do not have nuclear material confined within a sheath but spread throughout the cell. Includes archaea

Non-native species

(also called exotic, alien, or invasive species) species that are introduced into waters in which they are alien and often cause severe problems by displacing native species.

Animalia

(anima=breath) A kingdom of many-celled animals Organisms from kingdom Animalia range in complexity from the simple sponges to complex vertebrates (animals with backbones), which also includes humans

Eukarya

(eu=good, karuon=nut) One of the three major domains of life. The domain includes single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cells usually contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus

Eubacteria

(eu=good,bakterion=a rod) A kingdom of organisms that do not have nuclear material confined within a sheath but spread throughout the cell. Includes bacteria and blue-grann algae; previously known as Kingdom Monera

Fungi

(fungus=sponge) Any of numerous eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue and range in form from a single cell to a body mass of branched filamentous structures that often produce specialized fruiting bodies. The Kingdom includes the yeasts, molds, lichens, and mushrooms

geostrophic

(geo = earth, strophio = turn)

Plantae

(planta=plant) A kingdom of manny-celled plants Only a few species of true plants—such as surf grass (Phyllospadix) and eelgrass (Zostera)—inhabit shallow coastal environments.

Protista

(proto=first, ktistos=to establish) A kingdom of organisms that includes any of the unicellular eukaryotic organisms and their descendant multicellular organisms. Includes single-celled and multicelled marine algae as well as single- celled animals called protozoa

Protozoa

(proto=first, zoa=animal) A phylum of one-celled animals with nuclear material confined within a nuclear sheath

Species

(species= a kind) A fundamental category of taxonomix classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeeding

Taxonomy

(taxix=arrangement, nomia=a law) The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships

arious types of marine macro algae

(the "seaweeds") are typically found in shallow waters along the ocean margins. These algae are usually attached to the bottom, but a few species float. Algae are classified in part based on the color of the pigment they contain

Unfortunately, the very same properties that make plastics so advantageous make them unusually persistent and damaging when released into the marine environment:

- They are lightweight, so they float and concentrate at the surface. - They are strong, so they entangle marine organisms. -They are durable, so they don't biodegrade easily, causing them to last almost indefinitely. -They are inexpensive, so they are mass-produced and used in almost everything.

As nutrient levels increase in reef waters, the dominant benthic community changes in the following way

1) At low nutrient levels, hermatypic corals and other reef animals that contain algal symbiotic partners thrive. 2) At moderate nutrient levels, fleshy benthic plants and algae are favored 3) At high nutrient levels, the phytoplankton mass exceeds the benthic algal mass, so benthic populations tied to the phytoplankton food web dominate. For example, high nutrient levels favor suspension feeders such as clams

Exceptions to the general pattern of low productivity in tropical oceans include the following

1) Equatorial upwelling - Where trade winds drive westerly equatorial currents on either side of the equator, Ekman transport causes surface water to diverge toward higher latitudes (see Figure 7.10). This surface water is replaced by nutrient-rich water from depths of up to 200 meters (660 feet). Equatorial upwelling is best developed in the eastern Pacific Ocean. 2) Coastal upwelling - Where the prevailing winds blow toward the equator and along western continental margins, surface waters are driven away from the coast. They are replaced by nutrient-rich waters from depths of 200 to 900 meters (660 to 2950 feet). This upwelling promotes high primary production along the west coasts of continents (see Figure 13.6), which can support large fisheries. 3)Coral reefs - Organisms that comprise and live among coral reefs are superbly adapted to low-nutrient conditions, similar to the way certain organisms are adapted to desert life on land. Symbiotic microscopic algae living within the tissues of coral and other species allow coral reefs to be highly productive ecosystems. Coral reefs also tend to retain and recycle what little nutrients exist. Coral reef ecosystems are discussed further in Chapter 15, "Animals of the Benthic Environment."

visible light. This radiant energy from the Sun powerfully affects three major components of the oceans:

1) Ocean winds - The major wind belts of the world, which produce ocean currents and wind-driven ocean waves, ultimately derive their energy from solar radiation. Wind belts and ocean currents strongly influence world climates. 2) Ocean stratification - At the ocean surface, a thin layer of water created by solar heating is warmer than the water below and overlies a great mass of cold water that fills most ocean basins. In most places, this causes the ocean's water column to be stratified into layers. 3) Primary productivity - Photosynthesis can occur only where sunlight penetrates the ocean water, so phytoplankton and most animals that eat them must live where the light is, in the relatively thin layer of sunlit surface water, which is the "life layer" where most marine life exists.

Studies conducted on the amount of seafood consumed by various human populations have helped establish safe levels of methylmercury in marketed fish.4 To establish these levels, three variables were considered:

1) The rate at which each group of people consumed fish 2)The methylmercury concentration in the fish consumed by that population 3)The minimum ingestion rate of methylmercury that induces disease symptoms

During osmosis, three things can occur simultaneously across the cell membrane

1) Water molecules move through the semipermeable membrane toward the side with the lower concentration of water. 2) Nutrient molecules or ions move from where they are more concentrated into the cell, where they are used to maintain the cell. 3) Waste molecules move from within the cell to the surrounding seawater.

The Law of the Sea treaty specifies how coastal nations watch over their natural resources, settle maritime boundary disputes, and—especially in the Arctic—extend their rights to any riches on or beneath the adjacent sea floor. The four main components of the treaty are:

1. Coastal nations jurisdiction = The treaty established a uniform 19-kilometer (12-mile) territorial sea and a 370-kilometer (200-nautical-mile) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) from all land (including islands) within a nation. Each of the 151 coastal nations has jurisdiction over mineral resources, fishing, and pollution regulation within its EEZ. If the continental shelf (defined geologically) exceeds the 370-kilometer EEZ, the EEZ is extended to 648 kilometers (350 nautical miles) from shore. Although the United States is not yet a party to the treaty, it is actively exploring and mapping its extended continental shelf. 2. Ship passage = The right of free passage for all vessels on the high seas is preserved. The right of free passage is also provided within territorial seas and through straits used for international navigation. 3. Deep-ocean mineral resources = Private exploitation of sea floor resources may proceed under the regulation of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), within which a mining company will be strictly controlled by the United Nations. This provision required mining companies to fund two mining operations—their own and one operated by the regulatory United Nations. As discussed above, some industrialized nations still oppose this portion of the law even though it was modified by an agreement to the convention in 1994 that eliminated some of the restrictive regulatory components. The ISA also grants 15-year exploration rights for countries to mine sea floor mineral resources. 4. Arbitration of disputes = A United Nations Law of the Sea tribunal will arbitrate any disputes in the treaty or disputes concerning ownership rights.

Four major types of estuaries can be identified based on their geologic origin

1. coastal plain estuary 2. Fjord 3. Bar-bilt estuary 4. Techonic estuary

International Whaling Commission (IWC)

1946 to manage the subsistence and commercial hunting of large whales. In 1986 the IWC passed a ban on commercial whaling in order to allow whales to recover from overhunting and to gove researchers time to develop methods for assessing whale populations

Summertime beach

A beach that is characteristic during summer months. It typically has a wide sandy berm and a steep beach face.

Wintertime beach

A beach that is characteristic during winter months. It typically has a narrow rocky berm and a flat beach face.

Sea cave

A cavity at the base of a sea cliff formed by wave erosion.

Centripetal force

A center-seeking force that tends to make rotation bodies move toward the center of rotation The centripetal force1 (centri = the center, pet = seeking) required to keep planets in their orbits is provided by the gravitational attraction between the center-of-mass of each of the planets and the Sun. Centripetal force connects the center-of-mass of an orbiting body to its parent, pulling the object inward toward the parent, "seeking the center" of its orbit

Wave-cut cliff

A cliff produced by landward cutting by wave erosion.

krill

A common name frequently applied to members of crustacean order Euphausiacea "young fry of fish" in Norwegian, are actually in the subphylum Crustacea (genus Euphausia) and resemble minishrimp or large copepods

krill

A common name frequently applied to members of crustacean order Euphausiacea (kril = young fry of fish)

Surging breaker

A compressed breaking wave that builds up over a short distance and surges forward as it breaks. It is characteristic of abrupt beach slopes.

Longshore current

A current located in the surf zone and running parallel to the shore as a result of waves breaking at an angle to the shore.

diatomaceous earth

A deposit composed primarily of the tests of diatoms mixed with clay. Also called diatomite.

Longshore bar

A deposit of sediment that forms parallel to the coast within or just beyond the surf zone

euryhaline

A descriptive term for organisms with a high tolerance for a wide range of salinity conditions. (eury=wide, halo=salt)

eurythermal

A descriptive term for organisms with a high tolerance for a wide range of temperature conditions. (eury=wide, thermo=temperature)

Recap

A diurnal tidal pattern exhibits one high and one low tide each lunar day, a semidiurnal tidal pattern exhibits two high and two low tides daily of about the same height, and a mixed tidal pattern usually has two high and two low tides of different heights daily but may also exhibit diurnal characteristics

melon

A fatty organ located forward of the blowhole on certain odontocete cetaceans that is used to focus echolocation sounds

baleen

A fibrous substance made of keratin found in parallel rows of long plates that hang down from the upper jaw of baleen whales. (balaena = whale)

driftnet

A fishing net made of monofilament fishing line that catches organisms by entanglement.

Estuarine circulation pattern

A flow pattern in an estuary characterized by a net surface flow of low-salinity water toward the ocean and an opposite net subsurface flow of seawater toward the head of the estuary.

recap

A food chain is a linear feeding relationship among producers and one or more consumers, while a food web is a network of interconnected food chains of feeding relationships among many different organisms. The oceanic biomass pyramid shows energy transfer between trophic levels

Swell

A free ocean wave by which energy put into ocean waves by wind in the sea is transported with little energy loss across great stretches of ocean to the margins of continents where the energy is released in the surf zone. The movement of swells to distant areas is the reason why there can be waves at a shoreline even though there is no wind.

swim bladder

A gas-containing, flexible, cigar-shaped organ that aids many fishes in attaining neutral buoyancy.

Marine terrace

A gently seaward-sloping horizontal platform cut by waves (wave-cut bench) that has been uplifted above sea level.

Wave-cut bench

A gently seaward-sloping horizontal platform produced by wave erosion and extending from the base of the wave-cut cliff out under the offshore region. See also marine terrace

Energy in motion

A good way to think about waves are simply energy in motion. All types of waves transmit engery-or propagate-by means of cyclic movement through matter.

Chlorophyll

A group of green pigments that make it possible for plants to carry on photosynthesis (khloros = green, phylum = leaf)

PCBs

A group of industrial chemicals (polychlorinated biphenyls) used in a variety of products; responsible for several episodrs of ecological damage in coastal waters

black smoker

A hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor that emits a black cloud of hot water filled with dissolved metal particles.

deep scattering layer (DSL)

A layer of marine organisms in the open ocean that scatter signals from an echo sounder. It migrates daily from depths of slightly over 100 meters (330 feet) at night to more than 800 meters (2600 feet) during the day

Thermocline

A layer of water beneath the mixed layer in which a rapid change in temperature can be measured in the vertical dimension.

Euphotic zone

A layer that extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth where enough light exists to support photosynthesis, rarely deeper than 100 meters (330 feet). (eu = good, photos = light)

Cotidal line

A line connecting points where high tide occurs simultaneously. (co = with, tidal = tide), which connect all nearby locations where high tide occurs simultaneously

Orthogonal lines

A line constructed perpendicular to a wave front and spaced so that the energy between lines is equal at all times. Used to help determine how energy is distributed along the shoreline by breaking waves ortho=straight gonia=angle

Fjord

A long, narrow, deep, U-shaped inlet that usually represents the seaward end of a glacial valley that has become partially submerged after the melting of the glacier

Barrier island

A long, narrow, wave-built island separated from the mainland by a lagoon.

Splash wave

A long-wavelength wave created by a massive object or series of objects falling into water; a type of tsunami

Longshore trough

A low area of the beach that separates the beach face from the longshore bar.

Groin

A low artificial structure built perpendicular to the shore and designed to interfere with longshore transportation of sediment so that it traps sand and widens the beach on its upstream side.

Delta

A low-lying deposit at the mouth of a river, usually having a triangular shape as viewed from above

Bay barrier

A marine deposit attached to the mainland at both ends and extending entirely across the mouth of a bay, separating the bay from the open water. Also known as a bay-mouth bar

Mangrove swamp

A marshlike environment dominated by mangrove trees. They are restricted to latitudes below 30 degrees

Diatom

A member of the class Bacillariophyceae of algae that possesses a wall of overlapping silica valves. (diatoma = cut in half)

Coccolithophores

A microscopic planktonic form of algae encased by a covering composed of calcareous discs (coccoliths) (coccus = berry, lithos = stone, phorid = carrying)

fall bloom

A middle-latitude bloom of phytoplankton that occurs during the fall and is limited by the availability of sunlight.

Spring bloom

A middle-latitude bloom of phytoplankton that occurs during the spring and is limited by the availability of nutrients.

bivalve

A mollusk, such as an oyster or a clam, that has a shell consisting of two hinged valves. (bi = two, valva = a valve)

Amphidromic point

A nodal, or "no-tide" point in the ocean or sea around which the crest of the tide wae rotates during one tidal period (amphi = around, dromus = running) near the center of each cell

Zebra mussel

A non-native species released into U.S. and Canadian waters of the Great Lakes region.

Davidson Current

A northward-flowing surface current along the Washington-Oregon coast that is driven by geostropic effects on a large freshwater runoff

Estuary

A partially enclosed coastal body of water in which salty ocean watwer is significantly diluted by freshwater from land runoff. Examples of estuaries include river mouths, bays, inlets, gulfs, and sounds (aestus = tide)

Toxic compound

A poisonous substance capable of causing injury or death, especially by chemical means. (toxicum 5 poison) in crude oil vary, but the most worrisome are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as napthalenes, benzene, toluene, and xylenes

Eutrophic

A region of high productivity eu = good, tropho = nourishment)

dead zone

A region of hypoxic conditions that kills off most marine organisms that cannot escape. It is usually the result of eutrophication caused by runoff from land-based fertilizer applications.

highly stratified estuary

A relatively deep estuary in which a significant volume of marine water enters as a subsurface flow. A large volume of freshwater stream input produces a widespread low surface-salinity condition that produces a well-developed halocline throughout most of the estuary

Salt marsh

A relatively flat area of the shore where fine sediment is deposited and salt-tolerant grasses grow. One of the most biologically productive regions of Earth.

biomass pyramid

A representation of trophic levels that illustrates the progressive decrease in total biomass at successive higher levels of the pyramid.

Tombolo

A sand or gravel bar that connects an island with another island or the mainland. (tombolo=mound)

Tsunami

A seismic sea wave. A long-period gravity wave generated by a subermaring earthquake or volcanic event. Not noticeable on the open ocean but builds up to great heights in shallow water (tsu = harbor, nami = wave

Marginal sea

A semi-enclosed body of water adjacent to a continent and floored by submerged continental crust.

echolocation

A sensory system in odontocete cetaceans in which usually high-pitched sounds are emitted and their echoes interpreted to determine the direction and distance of objects.

Groin field

A series of closely spaced groins

Beach compartment

A series of rivers, beaches, and submarine canyons involved in the movement of sediment to the coast, along the coast, and down one or more submarine canyons.

Wave train

A series of waves from the same direction. Informally known as a wave set

decompression sickness

A serious condition that occurs in divers when they ascend too rapidly, causing nitrogen bubbles to form in the blood and tissue, resulting in great pain and sometimes death. Also known as the bends.

Lagoon

A shallow stretch of seawater partly or completely separated from the open ocean by an elongate narrow strip of land such as a reef or barrier island

Depositional Shore

A shoreline dominated by processes that form deposits (such as sand bars and barrier islands) along the shore.

Erosional Shore

A shoreline dominated by processes that form erosional features (such as cliffs and sea stacks) along the shore.

submerging shoreline

A shoreline formed by the relative submergence of a landmass in which the shoreline is on landforms developed under subaerial processes. It is characterized by bays and promontories and is more irregular than a shoreline of emergence.

Emerging shoreline

A shoreline resulting from the emergence of the ocean floor relative to the ocean surface. It is usually rather straight and characterized by marine features usually found at some depth.

nitrogen narcosis

A sickness that affects divers. It results from too much nitrogen gas being dissolved in the blood and reducing the flow of oxygen to tissues. The threat of this problem increases with increasing pressure (depth). which is also called rapture of the deep

Dinoflangellates

A single-celled miscroscopic planktonic organism that may posses chlorophyll and belong to the phylum Pyrrophyll (autotrophic) or may ingest food and belong to the class Mastigophora of the phylum Protozoa (heterotrophic) (dino = whirling, flagellum = whip)

overfishing

A situation that occurs when adult fish in a population are harvested faster than their natural rate of reproduction.

Spit

A small point, low tongue, or narrow embankment of land commonly consisting of sand deposited by longshore currents and having one end attached to the mainland and the other terminating in open water.

Recap

A solar day (24 hours) is shorter than a lunar day (24 hours and 50 minutes). The extra 50 minutes is the result of the Moon's movement in its orbit around Earth

keystone species

A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

Beaufort Wind Scale

A standardized wind scale that describes the appearance of the sea surface from dead calm conditions to hurricane-force winds.

Headlands

A steep-faced irregularity of the coast that extends out into the ocean.

Coast

A strip of land that extends inland from the coastline as far as ocean-related features can be found.

Territorial sea

A strip of ocean, 12 nautical miles wide, adjacent to land over which the coastal nation has control over the passage of ships

Rip currents

A strong narrow surface or near-surface current of short duration and high speed flowing seaward through the breaker zone at nearly right angles to the shore. It represents the return to the ocean of water that has been piled up on the shore by incoming waves.

Jetty

A structure built from the shore into a body of water to protect a harbor or a navigable passage from being closed off by the deposition of longshore drift material. (jettee = to project outward)

Sill

A submarine ridge partially separating bodies of water such as fjords and seas from one another or from the open ocean

Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART)

A system that utilizes sea floor sensors capable of picking up the small yet distinctive pressure pulse from a tsunami at the surface

Swash

A thin layer of water that washes up over exposed beach as waves break at the shore

Proxigean

A tidal condition of extremely large tidal range that occurs when spring tides coincide with perigee. Also called "closest of the close moon" tides. (proximus = nearest, geo = Earth)

Flood current

A tidal current associated with increasing height of the tide, generally moving toward the shore

Mixed tidal pattern

A tidal pattern exhibiting two high tides and two low tides per tidal day with a large inequality in high water heights, low water heights, or both. Coastal locations that experience such a tidal pattern may also show alternating periods of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal patterns. Also called mixed semidiurnal.

Semidiurnal tidal pattern

A tidal pattern exhibiting two nearly equal high and low tides per tidal day with small inequalities between successive highs and successive lows, a semidaily tide

Spring Tide

A tide of maximum range occuring about every two weeks when the Moon is in either new or full moon phase (springen = to rise up) because the tide is extremely large, or "springs forth." Note that spring tides have nothing to do with the seasons and happen twice a month during all times of the year.

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC)

A tsunami warning center that was established in Hawaii after the devastating 1946 tsunami. It coordinates information from 25 Pacific Rim countries

Spilling breaker

A type of breaking wave that forms on gently sloping beach, which gradually extracts the energy from the wave to produce a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave

Atmospheric waves

A type of wave that occurs in the atmosphere

Ocean waves

A type of wave that occurs in the ocean

salt wedge estuary

A very deep river mouth with a very large volume of freshwater flow beneath which a wedge of saltwater from the ocean invades. The Mississippi River is an example

Seawall

A wall built parallel to the shore to protect coastal property from the waves.

Gravity waves

A wave for which the dominant restoring force is gravity. Such waves have a wavelength of more than 1.74 cm (0.7 inch), and their speed of propagation is controlled mainly by gravity

Shallow-water wave

A wave on the surface having a wavelength of at least 20 times water depth. The bottom affects the orbit of water particles and speed is determined by water depth. Waves in which depth (d) is less than 1/20 of the wavelength (L/20) are called shallow-water waves, or long waves

Standing Waves

A wave, the form of which oscillates vertically without progessive movement, The region of maximum vertical motion is an antinode. On either side are nodes, where there is no vertical motion but maximum horizontal motion

Internal waves

A waves that develops below the surface of a fluid, the density of which changes with increased depth. This change may be gradual or occur abruptly at an interface.

schooling

A well-defined group of fishes or cetaceans of the same species.

flagella

A whiplike living structure used by some cells for locomotion (small, whiplike structures)

Eustatic sea level changed

A worldwide raising or lowering of sea level

Where do most tsunami occur?

About 86% of all great waves are generated in the Pacific Ocean because large-magnitude earthquakes occur along the series of trenches that ring its ocean basin where oceanic plates are subducted along convergent plate boundaries. Volcanic activity is also common along the Pacific Ring of Fire, and the large earthquakes that occur along its margin are capable of producing extremely large tsunami.

recap

Adaptations of pelagic organisms for seeking prey include mobility (lunging versus cruising), high swimming speed, and high body temperature. Deep-water nekton exhibit a host of unusual adaptations—including bioluminescence—that allow them to survive in deeper waters

phytoplankton

Algal plankton. One of the most important communities of primary producers in the ocean. (phyto=plant, planktos=wanfering)

recap

Although some plastics wash up on beaches, the vast majority of plastics don't ever leave the ocean. Instead, they break down into smaller pieces and enter marine food webs at progressively lower levels

Recap

Although the Moon is much smaller than the Sun, it controls tides far more than the Sun because the Moon is much closer to Earth. As a result, the Moon creates lunar tidal bulges that are twice the size of the solar tidal bulges

Stranded beach deposit

An ancient beach deposit found above present sea level because of lowering sea level.

Drowned beaches

An ancient beach now beneath the coastal ocean because of rising sea level or subsidence of the coast.

breakwater

An artificial structure constructed roughly parallel to shore and designed to protect a coastal region from the force of ocean waves.

environmental bioassay

An environmental assessment technique that determines the concentration of a pollutant that causes 50% mortality among a specific group of test organisms. (bio = biologic, essaier = to weigh out)

Newton's law of universal gravitation

An equation that quantifies gravitational force between two bodies; it states that the gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two bodies and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two masses. which states that every object that has mass in the universe is attracted to every other object. An object can be as small as a sub-atomic particle or as large as a sun

Slightly stratified estuary

An estuary of moderate depth in which marine water invades beneath the freshwater runoff. The two water masses mix so the bottom water is slightly saltier than the surface water at most places in the estuary

Tectonic estuary

An estuary, the origin of which is related to tectonic deformation of the coastal region

Flood tide

An incoming, rising tide

SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor)

An instrument abroad the SeaStar satellite launched in 1997 that measures the color of the ocean with a radiometer and provides global coverage of ocean chlorophyll levels as well as land productivities every two days

MARPOL

An international treaty that banned the disposal of all plastics and regulated the dumping of most other garbage at sea.

Surf beat

An irregular wave pattern caused by mixed interference that results in a varied sequence of larger and smaller waves

Sea stack

An isolated, pillar like rocky island that is detached from a headland by wave erosion.

Capillary waves

An ocean wave whose wavelength is less than 1.74 centimeters (0.7). The dominant restoring force for such waves is surface tension. which are more commonly called ripples. These capillary waves are small, rounded waves with V-shaped troughs

Sea arch

An opening through a headland caused by wave erosion. Usually develops as sea caves are extended from one or both sides of the headland.

copepoda

An order of microscopic to nearly microscopic crustaceans that are important members of zooplankton in temperate and subpolar waters. (kope = oar, poda = foot)

radiolaria

An order of planktonic and benthic protozoans that possess protective coverings usually made of silica. radio = spoke or ray)

foraminifers

An order of planktonic and benthic protozoans that possess protective coverings, usually composed of calcium carbonate.

mixotroph

An organism that depends on a combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic behavior to meet its energy requirements. Many coral reef species exhibit such behavior. (mixo = mix, tropho = nourishment)

bacteriovore

An organism that feeds on bacteria. (bacterio = bacteria, vora = eat)

poikilothermic

An organism whose body temperature varies with and is largely controlled by its environment; cold-blooded. (poikilos = varied, theromos = heat)

Ebb tide

An outgoing, falling tide

Rogue wave

An unusually large wave that usually occurs unexpectedly amid other waves of smaller size. Also known as a superwave, monster wave, sleeper wave, or freak wave

submerged dune topography

Ancient coastal dune deposits found submerged beneath the present shoreline because of a rise in sea level or submergence of the coast.

Zooplankton

Animal plankton (zoo = animal, planktos = wandering), which includes drifting marine animals.

infauna

Animals that live buried in the sediment (sand or mud) (in = inside, fauna = animal)

Infauna

Animals that live buried in the soft substrate (sand or mud) (in = inside, fauna = animal

subduction zone seep biocommunity

Animals that live in association with seeps of pore water squeezed out of deeper sediments. They depend on sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that act as producers for the ecosystem.

epifauna

Animals that live on the ocean bottom, either attached or moving freely over it. (epi = upon, fauna = animal)

Seismic sea waves or tsunami

Another way in which large waves are created involves the uplift or downdropping of large areas of the sea floor or other sudden geological events, all of which can transfer large amounts of energy to the entire water column. Examples include nderwater avalanches (turbidity currents), volcanic eruptions, and fault slippage. The resulting waves are called seismic sea waves or tsumani. Tsunami occur infrequently but when they do they can flood oastal areas and cause large amounts of destruction

hard stabilization

Any form of artificial structure built to protect a coast or to prevent the movement of sand along a beach. Examples include groins, jetties, breakwaters, and seawalls.

binomial nomenclature

As an offshoot of his classification scheme, Linnaeus also invented binomial nomenclature, where every living thing is known by just two Latin names (previously, organisms were known by a combination of as many as a dozen Latin names

The progressively shallower depths interfere with water particle movement at the base of the wave, so the wave speed decreases.

As one wave slows, the following waveform, which is still moving at its original speed, moves closer to the wave that is being slowed, causing a decrease in wavelength.

chelae

At night, they eat algae as rapidly as they can tear them from the rock surface with their large front claws, called chelae (khele = claw)

Counterillumination

Camouflaging by using bioluminescence to match the color and intensity of dim filtered sunlight from above and obliterate a telltale shadow.

Waves

Can be created by the movement of fluids with different densitites. These waves travel along the interface (boundary) between two different fluids. Both the air and the ocean are fluids, so waves can be created along interfaces between and within these

Mediterranean circulation

Circulation characteristic of bodies of water with restricted circulation with the ocean that results from an excess of evaporation as compared to precipitation and runoff similar to the Mediterranean Sea. Surface flow is into the restricted body of water with a subsurface counterflow as exists between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Recap

Coastal tidal phenomena include large tidal ranges (the largest of which—17 meters [56 feet]—occurs in the Bay of Fundy), tidal currents, rapidly spinning vortices called whirlpools, and grunion, which time their spawning cycles with the tides.

Recap

Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangrove swamps are highly productive areas that serve as important nurseries for many marine organisms and act as filters for polluted runoff

Delphinus delphis

Common Dolphin

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Constructive interference results from in-phase overlapping of waves and creates larger waves, while destructive interference results from waves overlapping out of phase, reducing wave height.

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Coral reefs face many environmental threats and are in decline worldwide

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Corals are able to survive in nutrient-depleted warm water by living symbiotically with zooxanthellae algae, which live within the coral's tissues, provide it with food, and give the coral its color.

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Corals are small colonial animals with stinging cells that are found primarily in shallow tropical waters and need strong sunlight, wave or current action, lack of turbidity, normal salinity seawater, and a hard substrate for attachment.

hard substrate

Corals cannot attach to a muddy bottom, so they often build upon the hard skeletons of their ancestors, creating coral reefs that are several kilometers thick.

Salt water

Corals die if the water is too fresh, which is another reason coral reefs do not form near the mouths of freshwater rivers.

Whaling by objection

Countries can continue to hunt whales legally under an objection to the IWC ban on commercial whaling. (Notable countries doing this: Norway, Iceland.)

Scientific whaling

Countries may decide to kill whales for scientific research. Under the IWC convention, meat from whales hunted for this research may be sold commercially

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Deep-water waves exist in water that is deeper than wave base and move at speeds controlled by wavelength; shallow-water waves exist in water shallower than 1/20 their wavelength and move at speeds controlled by water depth; transitional waves are intermediate between the two

heavy wave activity

During heavy wave activity (characterized by high-energy waves), the beach is saturated with water from previous waves, so very little of the swash soaks into the beach

ight wave activity

During light wave activity (characterized by less energetic waves), much of the swash soaks into the beach, so backwash is reduced.

Eelgrass (Zostera)

Eelgrass (Zostera), for example, is a grasslike plant with true roots that exists primarily in the quiet waters of bays and estuaries from the low-tide zone to a depth of 6 meters (20 feet).

Syzygy

Either of two points in the orbit of the Moon (full or new moon phase) when the Moon lies in a straight line with the Sun and Earth When the Earth-Moon-Sun system is aligned, the Moon is said to be in syzygy (syzygia = union).

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Erosional shores are characterized by erosional features such as cliffs, sea arches, sea stacks, and marine terraces. Depositional shores are characterized by depositional features such as spits, tombolos, barrier islands, deltas, and beach compartments

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Estuaries were formed by the rise in sea level after the last ice age. They can be classified based on geologic origin as coastal plain, fjord, bar-built, or tectonic estuaries. Estuaries can also be classified based on mixing as vertically mixed, slightly stratified, highly stratified, or salt wedge

Organisms are further divided into six kingdoms

Eubacteria, microscopic single-celled organisms without a nucleus; Archaebacteria, ancient bacterialike organisms that live in extreme environments; Plantae, many-celled plants; Animalia, many-celled animals; Fungi, molds and lichens, and Protista, single-celled and multicelled organisms with a nucleus. Classification of organisms involves placing individuals within the kingdoms into increasingly specific groupings of phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species, the last two of which denote an organism's scientific name. Many organisms also have one or more common names.

Oligotrophic

Exhibiting low levels of biological production, such as the centers of subtropical gyres (oligo = few, tropho = nourishment)

Gravitational force equation

Fg=(Gm1 m2/r^2) This equation states that the gravitational force (Fg) is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two bodies (m1,m2) and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two masses (r2). Note that G is the gravitational constant, so it does not change.

Quarter moon

Firstp and third-quarter moon phases, which occur when the Moon is in quadrature abour one week after the new moon and full moon phases, respectively. The third-quarter moon phases is also known as the last quarter moon phase

cruiser

Fish (such as the bluefin tuna) that constantly cruise pelagic waters in search of food.

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Fish use their fins for swimming and staying afloat within the water column. The fin that provides the most thrust is the caudal (tail) fin, which can have a variety of shapes, depending on the lifestyle of the fish.

Frequency example

For example, consider waves with a period of 12 seconds. These waves have a frequency of 1/12 or 0.083 waves per second, which converts to 5 waves per minute.

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For fisheries to be sustainable, they must employ ecosystem-based fisheries management, which considers variables in marine ecosystems and not just individual species. In addition, fishing limits must be upheld despite political factors, unwanted bycatch must be reduced, and critical fish habitats must be protected

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Gray whales undertake the longest migration of any mammal, traveling from high-latitude Arctic summer feeding areas to low-latitude winter birthing and breeding lagoons in Mexico

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Hard stabilization includes groins, jetties, breakwaters, and seawalls, all of which alter the coastal environment and result in changes in the shape of the beach. Alternatives to hard stabilization include construction restrictions, beach replenishment, and relocation

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High evaporation rates in the Mediterranean Sea cause it to have a shallow inflow of surface seawater and a subsurface high-salinity outflow—a circulation pattern opposite that of most estuaries

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Higher ocean temperatures are driving species away from where they normally exist into cooler waters, deeper into the oceans, or to high-latitude regions. Species that prefer warmer water, in turn, are populating areas vacated by cool-water species

Wake

Human activities also cause ocean waves. When ships travel across the ocean, they leave behind a wake, which is a wave.

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Hydrothermal vent biocommunities occur near black smokers and rely on chemosynthetic archaea for food. Other deep-sea cold seep biocommunities that depend on chemosynthesis exist around hypersaline, hydrocarbon, and subduction zone seeps.

Looking at how distance influences gravitational force, the relationship is as follows:

If distance increases (↑), then gravitational force greatly decreases (↓↓)

A vertical barrier, such as a seawall or a rock ledge, can reflect waves back into the ocean with little loss of energy—a process called wave reflection (reflecten = to bend back), which is similar to how a mirror reflects (bounces) back light.

If the incoming wave strikes the barrier at a right (90-degree) angle, for example, the wave energy is reflected back parallel to the incoming wave, often interfering with the next incoming wave and creating unusual waveforms

Deep-water waves

If the water depth (d) is greater than the wave base (L/2), the waves are called deep-water waves. An ocean wave traveling in water that has a depth greater than one-half the average wavelength. Its speed is independent of water depth

Mare Liberum and the Territorial Sea

In 1609, Hugo Grotius, a Dutch jurist and scholar whose writings eventually helped formulate international law, urged freedom of the seas to all nations in his treatise Mare Liberum (mare = sea, liberum = free), which was premised on the assumption that the sea's major known resource—fish—exists in inexhaustible supply. Nevertheless, controversy continued over whether nations could control a portion of an ocean, such as the ocean adjacent to a nation's coastline.

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In an idealized case, the rise and fall of the tides are caused by Earth's rotation carrying various locations into and out of the tidal bulges

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In polar oceans, productivity peaks during the summer and is limited by sunlight during the rest of the year. In tropical oceans, productivity is low year-round and is limited by nutrients. In middle latitude oceans, productivity peaks in the spring and fall and is limited by a lack of solar radiation in the winter and a lack of nutrients in the summer. Despite this, middle latitude oceans exhibit the highest overall productivity of the three regions

Why isn't the barycenter halfway between the two bodies?

It's because Earth's mass is so much greater than that of the Moon. This can be visualized by imagining Earth and its Moon as ends of an object that is much heavier on one end than the other.

Rip-rap

Large blocky material used to armor coastal structures

Linnaeus, Carolus (1707-1778)

Latinized name of Swedish botanist Carl von Linne, the father of taxonomic classification and binomial nomenclature

Bioluminescence

Light organically produced by a chemical reaction. Found in bacteria, phytoplankton, and various fishes (especially deep-sea fish). (bios = life, lumen = light, esc = becoming)

Nodes

Lines along which there is no vertical movement are called nodes (nodus = knot), or nodal lines. Antinodes, which are crests that alternately become troughs, are the points of greatest vertical movement within a standing wave.

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Living organisms use energy, reproduce, adapt, and change through time. Living things can be classified into one of three domains and six kingdoms, each of which is split into increasingly specific groupings of phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Bodys waves

Longitudinal and transverse waves are called body waves because they transfer energy through a body of matter.

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Longshore currents are produced by waves approaching the beach at an angle and create longshore drift, which transports sand along the coast in a zigzag fashion

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Many factors influence the tides, and tidal prediction is more complicated than what is predicted based on a simple lunar and solar tidal bulge model.

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Many other types of pollution besides petroleum are considered marine chemical pollutants, including sewage sludge, DDTs, PCBs, mercury, and chemicals contained in prescription and non-prescription drugs

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Many pelagic species (especially fish) school, engage in symbiosis, or have other adaptations to increase their chances of survival by avoiding predators

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Marine mammals include orders Carnivora (sea otters, polar bears, and pinnipeds—walrus, seals, sea lions, and fur seals), Sirenia (manatees and dugongs), and Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)

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Marine organisms can be classified according to their habitat and mobility as plankton (drifters), nekton (swimmers), or benthos (bottom dwellers)

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Marine photosynthetic organisms include seed-bearing plants (such as surf grass), macroscopic algae (seaweeds), microscopic algae (diatoms, coccolithophores, and dinoflagellates), and bacteria. Red tides are caused by an overabundance of dinoflagellates

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Marine species represent only 13% of the total number of known species on Earth. The benthic environment, which has large environmental variability, is home to 98% of the 228,445 known marine species.

Splash waves

Mass movement into the ocean, such as coastal landslides or large icebergs that fall from coastal glaciers also creats waves. These waves are commonly called splash waves

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Most ocean waves are caused by wind, but many other types of waves, including interal waves, splash waves, tsunami, tides, and human-induces wavesm are created by transfer of energy in the ocean

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Most tsunami are generated by underwater fault movement, which transfers energy to the entire water column. When these fast and long waves surge ashore, they can do considerable damage.

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Ocean waves produce large amounts of energy. Although significant problems exist in harnessing wave energy effectively, several types of devices are extracting wave energy today.

beach hoppers

On most sandy beaches, numerous crustaceans called beach hoppers feed on kelp cast up by storm waves or high tides

photophore

One of several types of light-producing organs found primarily on fishes and squids inhabiting the mesopelagic and upper bathypelagic zones. (photo = light, phoros = bearing)

Bacteria

One of the three major domains of life. The domain includes unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms that vary in terms of morphology, oxygen and nutritional requirements, and motility (bakterion = a rod) includes simple life-forms with cells that usually lack a nucleus, including purple bacteria, green nonsulfur bacteria, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

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Osmosis produces a net transfer of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane, from the side with the greater concentration of water molecules to the side with the lesser concentration

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Ownership of the ocean and sea floor is regulated by the internationally ratified Law of the Sea treaty, which gives nations control of waters and the sea floor immediately adjacent to their coasts.

Nekton

Pelagic animals such as adult squids, fish, and mammals that are active swimmers to the extent that they can determine their position in the ocean by swimming. (nektos = swimming)

sessile

Permanently attached to a substrate; not capable of moving to another location. (sessilis = sitting on)

stenohaline

Pertaining to organisms that can withstand only a small range of salinity change. (steno=narrow, halo=salt)

benthic environment

Pertaining to the ocean bottom. (benthos=bottom)

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Petroleum pollution enters the ocean naturally through seeps but also through human activities. Large oil spills are an inevitable part of our modern society but the ocean's bacteria and other microbes naturally biodegrade oil

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Photosynthetic productivity is limited in the marine environment by the amount of sunlight and the supply of nutrients. Upwelling greatly enhances the conditions for life by lifting cold, nutrient-rich water to the sunlit surface waters

Meroplankton

Planktonic larval forms of organisms that are members of the benthos or nekton as adults. mero = a part, planktos = wandering)

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Primary productivity is the rate at which carbon (organic matter) is produced by microbes, algae, and plants, mostly through photosynthesis; however, primary productivity also includes microbes that perform chemosynthesis

Wave steepness

Ration of wave height (H) to wavelength (L). If a 1:7 ratio is ever exceeded by the wave, the wave breaks

Harmful algal bloom (HAB)

Red tides and associated algal blooms that do not color the water red but are detrimental to marine animals, humans, or the environment are more accurately called harmful algal blooms (HABs)

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Rocky shores are divided into the spray zone and high, middle, and low tide (intertidal) zones. Many shelled organisms inhabit the upper zones, while more soft-bodied organisms and algae inhabit the lower zones.

Wave speed

S(in meters per second)=1.25 √L (in meters) S(in feet per second)=2.26 √L (in feet) We can also determine wave speed if we know only the period (T) because wave speed (S) is defined in Equation 8.3 as L/T. Filling in the known variables with numbers gives (in meters per second): S(in meters per second)=1.56×T or in feet per second: S(in feet per second)=5.12×T Speed (S)=(L/T)=(100 meters/8 seconds)=12.5 meters per second

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Sea level is affected by the movement of land and changes in seawater volume or ocean basin capacity. Sea level has changed dramatically in the past because of changes in Earth's climate

paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).

Seafood toxin, Numbness, tingling of mouth, face, arms, and legs, Dizziness, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea

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Sediment-covered shores—including sandy beaches and mud flats—have an intertidal zonation similar to that of rocky shores but also contain many organisms that live within the sediment (infauna).

picoplankton

Small plankton within the size range of 0.2 to 2.0 micrometers in size. Composed primarily of bacteria. (pico = small, planktos = wandering)

meiofauna

Small species of animals that live in the spaces among particles in a marine sediment. (meio = lesser, fauna = animal)

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Smaller, low-energy waves move sand up the beach face toward the berm and create a summertime beach; larger, high-energy waves scour sand from the berm and create a wintertime beach

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Spring tides occur during the full moon and new moon phases, when the lunar and solar tidal bulges constructively interfere, producing a large tidal range. Neap tides occur during the quarter moon phases, when the lunar and solar tidal bulges destructively interfere, producing a small tidal range

abyssal storm

Stormlike occurrences of rapid current movement affecting the deep ocean floor. They are believed to be caused by warm- and cold-core eddies of surface currents.

Lack of turbidity

Suspended particles in the water tend to absorb radiant energy, interfere with the coral's filter-feeding capability, and can even bury corals, so corals are not usually found close to areas where major rivers drain into the sea.

Surf zone

Te nearshore zone of breaking waves

subtidal zone

That portion of the benthic environment extending from low tide to a depth of 200 meters (660 feet); considered by some to be the surface of the continental shelf.

Solar day

The 24-hour period during which Earth completes one rotation on its axis

Waxing crescent

The Moon when it is between new moon and first-quarter phases (waxen = to increase; crescere = to grow)

bioaccumulation

The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.

beach replenishment

The addition of beach sediment to replace lost or missing material. Also called beach nourishment

gross ecological efficiency

The amount of energy passed on from a trophic level to the one above it divided by the amount it received from the one below it.

recreational beach

The area of the beach above the shoreline is often called the recreational beach.

shore

The area seaward of the coast, which extends from the highest level of wave action during storms to the low water line.

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The beach is the coastal area affected by breaking waves and includes the berm, beach face, longshore trough, and longshore bar

barycenter

The center of mass of a system. The two bodies actually rotate around a common center of mass called the barycenter (barus = heavy, center = center), which is the balance point of the system, located about 1700 kilometers (1050 miles) beneath Earth's surface

offhsore

The comparatively flat submerged zone of variable width extending from the breaker line to the edge of the continental shelf

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The daily change in water level as a result of ocean tides can be harnessed as a source of energy. Despite significant drawbacks, several tidal power plants in coastal estuaries successfully extract tidal energy today

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The deep-ocean floor is a stable environment of darkness, cold water, and high pressure, but it still supports life. The food for most deep-sea organisms comes from sunlit surface waters.

Wave base

The depth at which circular orbital motion becomes negligible. It exists at a depth of one-half wavelength, measured vertically from still water level.

Decay distance

The distance over which waves change from a choppy "sea" to uniform swell

Berm

The dry, gently sloping region on the backshore of a beach at the foot of the coastal cliffs or dunes.

Wave Period (T)

The elasped time between the passage of two successive wave crests (or troughs) past a fixed point. A wave's period is the inverse of its frequency

Disturbing force

The energy that causes waves to form

backwash

The flow of water down the beach face toward the ocean from a previously broken wave

mats

The hydrogen sulfide-rich waters support a number of white microbial growths called mats, which conduct chemosynthesis in a fashion similar to archaea at hydrothermal vents

Tidal Bulges

The ideal Earth has two tidal bulges, one toward the Moon and one away from the Moon (called the lunar bulges),

freely propagating waves

The idealized tidal bulges discussed so far have been treated as freely propagating waves with the crests of the waves (the peaks of the tidal bulges) separated by a distance of one-half Earth's circumference—about 20,000 kilometers (12,420 miles).

Backshore

The inner portion of the shore, lying landward of the high-tide shoreline. It is usually dry, being affected by waves only during storms.

Beach starvation

The interruption of sediment supply and resulting narrowing of beaches

Coastline

The landward limit of the effect of the highest storm waves on the shore.

Bay of Fundy.

The largest tidal range in the world is found in Nova Scotia's Bay of Fundy. With a length of 258 kilometers (160 miles), the Bay of Fundy has a wide opening into the Atlantic Ocean.

Shoreline

The line marking the intersection of water surface with the shore. Migrates up and down as the tide rises and falls.

Longshore drift

The load of sediment transported along the beach from the breaker zone to the top of the swash line in association with the longshore current. Also called longshore transport or littoral drift

Tide-generating forces

The magnitude of the centripetal force required to keep all particles of the Earth having identical mass moving in identical circular paths required by the movements of the Earth-Moon system is identical. This required force is provided by the gravitational attration between the particles and the Moon. This gravitational force is identical to the required centripetal force only at the center of the Earth. For ocean tides, the horizontal component of the small force that results from the difference between the required and provided forces is the tide-generating force on that individual particle. These forces are such that they tend to push the ovean water into bulges towards the tide-generating body on one side of Earth and away from the tide-generatin body on the opposire side of Earth.

Tsunami factor q

The majority of tsunami are caused by vertical fault movement. Underwater fault movement displaces Earth's crust, generates earthquakes, and, if it ruptures the sea floor, produces a sudden change in water level at the ocean surface (Figure 8.24). Faults that produce vertical displacements (the uplift or downdropping of ocean floor) change the volume of the ocean basin, which affects the entire water column and generates tsunami. Conversely, faults that produce horizontal displacements (such as the lateral movement associated with transform faulting) generally do not generate tsunami because the side-to-side movement of these faults does not change the volume of the ocean basin

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The marine fishing industry suffers from overfishing, wasteful practices that produce a large amount of unwanted bycatch, and a lack of effective fisheries management.

standing stock

The mass of fishery organisms present in an ecosystem at a given time.

Fully Developed Sea

The maximum average size of waves that can be developed for a given wind speed when it has blown in the same direction for a minimum duration over a minimum fetch.

deep biosphere

The microbe-rich region beneath the sea floor.

Waxing gibbous

The moon when it is between first-quarter and full moon phases (gibbus = hump).

Waning gibbous

The moon when it is between full moon and third-quarter phases (wanen = to decrease)

Waning crescent

The moon when it is between third-quarter and new moon phases

Air - water interface

The movement of air across the ocean surface created ocean waves (simply called waves)

Orbital waves

The movement of particles in ocean waves involves components of both longitudinal and transverse waves, so particles move in circular orbits. Thus, waves at the ocean surface are orbital waves (also called interface waves). ORBITAL WAVE DEFINTION - a wave phenomenon in which energy is moved along the interface between fluids of different densities. The waves form is propagated by the movement of fluid particles in orbital paths

Orbital

The movement of water waves, move in a circular path. These waves transmit energy along interface between fluids of different density (liquids and/or gases)

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The ocean has become a global repository for much of the waste humans generate. Marine pollution is difficult to define but includes any substance introduced by humans that is harmful to the marine environment.

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The ocean transmits wave energy by circular orbital motion, where the water particles move in circular orbits and return to approximately the same location.

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The ocean's physical support, viscosity, temperature, salinity, sunlit surface waters, dissolved gases, high transparency, and pressure create conditions to which marine organisms are superbly adapted

Anthophyta (antho = flower, phytum = plant)

The only members of kingdom Plantae that exist in the marine environment belong to the seed-bearing members of phylum Anthophyta (antho = flower, phytum = plant), which occur exclusively in shallow coastal areas.

pelagic environment

The open ocean environment, which is divided into the neritic province (water depth 0 to 200 meters or 656 feet) and the oceanic province (water depth greater than 200 meters or 656 feet) (pelagios = of the sea)

Interference patterns

The overlapping of different wave groups, either in phase (constructive interference, which results in larger waves), out of phase (destructive interference, which results in smaller waves), or some combination of two (mixed interference)

high slack water

The period of time associated with the peak of high tide when there is no visible flow of water into or out of bays and rivers.

Full moon

The phase of the Moon that occurs when the Sun and Moon are in opposition; that is, they are on opposite sides of Earht. During this time, the lit side of the Moon faces Earth

Ecliptic

The plane of the center of the Earth-Moon system as it orbits around the Sun (ekleipein = to fail to appear)

Aphelion

The point in the orbit of a planet or comet where it is farthest from the Sun (apo = away from, helios = Sun)

Apogee

The point in the orbit of the Moon or an artifical satellite that is farthest from Earth (apo = away from, geo = Earth)

Nadir (N)

The point on the celestial sphere directly opposite the zenith and directly beneath the observer The greatest gravitational attraction (the longest arrow) is at Z, the zenith (zenith = a path over the head), which is the point closest to the Moon

zenith (Z)

The point on the celestial sphere directly over the observer The greatest gravitational attraction (the longest arrow) is at Z, the zenith (zenith = a path over the head), which is the point closest to the Moon

crest waves

The portion of an ocean wave that is displaved above the still-water level

high tide zone

The portion of the intertidal zone that lies between the lowest high tides and highest high tides that occur in an area. It is, on average, exposed to desiccation for longer periods each day than it is covered by water.

low tide zone

The portion of the intertidal zone that lies between the lowest low tide shoreline and the highest low tide shoreline.

Foreshore

The portion of the shore lying between the normal high and low water marks; the intertidal zone.

upwelling

The process by which deep, cold, nutrient-laden water is brought to the surface, usually by diverging equatorial currents or coastal currents that pull water away from a coast.

Refraction (wave)

The process by which the part of a wave in shallow water is slowed down, causing the wave to bend and align itself nearly parallel to the shore

osmosis

The process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (osmos=to push)

Coastal water

The relatively shallow water areas that adjoin continents or islands.

sewage sludge

The semisolid material precipitated by sewage treatment. Sewage treated at a facility typically undergoes primary treatment, where solids are allowed to settle and separate from the liquid, and secondary treatment, where it is exposed to bacteria-killing chlorine

Wave dispersion

The separation of waves as they leave the sea area by wave size. Larger waves travel faster than smaller waves and thus leave the sea area first, to be followed by progressively smaller waves. (dis = apart, spargere = to scatter)—the sorting of waves by their wavelength.

Recap

The shallow coastal ocean adjoins land and experiences changes in salinity and temperature that are more dramatic than the open ocean. Coastal geostrophic currents can also develop

spray zone

The shore zone lying between the high tide shoreline and the coastline. It is covered by water only during storms.

Sine waves

The simple, uniform, moving waveform transmits energy from a single source and travels along the ocean-atmosphere interface. These waves are also called sine waves because their uniform shape resembles the oscillating pattern expressed by a sine curve.

Ralfsia

The sizes of brown algae range widely. One of the smallest is Ralfsia, which occurs as a dark brown encrusting patch in upper and middle intertidal zones.

electromagnetic spectrum

The spectrum of radiant energy emitted from stars, ranging from cosmic rays with wavelengths of less than one millionth of a micron, to very long waves with wavelegnths in excess of 100 kilometers (60 miles

Shallow-water waves

The speed of shallow-water waves is influenced only by gravitational acceleration (g) and water depth (d). Since gravitational acceleration remains constant on Earth, the equation for wave speed becomes (in meters per second): S(in meters per second)=3.13√d (in meters) or in feet per second: S(in feet per second)=5.67√d (in feet) wave speed in shallow-water waves is determined only by water depth, where the deeper the water, the faster the wave travels.

Surfing

The sport of riding on the crest or along the tunnel of a wave, especially while standing or lying on a surfboard

supratidal zone

The spray zone, which is also known as the supratidal zone (supra = above, tidal = the tides), is above even the highest high tides and so it is continually exposed above sea level.

nematocyst

The stinging mechanism found within the cnidoblast of members of the phylum Cnidaria (nemato = thread, cystis = bladder)

Relocation

The strategy of moving a structure that is threatened by being claimed by the sea

Strong sunlight

The sunlight isn't needed by the corals themselves, which are animals and can exist in deeper water, but by the symbiotic photosynthetic microscopic dinoflagellate algae called zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues

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The thermocline acts as an impenetrable lid that inhibits the movement of nutrient-rich deep water to the surface, thereby limiting primary productivity

Reversing current

The tide current as it occurs at the margins of landmasses. The water flows in and out for approximately equal periods of time separated by slack water where the water is still at high and low tidal extremes.

Recap

The tides are caused by an imbalance between the required centripetal and the provided gravitational forces acting on Earth. This difference produces residual forces, the horizontal component of which creates two equal tidal bulges on opposite sides of Earth

Lunar day

The time interval between two successive transits of the Moon over a meridan, approximately 24 hours and 50 minutes of solar time. Also called a tidal day

Tidal period

The time that elapses between successive high tides. In most parts of the world, it is 12 hours and 25 minutes

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The transfer of energy between various trophic levels operates at low efficiencies, averaging only 2% for marine algae and 10% for most consumer levels

wave height (H)

The vertical distance between a crest and the adjoinin trouh

Beach face

The wet, sloping surface that extends from the berm to the shoreline. Also known as the low tide terrace

LIMPET 500 (Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer)

The world's first commercial wave power plant that can generate up to 500 kilowatts of power. It is located on Islay, a small island off the west coast of Scotland, and began generating electricity in November 2000.

Nearshore

The zone of a beach that extends from the low tide shoreline seaward to where breakers begin forming.

moustached whales

These baleen plates hang from the whale's upper jaw and, when the whale opens its mouth, the baleen resembles a moustache (except that it is on the inside of their mouths), which is why these whales are sometimes called moustached

Factors Affecting Wave Energy

These factors are (1) the wind speed, (2) the duration—the length of time during which the wind blows in one direction, and (3) the fetch—the distance over which the wind blows in one direction.

nektobenthos

Those members of the benthos that can actively swim and spend much time off the bottom. (nektos = swimming, benthos = bottom)

Tides

Tides are also a type of wave, caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Moon and to lesser extent the Sun. The tides are actually a wide-ranging and very predictable type of wave

Neap tide

Tides of minimal range occuring about every two weeks when the Moon is in either first- or third-quarter moon phase (nep = scarcely or barely touching)

Coccolith

Tiny calcareous discs averaging 3 microns (0.0001 inch) in diameter that form the cell wall of coccolithophores.

Shoal

To become shallow shold=shallow

Wave base

Wave base it is equal to one-half the wavelength (L/2) measured from still water level. Only wavelength controls the depth of the wave base, so the longer the wave, the deeper the wave base.

Recap

Wave refraction is the bending of waves caused when waves slow in shallow water; wave reflection is the bouncing back of wave energy caused when waves strike a hard barrier.

Wave speed

Wave speed is more correctly known as celerity (C), which is different from the traditional concept of speed. Celerity is used only in relation to waves where no mass is in motion, just the waveform.

Moving Energy

Waves are moving enery traveling along the interface between ocean and atmosphere, often transferring energy from a storm far out at sea over distances of several thousand kilometers

mousse

Waves, winds, and currents serve to further disperse an oil slick and mix the remaining oil with water to make a frothy emulsion called mousse

standing waves.

When tide waves enter coastal waters, they are subject to reflection and amplification similar to what wind-generated waves experience. In certain locations, reflected wave energy causes water to slosh around in a bay, producing standing waves

recap

Worldwide, there is a growing concern about the introduction of non-native species, which are organisms that are transported to regions where they have no natural predators and so their populations explode and crowd out other species that normally live there

hypersaline seep biocommunity

a bottom dwelling community of organisms associated with a hypersaline seeo that depends on methane and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as producers. The bacteris may live free in the water, on the bottom, or symbiotically in the tissue of some of the animals within the biocommunity

coral reefs

a calcareous organic reef composed significantly of solid coral and coral sand. Algae may be responsible for more than half of the CaCO3 reef material. Found in waters where the minimum average monthly temperature is 18C or higher

hydrozoa

a class of cnidarians that characteristically exhibit alternation of generations, with a sessile polypoid colony giving rise to a pelagic medusoid form by asexual budding hydro = water, zoa = animal

Scyphozoa

a class of cnidarians that includes the true jellyfish in which the medusoid body form predominated and the polyp is reduced or absent (skyphos = cup, zoa = animal)

crustacea (crustacean)

a class of subphylum Arthropoda that includes barncles, copepods, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp (crusta = shell)

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

a coastal zone that generally extends 200 nautical mile (370 kilometers) from shore and establishes coastal nation jurisdiction including mineral resources, fish stocks, and polluction. If the continental shelf extends beyond the 200 mile EEZ, the EEz is extended to 350 nautical (648 kilometers)

hydrothermal vent biocommunity

a deep bottom-dwelling community of organisms associated with a hydrothermal vent. The hot water vent is usually associated with the axis of a spreading center, and the community is dependent on sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that may live free in the water, on the bottom, or symbiotically in the tissue of some of the animals of the community

Minamta disease

a degenerative neurological disorder caused by posioning with a mercury compound found in seafood obtained from waters comtaminated with mercury-containing industrial waste

Gravitational force

a force of attraction that exists between any two bodies in the universe that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of their masses

zooxanhellae

a form of algae that lives as a symbiont in the tissue of corals and other coral reef animals and provides varying amounts of their required food supply

Constructive interference

a form of wave interference in which two waves come together in phase, for example crest to crest, to produce a greater displacement from still-water line than that produced by either of the waves along.

Destructive interference

a form of wave interference in which two waves come together out of phase, for example crest to trough, and produce a wave less displacement than the larger of the two waves would have produced alone

swim bladder

a gas-containing, flexible, cigar-shaped organ that aids many fishes in attaining neutral buoyancy

food web

a group of interrelated food chains

pinniped

a group of marine mammals with flippers instead of feet; seals, sea lions and walruses (pinna = feather, ped = foot),

Rorqual whale

a large baleen whale with prominent ventral groves (rorqual fold) of the family Balaenopteridae; the minke, Baird's, Bryde's, sei, fin, blue, and humpback whales

spermaceti organ

a large fatty organ located within the head region of sperm whales that is used to focus echolocation sounds (sperm = seed, cetus = whale)

walrus

a large marine mammal, Odobenus nosmarus, of arctic seas, related to the seals, and having flippers, a pair of large tusks, and a tough, wrinkled skin.

Pycnocline

a layer in an ocean or other body of water in which water density increases rapidly with depth

Pycnocline

a layer of water in which a high rate of change in density in the vertical dimension is present

halocline

a layer of water in which a high rate of change in salinity in the veritcal dimension is present

disruptive coloration

a marking or color pattern that confuises prey

Osomotic pressure

a measure of the tendency for omosis to occure. It is the pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated solution to prevent the passage of water molecules into it from the less concentrated solution

petroleum

a naturally occuring liquid hydrocarbon (petra = rock, oleum = oil), which is more commonly called oi

trophic level

a nourishment level in a food chain. Plant producers constitute the lowest level, followed by herbivores and a series of carnivores at the higher level (tropho = nourishment)

Mixed interference

a pattern of wave interference in which there is a combination of constructive and destructive interference

echinoderms

a phylum of animals that have bilateral symmetry in larval forms and usually a five-sided radial symmetry as adults. Benthic and possessing rigid or articulating exoskeletons of calcium carbonate with spines, this phylum includes sea stars, brittle statsm sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies (echino = spiny, derma = skin)

annelids

a phylum of elongated segmented worms (annelus = ring)

mollusk

a phylum of soft, unsegmented animals usually protected by a calcareous shell and having a muscular foot for locomotion. Includes snails, clams, chitons, and octopi

plankton net

a plankton-extracting device that is cone shaped and typically of a silk material. It is towed through the water or lifted vertically to extract plankton down to size of 50 microns (0.0002 inch)

Chemosynthesis

a process by which bacteria or archea synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients using chemical energy released from the bonds of a chemical compound (such as hydrogen sulfide) by oxidation (chemo = chemistry, syn = with, thesis = an arranging)

diffusion

a process by which materials move through fluids by random molecular movenment from areas of high concentration to areas in which they are in lower concentrations, thus becoming evenly distributed (diffuse = dispersed)

Chemosynthesis

a process in which bacteria or archea synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients using chemical energy released from the bonds of a chemical compound (such as hydrogen sulfide) by oxidation

Viscosity

a property of a substance to offer resistance to flow caused by internal friction (viscos = sticky)

whirlpool

a rapidly rotating current of water, a vortex vortex (vertere = to turn)

Hemoglobin

a red pigment found in red blood corpuscles that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissue and carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs (hemo = blood, globus = sphere)

red tide

a reddish-brown discoloration of surface water, usually in coastal areas, caused by high concentrations of miscroscopic organisms, usually dinoflagellates. It nirmally results from increased availability of certain nutrients. Toxins produced by the dinoflagellates may kill fish directly; decaying plant and animal remains or large populations of animals that migrate to the area of abundant plants may also deplete the surface waters of oxygen and cause asphyxiation of many animals

sea otter

a seagoing otter that has recovered from near extinction along the North Pacific coasts. It feeds primarily on abalone and sea urchins.

United nations conference on the law of the sea

a series of meetings to establish legal rights in the sea, particularly in regards to sea floor mining

Bar-built estuary

a shallow estuary (lagoon) separated from the open ocean by a bar deposit such as a barrier island. the water in these estuaries usually exhibits vertical mixing

mercury

a silvery white poisonous metallic element, liquid at room temperature and used in thermometers, barometers, vapor lamps, and batteries and in the preparation of chemical pesticides

polyp

a single individual of a colony or a solitary attached cnidarian (poly = many, pous = foot)

gray whale

a slow-moving, coastal-dwelling baleen whale (Eschrichtius robustus) or northern Pacific water, having grayish-black coloring with white blotches, It undertakes the longest yearly migration of any mammal

grunion

a small fish (Leaurestes tenuis) of coastal waters of California and Mexico that spawns at night along beaches during the high tides of spring and summer. Grunion time their reproductive activities to coincide with tidal phenomena and are the only fish that comes completely out of water to spawn

nurdles

a small rounded piece of pr-production plastic

tidal bore

a steep-fronted wave that moves up some rivers when the tide rises in the coastal ocean (bore = crest, or wave) is a wall of water that moves up certain low-lying rivers due to an incoming tide

right whale

a surface-feeding baleen whale of the family Balaenidae that were a favorite target of early whalers

parasitism

a symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other (parasitos = a person who eats at someone else's table, ism = process)

crespusular

a term that describes animals that are active primarily during twilight (dawn and dusk)

sea lettuce (Ulva)

a thin membranous sheet only two cell layers thick, are widely scattered throughout cold-water areas.

gill

a thin-walled proection from some part of the external body or the digestive tract used for respiration in a water environment

Rotary current

a tidal current that is observed in the open ocean and makes one complete rotation during a tidal period

Sponge weed (Codium)

a two-branched form more common in warm waters, can exceed 6 meters (20 feet) in length

Ciguatera

a tyoe of seafood poisoning caused by ingestion of certain tropical reef fish (most notably barracuda, red snapper, and grouper) that have high levels of naturally occuring dinoflagellate toxins

Transitional waves

a wave moving from deep water to shallow water that has a wavelength more than twice the water depth but less than 20 times the water depth. Particle orbits are beginning to be influenced by the bottom

autotroph

algae, plants, and bacteria that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic nutrients (auto = self, tropho = nourishment)

autotroph

algae, plants, and bacteria that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic nutrients (auto=self, tropho=nourishment)

phytoplankton

algal plankton. One of the m ost important communities of primary producers in the ocean (phyto = plant, planktos = wandering)

biotic community

all the living organisms in an ecosystem

ecosystem

all the organisms in a biotic community and the abiotic environmental factors with which they interact

non-point source pollution

also called poison runoff any type of pollution entering the oceans from multiple sources rather than from a single discrete source, point, or location. Examples include urban runoff, trash, pet waste, lawn fertilzer, and other types of pollution generated by a multitude of sources. Also called poison runoff

Longitudal wave

also know as push-pull waves, the particles that vibrate "push and pull" in the same direction that the wave is traveling, like a spring whose coils are alternately compressed and expanded. The shape of the wave (called a waveform) moves through the medium by compressing and decompressing as it goes. These waves transmit energy through all states of matter

Transverse Wave

also known are side-to-side wave, energy travel at right angles to the direction of the vibrating particles. These waves transmit energy only through solids

Marine Mammals Protection Act (MMPA)

an act by the U.S. Congress in 1972 that specifies rules to protect marine mammals in U.S. waters

Carnivore

an animal that depends on other animals solely or chiefly for its food supply (carni = meat, vora = eat)

Omnivore

an animal that feeds on both plants and animals (omni =all, vora = eat)

herbivore

an animal that relies chiefly or solely on plants for its food (herba = grass, vora = eat)

concumer

an animal within an ecosytem that consumes the organic mass produced by the producers

Easten Pacific Garbage Patch

an area in the eastern part of the North Pacific Gyre that serves as an accumlation area for floating plastic and other trash; it is about twice the size of Texas

Coastal plain estuary

an estuary formed by rising sea level flooding a coastal river valley

kelp forests

an extensie bed various species of macroscopic brown algae that provides a habitat for many other types of marine organisma

DDT

an insecticide (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) that caused damage to marine bird populations in the 1950s and 1960s. Its use is now banned throughout most of the world

sirnenia

an order of large, vegetarian marine mammals that includes dugongs and manatees, which are also known as sea cows (siren = a mythical mermaidlike creature with an enticing voice)

Cetacea (cetacean)

an order of marine mammals that includes the whales, dolphins, and porpoises (cetus=whale)

Heterotrophic

animals and bacteria that depends on the organic compounds produced by other organisms as food. Organsims not capable of producing their own food by photosythesis (hetero = different, tropho = nourishment)

heterotroph

animals and bacteria that depends on the organic produced by other organisms as food. Organisms not capable of producing their orn food by photosynthesis (hetero = different, tropho = nourishment)

epifauna

animals that live on the ocean bottom, either attached or moving freely over it

ghost fishing

any lost or discarded fishing gear that continues to catch marine organisms after it has been abandoned

deep-sea fish

any of a large group of fishes that lives within the aphotic zone and has special adaptations for finding food and avoiding predators in darkness

fur seal

any of several eared seals of the genera Callorhinus or Arctocephalus, having thick, soft underfur also called the eared seals

sea lions

any of several eared seals with a relatively long neck and large front flippers, especially the California sea lion Zalophus californianus of the northern Pacific. Along with the fur seals, these marine mammals are known as eared seals

hydrocarbon

any organix compound consisting only of hydrogen ad carbon. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. which means it is composed of the elements hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are organic substances, so they can be broken down, or biodegraded, by microorganisms.

Heterocercal fins (hetero = uneven, cercal = tail)

are asymmetrical, with most of their mass and surface area in the upper lobe

Rounded fins

are flexible and useful in accelerating and maneuvering at slow speeds.

Lunate fins

are found on fast-cruising fish such as tuna, marlin, and swordfish; the fins are very rigid and useless for maneuverability but very efficient for propulsion

Truncate fins (b) and forked fins (c)

are found on faster fish; the fins are somewhat flexible for better propulsion but are also used for maneuvering

myomeres (myo = muscle, merous = parted)

are packages of muscle tissue attached to the vertebrae that the fish uses for propulsion through the water

Internal waves

are prominently featured sloshing back and forth in "desktop oceans", which contain two fluids that do not mix

Red algae of phylum Rhodophyta (rhodos = red, phytum = plant)

are the most abundant and widespread of marine macroscopic algae. Over 4000 species occur from the very highest intertidal levels to the outer edge of the inner sublittoral zone

Karenia and Gonyaulax

are two common genera of dinoflagellates in red tides that produce water-soluble toxins

Progressive waves

are waves that oscillate uniformly and progress or travel without breaking. Progressive waves are divided into longitudinal, transverse, or a combintation of the two motions call orbital

cold seeps.

areas that produce lower temperature fluids where natural gas and methane gas seep into the water in the deep ocean.

Bacterioplankton

bacteria that live as plankton

mysticeti

baleen whales (mystic = moustache, cetus = whale)

Tidal power

can be harnessed in one of two ways: (1) Tidal water trapped behind coastal barriers in bays and estuaries during high tide can be released at a later time to turn turbines and generate electrical energy and (2) tidal currents that pass through narrow channels can be used to turn underwater pivoting turbines, which produce energy

biomagnification

concentration of impurities as animals are eaten and the impurity is passed through food chains

The golden algae of phylum Chrysophyta (chrysus = golden, phytum = plant)

contain the orange-yellow pigment carotin. They consist of diatoms and coccolithophores, both of which store food as carbohydrates and oils,

falcate

curved and tapering to a point; sickle-shaped (falcatus = sickle)

The three types of tidal patterns

diurnal (diurnal = daily), semidiurnal (semi = half, diurnal = daily), and mixed

Let's simplify Newton's law of universal gravitation

examine the effect of both mass and distance on the gravitational force, which can be expressed with arrows (up arrow = increase, down arrow = decrease): If mass increases (↑), then gravitational force increases(↑).

lungers

fish (such as grouper) that sit motionless on the ocean floor waiting for prey to appear. A lunger uses quick bursts of speed over short distances to capture prey

fishery

fish caught from the ocean by commerical fishers

The time between successive spring tides

full moon and new moon) or neap tides (first quarter and third quarter) is one-half the monthly lunar cycle, which is about two weeks. The time between a spring tide and a successive neap tide is one-quarter the monthly lunar cycle, which is about one week

cephalopods (cephalo = head, poda = foot)

have rigid gas containers in their bodies

Mediterranean Sea

he Mediterranean Sea (medi = middle, terra = land) is actually a number of small seas connected by narrow necks of water into one larger sea. It is the remnant of the ancient Tethys Sea that existed when all the continents were combined about 200 million years ago

megapterids

humpback whales, which have a more robust body, long flippers, flukes with uneven trailing edges, tiny dorsal fins, and nodules or tubercles (bumps that each hold a single long hair) on the head.

Plunging breaker

impressive curling breakers that form on moderately sloping beaches

Brown algae of the phylum Phaeophyta (phaeo = dusky, phytum = plant)

include the largest members of the attached (that is, not free-floating) species of marine algae. Their color ranges from very light brown to black. Brown algae occur primarily in middle latitude, cold-water areas.

Frequency (f)

is defined as the number of wave crests passing a fixed location per unit of time and is the inverse of the period

Wave speed (S)

is the rate at whcih a wave travel. It can be calculated by dividing a waves's wavelength (L) by its period (T) Wave speed (S) = (Wavelength (L)/Period (T))

Panulirus interruptus

is the spiny lobster of the American West Coast.

Orcinus orca

killer whale, orca

methylmercury

large discharges of mercury wouldn't pose a major threat to human health if the mercury weren't converted by bacteria in low-oxygen environments to its toxic form, methylmercury, which diffuses into phytoplankton and then passes up marine food chains in ever-accumulating quantities

kelp

large varieties of Phaeophyta (brown algae) (Macrocystis) uses a rootlike anchor called a holdfast (Figure 15.14a) to attach to rocky bottoms as deep as 30 meters (100 feet)

Chlorophyta (khloros = green, phytum = plant)

lthough green algae of phylum Chlorophyta (khloros = green, phytum = plant) are common in freshwater environments, they are not well represented in the ocean

bycatch

marine organisms that are caught incidentally by fishers seeking commercial species

microplastic

microscopic pieces of plastic from the use of human health care products and other applications microbeads are small plastic particles generally between 1 and 5 millimeters (0.04 and 0.2 inch) in diameter

approximately 230,000 known species that inhabit the marine environment

more than 98% live in or on the ocean floor.

Water-water interface

movement of water of different densities creates internal waves. Because these wave travel along the boundary between waters of different density, they are associated with pycnocline. Internal waves can be much larger than surface waves, with heights excedding 100 meters (330 feet). Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create internal waves, which can sometimes be observed from space

hydrothermal vent

ocean water that percolates down through fractures in recently formed ocean floor is heated by underlying magma and surfaces again through these vents. They are usually located near the axis of spreading along the mid-ocean ridge.

homeothermic

of or relating to an animal that maintains a precisely controlled internal body temperature using its own internal heating and cooling mechanisms; warm-blooded (homeo = alike, thermos = heat)

Isohaline

of the same salinity (iso = same, halo = salt)

Isothermal

of the same temperature (iso = same, thermo = heat)

archaea

one of the three domains of life, containing single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. the domain consists of simple microscopic bacterialike creatures (including methane producers and sulfur oxidizers that inhabit deep-sea vents an dseeps) and other microscopic life-forms that prefer environments of extreme conditions of temperature and/or pressure (archaeo = ancient)

The tide-generating forces create two simultaneous bulges

one on the side of Earth directed toward the Moon (the zenith) and the other on the side directed away from the Moon (the nadir)

carnivora

order of marine mammals including seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters and polar bears (carni = meat, vora = eat)

holoplankton

organisms that spend their entire life as members of the plankton (holo=whole, planktos=wandering)

Gonyaulax

oxin is not poisonous to shellfish, but it concentrates in their tissues and is poisonous to humans who eat the shellfish, even after the shellfish are cooked.

Plankton

passively drifting or weakly swimming organisms that are not independent of currents. Includes mostly microscopic algae, protozoa, and larval forms of animals

abiotic

pertaining to nonliving factors, not life (a = without, biotic = life)

stenothermal

pertaining to organisms that can withstand only a small range of temperature change (steno=narrow, thermo=temperature)

hypertonic

pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having a higher osmotic pressure (salinity) than another aqueous solution from which it is separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occure. The hypertonic fluid will gain water (hyper = over, tonos = tension)

hypotonic

pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having lower osmotic pressure (salinity) than another aqueous solution, from which it is separated by semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur. The hypotonic fluid will lose water molecules through the membrane to the other fluid (hypo = under, tonos = tension)

Isotonic

pertaining to the property of havinf equal osmotic pressure. If two such fluids were separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occure, there would be no net transfer of water molecules across the membrane (iso = same, tonos = tension)

cnidarians

phylum that contains sime 10,000 species of predominantly marine animals with a sacklike body and stinging cells on tentacles that surround the single opening to the gut cavity. There are two basic body forms. The medusa is a pelagic form represented by the jellyfish. The polyp is a predominantly benthic form found in sea anemones and coral. Previously named Coelenterata (cnid = nematocyst [nemato = thread, cystis = bladder])

Macroplankton

plankton larger than 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) in their smallest dimension (macro = large, planktos = wandering) and measure 2 to 20 centimeters (0.8 to 8 inches). Plankton also include bacterioplankton, which are so small that they can be removed from the water only with special microfilters.

decomposers

primarily bacteria that break down nonliving organic material, extract some of the products of decomposition for their own needs, and make aviable the compounds needed for primary production

countershading

protective coloration in an animal or insect, characterized by darker coloring of areas exposed to light and lighter coloring of areas that are normally shaded

wide variety of organisms lives in the ocean

ranging in size from microscopic bacteria and algae to blue whales. All living things belong to one of the three major domains (branches) of life: Archaea, simple microscopic bacterialike creatures; Bacteria, simple life-forms consisting of cells that usually lack a nucleus; and Eukarya, complex organisms (including plants and animals) consisting of cells that have a nucleus.

myoglobin

red oxygen storing pigment similar to hemoglobin (myo = muscle, globus = sphere

biomagnification

reef fish accumulate high levels of naturally occurring dinoflagellate toxins in their tissues in a process called biomagnification

hermatypic coral

reef-building corals that have symbiotic algae in their ectodermal tissue. they cannot produce a reef structure below the euphotic zone (herma = pillar, typi = type)

symbiosis

relationship between two species in which one or both benefit or neither or one is harmed. Examples are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism (sym = together, bios = life)

Isothermal

same temperature (iso = same, thermo = temperature)

dead whale hypothesis

suggests that when large animals die, they may sink to the deep-ocean floor, decompose, and provide an energy source in stepping-stone fashion for the larvae of hydrothermal vent organisms.

mutualism

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship (mutuus = borrowed, ism = process)

commensalism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed (commensal = sharing a meal, ism = process)

photodegrade

that floating plastics photodegrade, a process in which sunlight breaks them into progressively smaller pieces, which only serves to facilitate the ingestion of plastics by all types of marine organisms, particularly microscopic organisms that constitute lower levels of marine food webs.

Perihelion

that point on the orbit of a planet or comet around the Sun that is closet to the Sun (peri = near, helios = Sun)

holding capacity

the amount of a pollutant water can hold without being made unusable

Declination

the angular distance of the Sun or Moon above or below the plane of Earth' s equator

producer

the autotrphic component of an ecosystem that produces the food that supports the biocommunity

entropy

the degree of randomness or disorder in a system (en = in, trope = transformation)

compensation depth for photosynthesis

the depth at which net photosynthesis becomes zero; below this depth, photosynthetic organisms can no longer survive. This depth is greater in the open ocean (up to 100 meters or 330 feet) than near the shore due to increased turbidity that limits light penetration in coastal regions

Resultant force

the difference between the provided gravitational force of various bodies and the required centripetal force on Earth. The hoizontal component of the resultant force is the tide-producing force

Tidal range

the differnce between high tide and low tide water levels over any designated time interval, usually one lunar day the vertical difference between high and low tides) is large (very high high tides and quite low low tides) because there is constructive interference5 between the lunar and solar tidal bulges

Eutrophication

the enrichment of waters by a previously scarce nutrient; if caused by humans, called cultural eutrophication

ebb current

the flow of water seaward during a decrease in the height of the tide

benthos

the forms of marine life that live on or in the ocean bottom; includes marine algae, sea stars, and crabs (benthos = bottom)

Wavelength (L)

the horizontal distanve between two corresponding points on successive waves, such as from crest to crest

pollution (marine)

the introduction of substances that result in harm to the living resources of the ocean or humans who use these resources

coral bleaching

the loss of color in coral reef organisms that causes them to turn white. Coral bleaching is caused by the expulsion of the coral's symbiotic zooxanthellae algae in response to high water temperature or other adverse conditions

drowned river valley

the lower part of a river valley that has been submerged by rising sea level or subsidence of the coast

maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

the maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource

Circular obital motion

the motion of water particles caused by a wave as the wave is transmitted through water

biological pump

the movement of carbon dioxide that enters the ocean from the atmosphere through the water column to the sediment on the ocean floor by biological processes- photosynthesis, secretion of shells, feeding, and dying

Air-air interface

the movement of different air masses creates atmospheric waves, which are often represented by ripplelike clouds in the sky. Atmospheric waves aare especially common when cold fronts (high-density air) move into an area

biogeochemical cycle

the natural cycling of compounds among the living and nonliving components of an ecosystem

intertidal zone

the ocean floor within the foreshore region that is covered by the highest normal tides and exposed by the lowest normal tides, including the water environment of tide pools within this region

Fishery Management

the organized effort directed at regulating fishing activity with the goal of maintaining a long-term fishery

trough wave

the part of an ocean wave that is displaced below the still-water level

food chain

the passage of energy materials from producers through a sequence of a herbivore and a number of carnivores

low slack water

the period of time associated with the peak of low tide when there is no visible flow of water into or out of bays and rivers

New moon

the phase of the Moon that occurs when the Sun adn the Moon are in conjunction; that is, they are both on the same side of Earth. During this time, the dark, unlit side of the Moon faces Earth

Full moon

the phase of the Moon that occurs when the Sun and Moon are in opposition; that is, they are on opposire sides of Earth. During this time, the lit sides of the Moon faces Earth

Perigee

the point on the orbit of an Earth satellite (Moon) that is nearest Earth (peri = near, geo = Earth)

middle tide zone

the portion of the intertidal zone that lies between the highest low tide shoreline and the lowest high tide shoreline

deposit feeding

the process by which an organism feeds on food items that occur as deposits, including detritus and various detritus-coated sediment

carnivorous feeding

the process by which an organism feeds solely or chiefly on other animals as food items

filter feeding

the process by which an organism obtains its food by filtering seawater to collect floating organisms to ingest. Also known as suspension feeding

respiration

the process by which organisms use organic materials (food) as a source of energy. As the energy is released, oxygen is used and carbon dioxide and water are produced (respirare = to breathe)

Photosynthesis

the process by which plants and algae produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, using light energy and releasing oxygen (photo=light, syn=with, thesis=an arranging)

primary productivity

the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter (carbon-based compounds) using energy derived from solar radiation (photosynthesis) or chemical reactions (chemosynthesis). Also known simply as productivity

protoplasm

the self-perpetuating livinf material making up all organisms, mostly consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen combined into various chemical forms (proto = first, plasm = something molded)

Streamlinign

the shaping of an object so it produces the minum of turbulence whil moving through a fluid medium. The teardrop shape displaus a high degree of streamlining

Quadrature

the state of the moon during the first and third quarter moon phases when the sun and moon are at right angles relative to earth (quadra = four).

test

the supporting skeletin or shell (usually miscoscopic) of many invertebrates

Test

the supporting skeleton or shell (usually microscopic) of many invertebrates (testa = shell)

bioremediation

the technique of using microbes to assist in cleaning toxic spills bio = biologic, remedium 5 to heal again)

biomass

the total maass of a defined organism or group of organisms in a particular community or in the ocean as a whole

biomass

the total mass of a defined organism or group of organisms in a particular community or in the ocean a whole

biomass

the total mass of a defined organism or group of organisms in a particular community or in the ocean as a whole

If the wave steepness exceeds 1/7

the wave breaks (spills forward) because the wave is too steep to support itself. A wave can break anytime the 1:7 ratio is exceeded, either along the shoreline or out at sea. This ratio also dictates the maximum height of a wave. For example, a wave 7 meters long can only be 1 meter high; if the wave is any higher than that, it will break.

What causes ocean tides

tides are generated by forces imposed on Earth that are caused by a combination of gravity and motion among Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.

trong wave or current action

to bring nutrients and oxygen

odontoceti

toothed whales (odonto = tooth, cetus = whale)

persistent organic pollutants (POPs

toxicity, persistence, and propensity for accumulating in food chains, these and other chemicals have been classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) capable of causing cancer, birth defects, and other grave harm.

Karenia

toxin kills fish and shellfish

Aboriginal subsistence whaling

ubsistence whaling by native cultures is allowed by the IWC in special cases where there is a long-standing cultural tradition of whaling and where whale meat satisfies the nutritional needs of the community.

Vertically mixed estuary

very shallow estuaries such as lagoons in which freshwater and marine water are totally mixed from top to bottom so that the salinity at the surface and the bottom is the same at most places within the estuary

Virioplankton

viruses that live as plankton

intertidal zonation

which describes the natural organization of ecosystems relative to sea level that are caused by varying environmental conditions.

balaenopterids

which have long, slender bodies, small sickle-shaped dorsal fins, and flukes with smooth edges (minke, Bryde's, sei, fin, and blue whales)

broadcast spawning

which involves releasing eggs and sperm directly into seawater, like pollen adrift in the wind. In some instances, broadcast spawning occurs during large assemblages when organisms of the opposite sex are in close proximity to one another. In other cases, large quantities of reproductive materials are simply released into the water under the assumption that at least a few cells of the right type will come together to successfully produce offspring.

Surf grass (Phyllospadix)

which is also a seed-bearing plant with true roots, is typically found in the high-energy environment of exposed rocky coasts from the intertidal zones down to a depth of 15 meters (50 feet).

cultural eutrophication

which is the speeding up of natural eutrophication through human activities (eu = good, tropho = nourishment, ation = action)

(Pelagophycus)

which may grow in water deeper than 30 meters (100 feet) and extend to the surface

Panulirus

which reaches lengths to 50 centimeters (20 inches), is considered a delicacy and lives in water deeper than 20 meters (65 feet) along the European coast