CIS3433

Git is a distributed version control system. Using its push command, changes from the server are synchronized with the local repository.

false. It uses the pull command

ITIL v3 emphasizes the concept that IT is a ___________ that supports business goals.

service

If a recovery solution takes 8 minutes to access the backup in a separate datacenter and another 6 minutes to instantiate new servers using the backed-up data, the RTO is _______ minutes.

14

AMI stands for

Amazon virtual Machine Image

Among several DevOps team roles, ______________ is responsible to maintain and communicate the vision for the service assigned to develop by the team.

service owner

Netflix Eureka is an example of a cloud service registry that acts as a __________ server.

DNS

Which is not a method for improving the quality of reliability of a DevOps deployment pipeline?

Encapsulate operations actions into small modules

____________ are a subset of the automated acceptance tests that are used to quickly analyze if a new commit breaks some of the core functions of the application.

smoke tests

Which is not an appropriate way to achieve the reliability quality of deployment pipeline?

Move all the DevOps environments to the cloud

The agent-based and agentless monitoring approaches both have their strengths and weaknesses. The __________ approach is better in terms of deployment and maintenance effort. However, it is less secure if the collection repository is outside of your network.

agentless

Which could be a source for dependability problems of a system?

Possible failure if an instance of a service

The only process mining tool introduced in Chapter 14 is called _________.

ProM

Events of interest during service operation include

software license usage, status information from systems, performance metrics from applications, security information

The CRM of Salesforce.com is a good example of

SaaS

Which is not a characteristic of the cloud defined by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)?

Self diagnosis

There is an open standard introduced in Chapter 7 which defines a standard method for reporting and comparing the performance of software applications in computing. The purpose of this standard is to convert measurements into insights about user satisfaction, by specifying a uniform way to analyze and report on the degree to which measured performance meets user expectations. This open standard is called ___________

apdex

Netflix _____________ is a powerful open source cloud management and deployment tool. This is the tool used to execute the rolling upgrade operations of the research work presented in Chapter 14.

asgard

Which are post-deployment errors?

Version dependencies existing among the components, a developer connected test code to a production database, and parameters for dependent systems were set incorrectly

With cloud elasticity, the pay-as-you-go model, and the ease of provisioning new virtual hardware, capacity planning is becoming more about runtime monitoring and ____________ rather than planning for purchasing hardware

autoscaling

There are two options mentioned in Chapter 14 to automatically recover an operation from errors: roll ______ to the state at the beginning of the last activity or roll ____ to the desired state.

back/forward

_________ does not introduce any logical problems but requires allocating twice the number of VMs required to provide a service, while ______ is more efficient in how it uses resources but introduces a number of logical consistency problems.

blue/green deployment/rolling upgrade

A variation of big flip deployment model is to do the traffic switching gradually. A small percentage of requests are first routed to the new version, effectively conducting a ____________ test

canary

Goal purposes of using a monitoring system are:

capacity planning, intruder detection, performance problems identification

Which is not a goal or purpose of using a monitoring system?

configuration management

From the process model, we know the desired sequence of steps. Any steps out of the desired sequence is called a _______________ error

conformance

The CDC testing practice requires the test cases for testing a microservice to be decided and even co-owned by all the _________ of that microservice.

consumers

The seven-step process suggested by ITIL for continual service improvement is a ____________-driven process.

data

One method of viewing the relationship between DevOps and ITIL is that DevOps provides continuous __________ of the various ITIL services rather than requiring those services to be packaged into a major release.

delivery

Whenever a microservice is updated, not only does the team who owns the service have to be sure that it works with all downstream services, but, more importantly, that it does not have negative impacts on upstream services. This is the traditional ______________ problem.

dependency

Which is not a weakness of agentless monitoring?

deployment and maintenance effort

A __________________ consists of the steps that are taken between a developer committing code and the code actually being promoted into normal production, while ensuring high quality.

deployment pipeline

ELB stands for

elastic load balancer

Encapsulating either the affected portions of a likely change or the interactions that might cause ripple effects of a change is a good method for making a service run faster.

false

In order to remove the inter-team coordination, a design decision of system architecture should be made to allow each component to be allocated to a single (virtual) machine or container but avoid multiple components to be allocated to a single (virtual) machine.

false

Relaxing the thresholds raises the possibilities of _______ —namely, missing ______

false negatives/actual errors

For no reason we should deploy some services of a system to one environment such as VMware and other services to a different environment such as Amazon EC2.

false.

Tear down an environment when it is not used is a way to improve the recoverability of deployment pipeline.

false.

DevOps and continuous deployment require the implementation part of service transition to be highly automated so it can deal with high-frequency transition and provide better quality control

false. Devop and continuous deployment require the delivery part of service transition to be highly automated so it can deal with high-frequency transition and provide better quality control

We should prevent likely changes from rippling through a service by reducing its modules that implement the interfaces.

false. Done by introducing modules whose sole purpose is to localize and isolate changes into the environment

Deployment scripts is different from application code. Therefore, errors in deployment scripts such as misconfigurations will only affect the deployment process but not the application itself

false. Errors in deployment scripts such as misconfigurations will affect the application

One difference between ITIL's service transition and the DevOps approach is that DevOps assumes fairly large release packages where careful planning, change management, and so on are feasible—in contrast to the high-frequency small releases encountered in typical ITIL scenarios.

false. ITIL's assumes fairly large release packages where careful planning change management is feasible while DevOps is high frequency small releases

Amazon's rules for teams require all teams to expose their data and functionality by reading each other team's datastore directly to avoid time consuming inter-team communication.

false. No direct reads of another team's datastore

When user issues a command to create a VM, this user must also decide on which physical machine to create the VM instance.

false. The cloud infrastructure decides on which physical machine to create the VM instance.

Releasing a new system or version of an existing system to customers is one of the most sensitive steps in the software development cycle. This is only true the system or version is for external distribution or is used directly by consumers. It does not cause any concern if the system or version is strictly for internal use.

false. This true whether the system or version is for external distribution, used directly by consumers, or is strictly for internal use

Throughput has a single-user or client focus, whereas latency provides a system-wide measure involving all of the users. Therefore, high throughput may or may not be related to low latency

false. Throughput provides a system-wide measure involving all the users, whereas latency has a single-user or client focus

A feature toggle can be implemented by a "try-catch" statement with a global Boolean variable.

false. if statement

If the system is actively contributing to the data being monitored then the monitoring is non-intrusive and does not affect the system design. If the system is not actively contributing to the data being monitored then the monitoring is intrusive and affects the system design.

false. if the system is actively contributing to the data being monitored then the monitoring is intrusive. If the system does not actively contribute to the data being monitored then the monitoring is non intrusive and doesnt affect the system.

One advantage of adopting the microservice architecture is it reduces monitoring effort dramatically by less logging of inter-service communication.

false. it requires logging more inter-service communication

Using WMI to monitor and manage Microsoft Windows and other Microsoft software is agent-based monitoring

false. its agentless

If a web page is implemented by a collection of microservices, then its scalability should be managed by the infrastructure of the entire web system, not each individual service, and should be independent to its SLA.

false. scalability should be managed by each individual service and included in the SLA

For diagnosing operations errors mentioned in Chapter 14, ______________ are used as a reference model.

fault tree

In cloud computing, a VM __________ is a file that contains a bootable operating system and some software installed on it.

image

ITIL standards for ______________________

information technology infrastructure library

An important trend in DevOps is to manage all the code and parameters for setting up an environment just as you manage your application code, with proper version control and testing. This is an example of "__________-as-code"

infrastructure

Controlling tools by scripts is far better than controlling tools by commands. The scripts and associated configuration parameters should also be kept under version control, just as the application code. This new movement is called

infrastructure as code

_____________ is the step in which the built executable artifact is tested.

integration testing

The popular source control system Git can support the ________________ with static analysis, testing, build, and notification/messaging systems through event-based hooks: The invocation of other systems using appropriate Git outputs can be carried out before or after a Git event such as commit or push.

interoperation

The advice for encapsulation-related activities when applied to cookbooks of tools such as Chef or Puppet is

keep the cookbook small and focused on a single task

example of configuration setting (or parameter) are

language, location of data file, thread pool size, background on the screen, or the feature toggle settings

_____________ testing is a mechanism to continue to test even after placing a system in production or promoting it to normal production

live

In a discussion of VM in Chapter 2, simple requests such as computation, reading a file, or receiving a local message will have a distribution closer to normal. Complicated requests such as extensive map-reduce jobs, searches across a large database, or launching virtual instances will have a skewed distribution such as a

long tail

To improve the recoverability of deployment pipeline, we can

make each individual step of long-running operations able to recover itself Build in support for external monitoring or recovery systems Include extensive exception handlings in your operation logic Design your software with operators as first-class stakeholders

The DevOps goal of minimizing coordination among various teams can be achieved by using a ________ architectural style where the coordination mechanism, the resource management decisions, and the mapping of architectural elements are all specified by the ____________ and hence require minimal inter-team coordination.

microservice/architecture

The best way to determine if the system behaves in a defined way when assumptions about the environment hold or the user performs actions in the right order with the right inputs are not met is to run

negative tests

The DevOps movement is taking an approach different from traditional IT management. This approach is to reduce the need for dedicated ________ personnel through ______ many of the tasks formerly done by these people and having _______ assume a portion of the remainder.

operations/automating/developers

Empowerment versus control is an ________ issue that arises when DevOps evolves into future. This delegation increases the velocity but also introduces significant risks to the production system. One way of resolving this is to place automated ______ controls in the pipeline process itself

organizational/quality

Both Canary Testing and A/B testing are a type of

partial deployments

Two methods are discussed in Chapter 4 for managing demand on the service from client requests. One is to monitor _______ and the other possible technique is to use ______ to control the number of instances.

performance/SLAs

The overall goal of a deployment is to

place an upgraded version of the service into production

When operators keep receiving false ____________ alarms or a flood of alerts from different channels about the same event, operators will quickly get "alert fatigue".

positive

DevOps is a set of ______ intended to reduce the ____ between committing a change to a system and the change being placed into normal production, while ensuring high . _______.This is how DevOps is defined in textbook, which focuses on the , rather than the means.

practices/time/quality /goals

When speculating about the future of DevOps, three categories of issues are discussed in Chapter 15, they include organizational, ___________, and technology issues

process

the continuous deployment pipeline is not just another software ______ with system-of-systems characteristics, it also has strong characteristics of a ______ .

product/process

Deployment pipeline does not contain the step of

requirement analysis

One category of DevOps practices identified in the textbook is to treat Ops as first-class citizens from the point of view of _________________.

requirements

One common deployment strategy results in multiple versions of a service being simultaneously active and this, in turn, raises questions of consistency. Which deployment strategy is this?

rolling upgrade

Which event(s) could change the monitoring configuration?

rolling upgrade, changes to nay Devops tools, if the alert doesnt turn into an alarm, canary deployment

Logs are used during operations to detect and diagnose problems. They should include context information and provide severity levels, alert levels, and other data. Severity and alert levels are an example of ___________ information

screening

What are some weaknesses of agentless monitoring?

security, network traffic, and intrusive monitoring

DevOps can have a huge impact on

team structure, traditional ways of conducting operations, and software architecture

The people involved in the Ops side of DevOps typically come from

technology experts and day-to-day provisioning of IT services

Before writing the actual code for a piece of functionality, you develop an automated test for it. Then the functionality is developed, with the goal of fulfilling the test. This philosophy is called _____________________.

test-driven development

What are the possible reasons for DNS to return two or more IP address for a single URL

testing, reliability, and performance

Knowing the process context can allow for dynamic adjustment of monitoring _______ to reduce the false _______ generated when an operations process is ongoing.

thresholds/positives

The ITIL service life cycle consists of service strategy, service design, service ______________, service operation, and continual service improvement

transition

An architect involved in a DevOps project should ensure feature toggles are removed when the code they toggle has been placed into production and been judged to be successfully deployed.

true

An organization can introduce continuous deployment without major architectural modifications.

true

CA Technologies provides IT management solutions to their customers. They commissioned a survey in 2013. More than 50% of respondents of this survey said they were already seeing an increased frequency of deployment of their software or services.

true

Chef is a configuration management tool that can be used to maintain traceability of errors because of its capability of keeping track of all changes it applies to a machine.

true

Continuous deployment is the DevOps practice that leads to the most far-reaching architectural modifications.

true

Dev and DevOps are becoming more responsible for application SLAs and external SLAs in the DevOps movement.

true

In cloud computing, a virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a physical machine.

true

Infrastructure-as-code is about using code (rather than manual commands) for setting up (virtual) machines and networks, installing packages, and configuring the environment for the application of interest.

true

The DevOps pipeline has to deal with different types of software ranging from desktop IDEs to code repositories, build/testing servers, cloud infrastructure APIs, and potentially complex environments for testing/staging/production

true

The main reason of making multiple instances of a service be available is to support a load too heavy for a single instance and to guard against failure.

true

ilities and quality concerns should be considered early and built in, rather than adding them in as an afterthought.

true

ChefSpec is a tool for running ________________ of Chef cookbooks.

unit test

The methods can that detect software failures are:

use a monitoring software to perform health checks on the system. use a special agent inside the system to perform the monitoring let the system itself detect problems and reports them

Process-oriented systems can be seen as _____ systems or business ______ management systems.

workflow/process