CISP111 Midterm Review

Questions asked during initiation and planning

-How much effort should be expended on the project initiation and planning process? -Who is responsible for performing the project initiation and planning process? -Why is project initiation and planning such a challenging activity?

SDLC

Software Development Life Cycle

activation

The time period during which an object performs an operation.

True or false: Nonintegrated systems are not productive in larger organizations.

True

Project assumptions

a factor in the planning process that is held to be true but not proven to be true.

Risk Management

a strategy to offset business risks

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

a suite of applications called modules, a database, and a set of inherent processes for consolidating business operations into a single, consistent, computing platform

closed-ended questions

questions a person must answer by choosing from a limited, predetermined set of responses

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

techniques

special ways of doing something to achieve a desired result

Risks

unforeseen events and obstacles that can negatively affect business

What does the 1st activity of the planning phase involve?

-Identify potential projects (Selected by key members of management) -Classifying and ranking potential projects (organizations use different criteria for rankings) -Selecting the project (consider both short and long term projects)

Ease of installation traits

-Installed on existing or new hardware which users are trained and introduced to it making it easier for them. - Testing and installation is planned early. -Extensive analysis is required to find and use the direct approach to be used when installing to make it efficient.

Functions of an IT department

-Planning -Networking -Data management -Security -Support

What are the 2 design specifications of the SDLC?

1.) Logical: Functional features of a system are chosen for development in analysis are described. 2.)Physical: Logical specifications of design are transformed into technology-specific details.

Activities of the ISP

1.)Describe the current situation 2.)Describing the target situation, trends, and constraints 3.)Developing a transition strategy and plans

What are the 5 phases of the SDLC

1.)Planning: Organizations information systems needs are identified, analyzed, prioritized, and arranged. 2.)Analysis: System requirements are studied and structured. 3.)Design: Description of recommended solution is converted into logical and physical system specifications. 4.)Implementation: Information system is coded, tested, installed, and supported in organization. 5.)Maintenance: Information system is systematically repaired and improved.

Gantt Chart

A graphical representation of a project that shows each task as a horizontal bar whose length is proportional to its time for completion.

Object class

A logical grouping of objects that have the same (or similar) attributes and behaviors (methods).

decision table

A matrix representation of the logic of a decision, which specifies the possible conditions for the decision and the resulting actions.

PERT Chart (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

A project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks with a project.

Incremental commitment

A strategy in systems analysis and design in which the project is reviewed after each phase and continuation of the project is rejustified.

Joint Application Design (JAD)

A structured process in which users, managers, and analysts work together for several days in a series of intensive meetings to specify or review system requirements.

project manager

A systems analyst with a diverse set of skills—management, leadership, technical, conflict management, and customer relationship—who is responsible for initiating, planning, executing, and closing down a project.

Decomposition

An iterative process of breaking the description of a system down into finer and finer detail, which creates a set of charts in which one process on a given chart is explained in greater detail on another chart.

decomposed diagrams

An iterative process of breaking the description of a system down into finer and finer detail, which creates a set of charts in which one process on a given chart is explained in greater detail on another chart. (Valacich 190) Valacich, Joseph. Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 8th Edition. Pearson, 20160113. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

Rational Unified Process (RUP)

An object-oriented systems development methodology. RUP establishes four phases of development: inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Each phase is organized into a number of separate iterations.

Information Systems Planning (ISP)

An orderly means of assessing the information needs of an organization and defining the systems, databases, and technologies that will best satisfy those needs.

intangible benefits

Benefits that are not easily quantified; they include more efficient customer service or enhanced decision making.

object oriented analysis and design

Systems development methodologies and techniques based on objects rather than data or processes.

Enterprise-wide Systems

Systems that allow companies to integrate information across operations on a company-wide basis (flows)

software license

The document that contains permission for a buyer to install and use a program.

team building

a process that consists of formal activities intended to improve the development and functioning of a work team

Use Case

a software and system engineering term that describes how a user uses a system to accomplish a particular goa

tangible benefits

are easy to quantify and typically measured to determine the success or failure of a project

Application Software

computer software created to allow the user to perform a specific job or task

Facilitated Reuse

developers are encouraged to practice reuse

software reuse

he use of previously written software resources, especially objects and components, in new applications

adjoining

next to or in contact with

Forecasting

the attempts to determine the supply of and demand for various types of human resources to predict areas within the organization where there will be labor shortages or surpluses

cost of capital

the rate of return a company must earn in order to meet the demands of its lenders and expectations of its equity holders

Cloud Computing

use of web services to perform functions that were traditionally performed with software on an individual computer; i.e. Flickr, Google Docs, etc.

Nonintegrated systems

used in the past are being replaced with cooperative, integrated enterprise systems that can easily support information sharing.

Cockburns levels

• White: As seen from the clouds, as if flying in a plane at 35,000 feet. • Kite: You're still in the air, but more detail than at cloud level. • Blue: Also known as sea level. • Fish: This is below sea level with a lot of detail. The detail increases deeper down, just like air pressure. • Black: This is the bottom of the sea where the maximum amount of detail is provided

Ad Hoc Reuse

Individuals find/share on own

What is a large network of networks?

The internet

Final output of the analysis phase

-Description of the alternative solution recommended by the analysis team. -When accepted by funded authority, plans can be made to acquire any hardware or system software necessary to build or operate the system proposed. -not for a detailed design.

interviews and surveys

-advantages: cheap and easy -disadvantages: inaccurate information, not able to predict behavior, biased samples may not be representative of population

reasons companies outsource

-tap outside sources of expertise -concentrate resources on core business -reduce head count and related expenses -eliminate the need to reinvest in technology -reduce costs -better manage the costs of internal processes

Activities or the planning phase

1.) Identifying and selecting systems development projects. 2.) Initiating and planning systems development projects.

One-time cost

A cost associated with project initiation and development, or system start-up.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

nominal group technique

A decision-making technique in which group members write down ideas and solutions, read their suggestions to the whole group, and discuss and then rank the alternatives.

Project Scope Statement

A document prepared for the customer that describes what the project will deliver and outlines generally at a high level all work required to complete the project.

Request for Proposal (RFP)

A document provided to vendors to ask them to propose hardware and system software that will meet the requirements of a new system. -Processes what your organization requires when major purchases are made. -They may make decisions on users because they are the most reliable and insightful sources of software.

Systems Engineering

Focuses on satisfying the customers' needs, cost requirements, and quality demands through the design and creation of the product. There is an entire science devoted to systems engineering in various industries.

return rate

Net cash of the project by the cash outlays of the project. -Trade off analysis can be made among projects competing for investment by comparing their representative ROI ratios -Maybe hard to measure at this point in the project.

functionality

Refers to the tasks the software can perform and the mandatory, essential, and desired system features. -Meeting user requirements occurs at the end of the analysis phase -Some programs work better than others, giving them higher functionality ~Can the software package perform all or just some of the tasks your users need?

Product niche

The identification of a product that will meet the currently unsatisfied needs of a customer.

Join, arrows

The join is shown as a horizontal line with two arrows com- ing in and one arrow leaving. After the join, the overall process continues.

Formal System

The official way a system works as described in organizational documentation

What is a critical path?

The path from start to finish that passes through all the tasks that are critical to completing the project in the shortest amount of time.

Who is in charge of conflict management

The project manager

inheritance

The property that occurs when entity types or object classes are arranged in a hierarchy and each entity type or object class assumes the attributes and methods of its ancestors, that is, those higher up in the hierarchy. Inheritance allows new but related classes to be derived from existing classes.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

a graphical description of the flow of data within an organization, including data sources/destinations, data flows, transformation processes, and data storage

Ease of installation

a measure of the difficulty of loading the software and making it operational.

Cockburns levels

• White: As seen from the clouds, as if flying in a plane at 35,000 feet. • Kite: You're still in the air, but more detail than at cloud level. • Blue: Also known as sea level. • Fish: This is below sea level with a lot of detail. The detail increases deeper down, just like air pressure. • Black: This is the bottom of the sea where the maximum amount of detail is provided Valacich, Joseph. Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 8th Edition. Pearson, 20160113. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.